Answer: Arousal theory
Explanation:
This theory explains that people or individuals always seeks to attain the optimal level of arousal and thus will perform actions that strives to maintain such height.
Arousal theory of motivation’s directly affects an individual performances and following Yerkes-Dodson Law, implies that higher levels of arousal will improve performance till it reaches the optimum height, after which performance start to drop with further extreme increase or decrease in arousal which will cause such individual to loose concentration in performing an action.
Here, Kevin, a basketball player sinks thirty straight free throws during practice but during the critical game of the season, with the score tied and twenty seconds left to play, Kevin misses three consecutive free throws. Kevin's behavior can best be explained by arousal theory because his arousal levels was too high causing him to loose concentration and perform badly.
Answer:
Arousal theory
Explanation:
Arousal theory suggests that people seek an optimal level of arousal that maximises their performance.
In cross-cultural comparisons, emotions may be cross-culturally similar or different, depending on the level of generalization chosen for description. Observations of specific emotional characteristics are more likely highlight ________, than are observations of generalized characteristics.
Answer:
Explanation:
Naturally as our culture differs, so does some of our mindset against each other differ too. It is said to appear both between and within societies, for example, between Canadians and Japanese, and within the United States between Anglos and Latinos. Descriptions of cultural differences are made in context to the many similarities shared across human groups. Although a variety of attributes differ between cultures, there are also many similarities that exist across human societies.
The culture of poverty theory suggests that poverty is the result of an individual's dysfuntional behaviors, attitudes, and values. Anthropologists have strongly challenged this idea, aruging that poverty is a structural problme. What do they say this results from?
Answer:
It results from dysfunctional aspects of the entire economic system.
Explanation:
Culture of poverty theory: The term "culture of poverty theory" is described as one of the concepts of "social theory" that signifies that the values of individuals experiencing poverty play an important role in preserving their impoverished condition, that results in sustaining a specific cycle of poverty throughout generations. It often describes an individual's cultural norms and values.
A black man in the United States was convicted of a felony when he was 17. He is now 58 and has not committed any crimes since his release. However, he is still not permitted to vote. Michelle Alexander would describe this as an example of:__________.
a. the underclass
b. the new Jim Crow
c. everyday class consciousness.
d. status inconsistency
Answer:
b. the new Jim Crow
Explanation:
A black man in the United States was convicted of a felony when he was 17. He is now 58 and has not committed any crimes since his release. However, he is still not permitted to vote. Michelle Alexander would describe this as an example of the new Jim Crow .Michelle Alexande argued that systemic racial discrimination in the United States have resulted in a biased criminal justice system that takes us back to the years of Jim Crow
Professor Aaron finds that when he smiles and makes eye contact with Jeanne, she becomes more responsive to his questions. He tries the same behavior on David, Chris, and Brendon and finds that it also influences their responses to his questions. What type of single-case design did Professor Aaron employ?
Question options:
A. Across subjects multiple-baseline design
B. Across situations multiple-baseline design
C. Across behaviors multiple-baseline design
D. Across subjects ABA design
Answer:
A. Across subjects multiple-baseline design
Explanation:
In the multiple-baseline design, behavior is measured across either multiple individuals, behaviors, or settings.
For the multiple-baseline-across-subjects design, the same behavior is observed and studied for multiple individuals as is lllustrated above.
By gathering data from many or more than one subject or instances inferences can be more informed and be made about the likeliness that the measured trait generalizes to a greater population.
Diamond rings are relatively scarce because:
according to geologists, diamonds are less common than is any other gem-quality stone.
of monopolistic competition.
diamond producers limit the quantity supplied to the market.
the demand for diamonds is so high.
Answer: Diamond producer restrict diamond quantity supply to certain limit in market
Explanation:
Diamond is a precious gem stone that used for making jewelry pieces and other related items.It is also used for making diamond ring but there is scarcity of it in market as it is an expensive thing and many people are ready for paying lot of amount for it .Thus, producer of diamond limit its supply quantity in market
Other options are incorrect because diamonds are not less common in market than other gems, demand is not extensively high in market and neither it faces monopolistic competition.
Diamond rings are relatively scarce due to multiple factors including their lesser abundance compared to other gem-quality stones, limited supply by diamond producers, and high demand. Global diamond production is mainly controlled by DeBeers, and the unique optical properties of diamonds, such as total internal reflection, contribute to their dazzling sparkle.
Explanation:Diamond rings are relatively scarce because there are multiple factors contributing to their scarcity. One reason is that according to geologists, diamonds are less common than any other gem-quality stone. Another reason is that diamond producers limit the quantity supplied to the market. Additionally, the demand for diamonds is high, which further contributes to their scarcity.
For example, the majority of global diamond production is controlled by DeBeers, a multinational company. They have mining and production operations in multiple countries and direct a worldwide distribution network of rough cut diamonds. Although they face competition, their impact on the rough diamond market is still significant.
Furthermore, total internal reflection and a large index of refraction explain why diamonds sparkle more than other materials. The critical angle for a diamond-to-air surface is only 24.4°, which means that light has trouble getting back out of the diamond. Facets on diamonds are specifically designed to make it unlikely for light to exit, enhancing their sparkle. This property, coupled with the demand for diamonds, contributes to their scarcity and value.
Learn more about Diamond scarcity here:https://brainly.com/question/14317956
#SPJ6
HELP ASAP!!
Where in southwest asia is the arab population a minority?
Choose all answers that are correct.
A. Turkey
B. Israel
C. Iran
D. Iraq
Final answer:
In Southwest Asia, the Arab population is a minority in Turkey and Iran due to the predominant Turkish and Persian ethnic groups, respectively.
Explanation:
The question asks where in Southwest Asia the Arab population is a minority. The correct answers are:
Turkey: Most people in Turkey are of Turkish ethnicity, not Arab.Iran: The majority in Iran are of Persian ethnicity, making Arabs a minority.In contrast, Iraq has a significant Arab population making them a majority rather than a minority. Israel, while having a considerable Arab minority, was not part of the options that indicate where Arabs are a minority based on the ethnic majority of the country.
What did the people, who signed the declaration of independence, promise when they signed it
How have religious trends changed in South America? Check all that apply. A) The number of people identifying with Roman Catholicism is increasing. B) The number of people identifying with Roman Catholicism is decreasing. C) The number of people identifying as Protestant is increasing. D)The majority of people do not follow any religion. E)There is an increase in people choosing not to follow any mainstream religion.
Answer:
The number of people identifying as Protestant is increasing.
Explanation:
From history, Latin America is predominantly dominated by Catholics. The Catholic faith surpasses every other religion for many years now. Currently, the trend has changed. The Protestant influence is becoming stronger in this new generation.
Answer:
The answers are b,c and e .
Explanation:
I got it right
Wayne has not explored different life options. His parents want him to become a lawyer, and he is planning to attend the law school that they have chosen for him.
Marcia would say that Wayne is in a state of identity:
A. diffusion.
B. foreclosure.
C. moratorium.
D. achievement.
Answer:
I believe that the answer is C.
-Hope this helps!
Wayne has not explored different life options. Marcia would say that Wayne is in a state of identity as foreclosure. The correct option is (B).
What do you mean by the foreclosure?The process of foreclosure starts when a borrower is unable to make their mortgage payments. When a mortgage is foreclosed, the lender normally seizes the property and makes an effort to sell it.
This occurs when real estate is utilized as security for mortgage loans, making your house a form of security.
The bank has threatened to foreclose since they have been unable to make their mortgage payments. Their mortgage has been threatened with foreclosure by the bank.
The following are the main causes of foreclosures: Debt, particularly credit card debt.
Therefore, Wayne has not explored different life options. His parents want him to become a lawyer, and he is planning to attend the law school that they have chosen for him. Marcia would say that Wayne is in a state of identity as foreclosure.
To know more about the foreclosure, visit:
https://brainly.com/question/3601465
#SPJ5
a health psychologist studying why someone is obese would seek to answer a range of questions. based on the biopsychosocial model of health, which of the following questions address psychological factors, and which address social factors?
1. how does the person think about food and eating?
2. what behaviors lead to overeating?
Answer:
Psychological factors
- what behaviors lead to overeating?
- how does the person think about food and eating?
Social factors
- does the person's family have set times that they eat, and what emphasis do they place on food at family holidays?
- does the person have a group of friends who always eat together?
Explanation:
The "biopsychosocial model of health and illness" was proposed by George L. Engel & John Romano and is described as a framework that describes that the interactions among the social, biological, and psychological factors explain the outcome, cause, and manifestation of disease and wellness. However, in the given model the three main domains are social, psychological, and biological factors.
Benson, a black lab, had learned to associate two stimuli with getting taken for a walk: his owner getting out his leash and his owner getting out a belt. Every time his owner picked up his belt, Benson would jump around and get excited. His owner wanted Benson to stop that so he repeatedly took out his belt without taking Benson for a walk, and always took him for a walk when getting out his leash. He was teaching Benson to _____
Answer:
Discriminate
Explanation:
Discrimination is the ability to perceive and respond to differences among stimuli.
When the newly independent American colonies worked to write a constitution, they could not agree on the kind of representation states should have in the legislature. Which plan supported small states and gave each state, regardless of its size or population, equal representation in Congress?
Answer:
The New Jersey plan
Explanation:
The New Jersey plan supported small states and gave each state, regardless of its size or population, equal representation in Congress.
It proposed a unicameral legislature with one vote per state.
It was presented by William Paterson on the 15th of June, 1787 at the Constitutional Convention in response to the Virginia plan.
Why is setting type using alphabet letters easier than setting type with Chinese characters?
Answer:
i dont really know why, but i think its because you have to use pin yin which is makes you have more of a choice of what to use from the first letter in the pin yin. Sorry if it's confusing!!!
Retrospective voting involves individual voters:______.
A. Voters considering candidates’ future actions.
B. Voters voting out of a sense of duty.
C. Engaging in prospective voting.
D. Voters considering candidates past performance in office.
Answer: D. Voters considering candidates past performance in office
Explanation: When decisions are made based on review and analysis of past events, actions and behavior, such decisions are said to be made based on retrospect. In voting, Retrospective voting involves the analysis or review of an individual based on his or her past performance in office. However, past performance of political parties is also used to make voting decisions during an election by evaluating how the party performed while its candidate was in power and how the party and previous contribution of the party as while to the community or state. When employing this decision making technique in vote casting, this is said to be RETROSPECTIVE VOTING.
Answer:
Answer is D
Explanation:
Retrospective voting involves individial voters considering candidates past performance in office.
The Matsui family came to the United States from Japan thirty years ago. They now speak English at home and the Matsui children date non-Japanese students at college. This family's story best illustrates which of the following concepts?a. Pluralism b. Segregation c. Assimilation d. Miscegenation
Answer:
The correct answer is C. This family's story best illustrates the concept of assimilation.
Explanation:
Cultural assimilation is the socialization process of acculturation in which members of a non-dominant group mix with the dominant group and take over the culture, while letting go of their own culture. So there is a high degree of participation with and adaptation to the other group (outgroup), but hardly any cultural preservation and no deliberate participation with the own group (ingroup).
The group in question thus ultimately merges into the dominating culture. For the absorbed group, this presupposes the loss of certain distinctive features, for example in the sphere of clothing, speech or manners, as a result of contact with that other culture or community.
Duke is exhausted and plops down on the couch. Fifteen minutes after falling asleep, Duke is not awakened by the refrigerator cycling on. He is, however, awakened by his roommate opening the refrigerator door. What type of brain waveforms did Duke display right before being awakened?a. âdelta wavesb. âtheta wavesc. âbeta wavesd. âtheta waves with sleep spindles and K-complexes
Answer:
theta waves with sleep spindles and K-complexes
Explanation:
K-complexes and sleep kindles are known to be defining brainwaves of stage 2 REM or sleep. Duke has not entered the deep sleep stage or the slow wave sleep stage which are characterized by low frequency and high delta waves. While K-waves are large theta waves that usually occur in response to stimulus such as sound, and hence Duke must have been awakened by the sound of the door.
Answer:
âtheta waves with sleep spindles and K-complexes
Explanation:
theta waves occurs in stage 1 sleep, higher amplitude, frequency slowing down, more synchronized (firing at same time) 3-7 cycles per second.
Sleep spindle is a high frequency activity appearing on EEG that last for about 1 second, indicating person is truly asleep.
K-complexes are lower frequency higher amplitudes occur, due to picking up on external stimuli.
Jeb is really very intelligent, but when he gives speeches he tends to go monotone, he mumbles a lot, and he doesn't move around much or use many gesturesMost listeners have trouble tuning in to Jeb, even though his speech content is often excellent. If you were a member of Jeb's audience which of the following tips would you follow to be a more effective listener of Jeb's speech?a. accurately interpret nonverbal messagesbecause nonverbal messages play a powerful role in affecting how you respond to a speakerb. avoid outside distractions that may interfere with your ability to listen effectivelyc. avoid jumping to conclusions even if you disagree with the speaker's pointsd. adapt to the speaker's delivery by focusing on the message, not the delivery style
Answer: Adapt to the speaker's delivery by focusing on the message, not the delivery style.
Explanation: If I were a member of Jeb's audience i will adapt to his delivery by focusing on the message and not the delivery style.
Jeb's monotone, mumbling, and lack of movement or body language can be classified to be a form of communication noise which influences on effective communication and influences the interpretation of conversation. The ability to block this communication noise will enable me the receiver of he message be an effective listener.
PLEASE HELP I NEED THE ANSWER ASAP!!!
Checks and Balances in Georgia Government
Which answer would correctly go in the area labeled "1" on the graph?
A) Signs laws.
B) Appoints officials.
C) Confirms appointments.
D) Declares laws unconstitutional.
Answer:
C) Confirms appointments
Explanation:
A "check and balance" of the legislative branch over the executive branch is that it confirms appointments to government made by the Governor. This is a power very much like the U.S. Senate has regarding Presidential appointments at the national level.
Dominic, who has schizophrenia, was experiencing hallucinations and disorganized speech for the past six weeks. His psychosis has subsided but he has become very quiet, socially withdrawn, and has a flat affect. Dominic is in the _____ phase of schizophrenia.
Answer:
Dominic is in the recovery phase of schizophrenia.
Explanation:
Schizophernia as a mental illness affect a greater number of people in the world. As an illness where perception and thought are disordered, it leads to loss of reality among individuals affected with it.
It is broadly classified into 3 - prodromal (or beginning), acute (or active) and recovery stages. In the case of Dominic, his psychosis having been subsidized leading to him becoming quiet and withdrawn shows that he is in the recovery phase of the illness. This is because of his awareness of what he passed through hence the reason he become quiet and socially withdrawn.
Which of the families engages in subsistence agriculture? 1.The family produces only enough food from its garden to live on 2.The entire family works for minimum wage on a pineapple plantation 3.The entire family weaves straw mats and sells them in the local market 4.The family grows wheat commercially on 6,000 acres of land
Answer:
1.The family produces only enough food from its garden to live on
Explanation:
Subsistence agriculture refers to agricultural system whereby farmers only grow food crops to meet the needs of themselves and their families. In subsistence agriculture as opposed to agriculture on the commercial level, farm output is only dine for the purpose of survival/food and there is hardly any surplus so itvus not done for profit like in commercial farming
Answer:
1. The family produces only enough food from its garden to live on.
Explanation:
Agriculture could be practiced on a subsistence or commercial scale. Subsistence agriculture is the type of agriculture practiced when the farmer wants to produce just enough output ( in this case, crops and livestock) for his family. Commercial Agriculture is agriculture practiced on a large scale and sold to make profit.
So, the family that produces only enough food from its garden to live on is practicing subsistence agriculture. The family barely makes profit from this type of agriculture.
Wendell Berry stated that the problem with monoculture is that as the scale increases, diversity declines; and as diversity declines, so does health; as health declines the dependence on drugs and chemicals necessarily increases.
True or False?
Answer: True
Explanation: Monoculture simply refers to the practice involving the cultivation of a single crop in a given area. This obviously doesn't favor diversity, therefore, as the practice of monoculture increases, diversity and rotational agriculture decreases. Cultivating a single crop usually lead to pest and disease infestation as they become used to the crop. This may require then increase the dependency on the use of chemicals in other to combat pest and also increase fertility as the soil loses fertility due to lack of crop rotation. This has a descendant implication on the health of consumers which ultimately leads to dependency on drugs and chemicals.
Please help!
What was the most important part of the Southern strategy?
A. To defend its land until the North gave up
B. To blockade Northern ports
C. To launch a major land attack on Northern cities
Answer:
A
Explanation:
They wanted to defend their land until the North gave up.
Answer:
The answer is A
Explanation:
Got it right on edge
Why might the commonality of authoritarian regimes in the developing world fail to suggest high levels of autonomy, even though on the surface it appears that these regimes should exhibit high autonomy?
Answer:
These regimes often lose their independence through corruption to groups that exploit them as a resources.
Explanation:
Authoritarian regimes are forms of government which has strong power at the center but with little political freedoms. There are also restrictions on interest group activities and poor social mobilizations.
These regimes exist in certain areas of the developing countries and they are expected to attain a certain degree of autonomy. This has not been the case because of the huge independence of these regimes on groups that exploit them in most cases as resources. These regimes are also known to have weak legitimacy with over centralization of decision making.
Katie is a very positive manager. Sheâs optimistic about the company, the goals, and she rarely gets upset, even when things go wrong. Katie is a __________ leader.A. consultativeB. relationship-orientedC. task-orientedD. charismatic
Answer:
B. relationship-oriented
Explanation:
Relationship-oriented leader: The term "relationship-oriented leader" comes under the category of the "relationship-oriented leadership" and is also referred to as "relationship-focused leadership". This leadership style is referred to as a behavioral approach in which a particular leader is more focused on general well-being, satisfaction, and motivation of his or her team members.
In the question above, the given statement represents that Katie is a relationship-oriented leader.
Final answer:
Katie is a D) charismatic leader, defined by her enthusiasm, commitment, and optimism, which enable her to motivate and inspire her team effectively.
Explanation:
Given Katie's positive and optimistic approach as a manager, rarely getting upset even when things go wrong, she best fits the description of a charismatic leader. D) Charismatic leaders are known for being enthusiastic, committed, and self-confident. They motivate, uplift, and inspire others, talking about the importance of group goals at a broad level and making personal sacrifices for the group. Charismatic leaders are enthusiastic, committed, and self-confident; they talk about group goals at a broad level and make personal sacrifices. They use their referent power to motivate and inspire others. They often possess a visionary perspective and are able to rally their team with their referent power, thereby enhancing team performance and cohesion. Since Katie exhibits these attributes, demonstrating a strong belief in the company and maintaining a consistent level of optimism and support, she qualifies as a charismatic leader.
Rachel, a 35-year-old woman, is a manager at a leading software firm. Rachel is a dedicated and hardworking employee. Despite her work experience, she was overlooked for promotion twice. Instead, her male colleagues got promoted. She has finally decided to quit her job as she feels that she will not get the promotion that she deserves. In this scenario, which of the following has prevented Rachel from getting promoted?
-- Social loafing
-- Structural accommodation
-- A glass ceiling
-- An affirmative action plan
Answer:
a glass ceiling
Explanation:
Glass ceiling :
A glass ceiling is a metaphorical expression used to refer to an invisible obastacke or barrier that might hinder or keep a certain demographic(female gender here)
from reaching or going past a certain hierarchy in the workplace. It is used to explain the barriers and difficulties faced by women in moving to higher roles in a male dominated career path or work .
Rachel is likely experiencing the effects of the 'glass ceiling,' an invisible barrier caused by discrimination that hampers women's advancement to executive levels in corporate structures.
Explanation:Based on the scenario provided, the factor that has prevented Rachel from getting promoted is likely the glass ceiling. The glass ceiling refers to an invisible barrier caused by discrimination that prevents women and other marginalized groups from rising to the highest levels of an organization, including in the corporate sector. This barrier is not necessarily the result of any official corporate policy, but rather is a manifestation of systemic problems associated with gender roles, stereotypes, and biases in the workplace.
Moreover, the statistics illustrating the minimal representation of women as chief executives, despite a significant increase over the years, are indicative of this glass ceiling. The lack of advancement opportunities, unsupportive supervisors, and other workplace cultural issues further contribute to this issue. The gender biases that exist based on gender roles and motherhood, and the lack of role models or mentors for women in executive positions, exacerbate the problem.
Suppose I play baseball and I have two kinds of superstitions. When I have an amazing game, I try to wear the same socks for the next game. When I have terrible games, I throw away the hat I wore and buy a new one. Then I pay attention to whether I actually do better or worse in the next game. Is one of these rituals more likely to appear to work than the other?
Answer:
d. Yes, probably the hat ritual will seem to work better because of regression to the mean
Explanation:
the correct answer is Yes, probably the hat ritual will seem to work better because of regression to the mean Because This regression suggests that I should do at least a little bit better after a good game and a little worse after a good game. So the rituals I do on terrible days are more effective.Superstitions like wearing the same socks after a good game and replacing a hat after a bad game are common among baseball players. The former is more likely to appear effective due to false cause fallacies and confirmation bias. These rituals give players a sense of control and confidence, despite lacking any real influence on performance.
Superstitions in baseball are a common phenomenon, often driven by players' desire to control the unpredictable outcomes of games. According to anthropologist George Gmelch's work on 'Baseball Magic,' players often engage in rituals like wearing the same socks after a good game or replacing a hat after a bad game to induce a sense of control and confidence. However, these practices can exemplify the false cause fallacy, where players may wrongly attribute their success or failure to these actions.Given the two rituals—wearing the same socks after a good game and replacing the hat after a bad game—the former is more likely to appear effective. When players have performed well and continue to wear the same socks, they may reinforce their belief in their 'luck' when they perform well in subsequent games. This is often driven by confirmation bias, where players remember successful outcomes and overlook the failures, reinforcing the belief in the superstition. Conversely, the ritual of replacing the hat after a bad game might not have immediate positive outcomes as the player could still perform poorly in the subsequent game, making it less likely to be perceived as effective.The expectational effect of inflation _________.1) is nullified as soon as the government promises zero inflation; 2) often plays a role in accelerating inflation; 3) is not directly a monetary cause of inflation.
Answer:
The correct answer is 2. The expectational effect of inflation often plays a role in accelerating inflation.
Explanation:
For most economists, inflation is defined as an increase in the general price level of goods and services in the economy over a period of time. Equivalently, inflation can be defined as a reduction in the purchasing power of money. The change in the price level for a certain period is indicated by the inflation rate, which is calculated as the ratio of the selected price index at the end and at the beginning of the period. The most used price indices are the consumer price index, the producer price index and the GDP deflator. In general, economists agree that high inflation is due to excessive money supply growth.
In general, the expectation of inflation contributes to accelerating the inflationary process. This is so because price makers (sellers of essential inputs such as food or raw materials) seek to anticipate the increases in their basic costs, increasing their sales prices so as not to lose profitability, thus accelerating the chain of price increases, affecting the price stability of the production chain.
In ____, one person directs a hostile, angry, or accusatory remark toward the other which in turn prompts a negative response in kind from the targeted person. Each round of verbal exchanges leads to attack and counterattack that escalate tensions and conflict rather than lead to resolution and reduced tension.
Answer:
Negative Reciprocity.
Explanation:
Negative reciprocity is known to be an important part of the human emotional receive and send stimuli system.
We model its role in sustaining cooperative behaviour; the fitness benefits of negative reciprocity are dispersed throughout the entire group, while the fitness costs are borne personally. Evolutionary forces tend to unravel people's willingness to bear the personal cost of punishing culprits.
"James entered college immediately after graduating from high school. He attends a public four-year university. He isn't doing well and is thinking of quitting. He wouldn't be alone as almost _____ of those attending a four-year institution do not graduate."
Nearly 40% of full-time students graduate from a four-year institution within four years, while the graduation rates drop as the years extend. First-generation college students face higher dropout rates, with 89% not graduating within six years due to factors like support system absence, financial issues, and navigational challenges.
Explanation:The student's question touches upon graduation rates at four-year institutions. According to data, almost 40% of full-time students graduate within four years, while 30% take five years, 20% take six years, and 10% require seven years to graduate. For first-generation college students, the challenges are even greater; nearly 89% will not earn an undergraduate degree within six years of starting, which is four times the dropout rate of peers whose parents have postsecondary degrees. Various factors contribute to this discrepancy, including the lack of a collegiate support system at home, financial burdens, and perhaps a less familiar navigational understanding of the college environment.
Vera is an employee of Wild Thing Ranch. Vera learns that Wild Thing is illegally importing endangered animals to sell as pets. She reports her employer's illegal activities to the government but is laid off shortly thereafter and successfully sues Wild Thing for retaliatory discharge. With respect to the employment-at-will doctrine, this is
Answer: With respect to the employment-at-will doctrine, this is an exception based on public policy
Explanation: An Exception based on public policy prevents an employer from dismissing or sacking an employee if it would violate the set of policies of a government; system of laws; plans and methods of actions that govern of a state or a state statute or federal statute.