Answer:
Diabetes is a multisystemic disease, that is, it affects many organs (brain, eye, heart, kidney, etc.). That is why they are people who, according to their diabetes management and their strict control of the disease, can present different types of effect.
I have known diabetic people who have lost their sight, have presented kidney failure and have been amputated due to bad circulation.
Describe the role of the organ system listed in the maintenance of homeostasis for each of the following respiratory events:
a. The cardiovascular system in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs ________________
b. The muscular system in inhalation and exhalation ________________
c. The cardiovascular system in the transport of gases throughout the body ______________
d. The lymphatic system in the exchange of gases between the blood and cells of the tissues _____________
Answer:
Explanation:
Homeostasis can be define as the tendency of the body to maintain it's environment constant and stable as compared to the changes occurring in the external environment.
a. The cardiovascular system will exchange gases such as carbon dioxide and oxygen with the body and the external environment. The main requirement of the body is the oxygen which is inhaled and the carbon dioxide is the gas which is produced as waste of the metabolic process which is exhaled out.
b. The muscle of the diaphragm contracts which allows the increase in volume of the thoracic cavity. The muscles helps in inhalation and exhalation. The intercostal muscles present between the ribs helps in enlargement of the chest cavity. They contracts the rib cage that helps in inhalation and when the rib cage expands the process results in exhalation. The inhalation process helps in maintaining the oxygen levels and exhalation maintains the carbon dioxide levels. Thus respiratory system maintains the homeostasis.
c. The cardiovascular system is the organ system that allows the circulation of the blood and transports nutrients like oxygen, carbon dioxide, blood cells, hormones, electrolytes and amino aids to and from the cells. Thus helps in maintaining the homeostasis by regulating the demands of the cells for oxygen and nourishment.
d. The lymphatic system is a network of small tubes called as lymph vessels. These vessels transfers the lymph fluid which transfers gases, white blood cells and nutrients throughout the body. Thus lymph system maintains the homeostasis by the fulfilling the demand of oxygen when body experience scarcity of oxygen.
The cardiovascular system absorbs oxygen and removes carbon dioxide in the lungs before transporting these gases to and from body tissues, while the muscular system aids in breathing.
The organ systems listed play crucial roles in the maintenance of homeostasis through the process of gas exchange during respiratory events:
a. The cardiovascular system in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs helps to absorb oxygen into the blood and remove carbon dioxide from it. Oxygenated blood is then transported to the body's tissues, and carbon dioxide is carried back to the lungs to be exhaled.b. The muscular system in inhalation and exhalation uses the respiratory muscles like the diaphragm and intercostal muscles to change the volume of the thoracic cavity, thus facilitating airflow into and out of the lungs.c. The cardiovascular system in the transport of gases throughout the body carries oxygen from the lungs to the cells where it is used for energy production, and it also picks up carbon dioxide, a waste product of metabolism, from the cells to transport it back to the lungs for exhalation.d. The lymphatic system is not directly involved in the exchange of gases. Instead, the cardiovascular system is responsible for the transport of gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the tissue cells.These systems work together to ensure that the body's cells have a constant supply of oxygen and that carbon dioxide is efficiently removed, thus maintaining the balance of the body's internal environment.
Why is the pineal gland sometimes called the timekeeper of the body?
a. It uses information regarding changing light levels to adjust its output of the hormone, melatonin.
b. Melatonin levels increase during the night and decrease during the day, regulating the body's sleep cycle.
c. Melatonin levels increase during the night and decrease during the day, regulating the body's internal clock.
d. All of the above contribute to the pinal gland being called the body's timekeeper.
Answer:
The correct option is d. All of the above contribute to the pinal gland being called the body's timekeeper.
Explanation:
The pineal gland is a reddish-grey pine-cone shape gland present in the brain. It is responsible for the production of melatonin. The melatonin is a hormone which controls the body's sleep cycle and the circadian rhythm.
The melatonin production is stimulated by darkness. Therefore, the melatonin levels are low during the days and increases at night. This helps in regulating the body's sleep cycle and the circadian rhythm.
Thus, the pineal gland is referred to as the body's timekeeper.
The pineal gland is called the body's 'timekeeper' due to its role in regulating melatonin levels based on light levels, thereby controlling the body's internal clock and sleep cycle.
Explanation:The pineal gland is often referred to as the body's 'timekeeper' due to its role in regulating various biological processes related to time. This small, pinecone-shaped gland is primarily responsible for the production of the hormone melatonin. Melatonin levels typically increase during the night and decrease during the day, which in turn regulates our internal clock and sleep cycle.
The pineal gland adjusts its output of melatonin using information about the changing light levels in the environment. Therefore, all the options given - (a), (b), and (c) - contribute to why the pineal gland is called the body's 'timekeeper'.
Learn more about the pineal gland here:https://brainly.com/question/30402117
#SPJ3
What are the 7 bones that make up the orbit?
Answer:
The orbit is the socket or cavity of the skull in which the eye and its appendages are located. This bony socket is made up of 7 different bones. The seven bones are as follows-
Frontal bone : the bone located in front of the skull in that forms eye socket.
Zygomatic bone : it is cheekbone which articulates with the maxilla, sphenoid bone, and frontal bone.
Maxillary bone : The 2 maxillary bones are joined together at the intermaxillary suture, creating the anterior nasal spine.
Sphenoid bone : is an unpaired bone of the neurocranium.
Ethmoid bone : is a bone in the skull that distinguishes the nasal cavity and the brain. It is situated at the roof of the nasal cavity.
Palatine bone : These are 2 irregular bones of the nasal cavity.
Lacrimal bone: a small bone forming part of the eye socket.
Blood is pumped into which of these vessels during ventricular systole?
a. aorta
b. pulmonary arteries
c. pulmonary vein
d. Both a and b are correct
Answer:
d. Both a and b are correct
Explanation:
Blood is pumped into aorta and pulmonary arteries vessels during ventricular systole.
Blood is pumped into which of these vessels during ventricular systole?
a. aorta
b. pulmonary arteries
c. pulmonary vein
d. Both a and b are correct
Body Planes and Sections:
Write the name of the plane in relation to its description.
What plane divides the body (or organ) into superior and inferior sections? ______________
What plane divides the body into right and left halves? _____________________________
What plane divides the body (or organ) into anterior and posterior sections? ____________
What plane divides the body (or organ) into unequal right and left sections? ____________
The transverse plane divides the body into superior and inferior sections; the midsagittal plane divides it into right and left halves; the frontal (coronal) plane into anterior and posterior sections; and any sagittal plane that is not the midsagittal plane (parasagittal plane) divides the body into unequal right and left sections.
The anatomical planes are used to describe how the body is divided into sections. There are several key planes that are used:
The plane that divides the body (or organ) into superior and inferior sections is the transverse plane.The plane that divides the body into right and left halves is known as the midsagittal plane or median plane.The plane that divides the body (or organ) into anterior and posterior sections is the frontal or coronal plane.The plane that divides the body (or organ) into unequal right and left sections is any sagittal plane that is not the midsagittal plane, often referred to as a parasagittal plane.Understanding these planes is crucial for accurately describing the locations and orientations of body parts within the three-dimensional space of the body.
Colostrum is different from true milk because it contains less lactose and virtually no:
a. protein
b. fat
c. sodium
d. iron
e. antibodies
☛ Colostrum is different from true milk because it contains less lactose and virtually no FAT, hence answer b is correct.
Clarification:✎ In a nutshell, human colostrum (in other words - first milk) is a lactiferous gland produced liquid which contains proteins, lactose, anitbodies, iron, sodium, and other components - but a little amount of fat. Colostrum is only produced for a few days after the delivery and is then replaced with true milk.
A.
So the correct answer is option b. fat.
How is first milk different from milk?The first milk is a dark lemon-colored liquid that is secreted by the breast in the first few days of life. Compared to mature milk, mature milk is richer in minerals and protein, but with less sugar and fat. Antibodies can be detected in the first milk. Immunoglobulin A can protect newborns from intestinal pathogens.
The first milk is more than the first milk a baby eats after giving birth. High levels of nutrients and antibodies to fight infections and protect your baby. It provides a powerful and unique immunity that only it can provide.
It develops during pregnancy and lasts for several days after birth. The first milk may be the yellow and viscous, or clear and runny nose. The baby needs a small amount of food, and the mother's first milk is perfect in composition and quantity.
Learn more about lactose here: https://brainly.com/question/23298311
#SPJ2
Primary sensory afferents never cross the midline:
a. True
b. False
Answer:
The correct answer is option A- true.
Explanation:
Primary sensory afferentS are a part of the somatosensory neuron pathway which transmits the neurons from the stimulus to the CNS. These neurons are divided into three types: primary, secondary and tertiary afferent neurons.
The primary neurons are the neurons which transmit the stimulus generated impulse form the organ to dorsal root ganglion where they transmit the signals to the secondary neurons. These secondary neurons decussate at the midline medulla through medial lemniscus.
Since it is the secondary neurons which decussate at midline, therefore, the option A- true is the correct answer.
Why is calcium not required in the process of glycerinated muscle contraction?
Answer and Explanation:
calcium is not required in the process of glycerinated method because glycerination process intrrupt the troponin- tropomyosin complex due to this interruption the bindings are exposed. So the glycerin makes the membrane suitable for the small molecules including ATP. Addition of ATP is highly required by the glycerinated muscle so that the myosin head actually binds the binding site so the ATP can easily available so we do not need the calcium for glycerinated muscle contraction
Calcium is not required in glycerinated muscle contraction because the process of glycerination removes most cellular components, including ions like calcium. Glycerinated muscles enable the study of muscle contraction in a controlled environment by bypassing the natural ionic regulation mechanisms, relying instead on the addition of ATP and other necessary ions.
The question "Why is calcium not required in the process of glycerinated muscle contraction?" touches on an important aspect of muscle physiology concerning glycerinated muscle fibers. Glycerinated muscle fibers are muscle cells that have been treated with glycerol, a process which extracts much of their cellular components, including many ions and soluble proteins, leaving behind the basic structures necessary for contraction, such as actin, myosin, and the regulatory proteins troponin and tropomyosin. In a normal living muscle, the contraction process is heavily dependent on calcium ions (Ca2+), which bind to troponin, leading to a series of events that result in muscle contraction.
However, in glycerinated muscles, the standard internal regulation and signaling mechanisms are disrupted due to the extraction process. This means that while the basic contractile machinery remains, the role of calcium in initiating contraction is bypassed. Instead of relying on internal calcium ions to trigger contraction, the process is directly initiated by the addition of ATP and other necessary ions in an experimental setup. This allows researchers to study muscle contraction in a simplified and controlled environment, where the complexity of ionic regulation can be minimized or specifically controlled.
What are the layers of the epidermis?
Answer:
The layers of the epidermis depending on the region of the skin will be composed of the following layers from the outermost to the innermost:
- cornea layer (outermost layer)
- translucent layer
- granular layer
- spiny layer
- basal layer (innermost layer, contains melanocytes)
Answer:
stratum corneum
stratum lucidum (only found in palms and soles)
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum Basale
Explanation:
i like to remember it "Cornell graduates spin basil" because the first part of the word sounds like the fist part of the epidermal layer.
There are neurotransmitters that can be both excitatory and inhibitory. Explain how this is possible.
Answer:
The answer to the question: There are neurotransmitters that can be both excitatory and inhibitory. Explain how this is possible, would be, Yes, there are some neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine and dopamine, who have both an excitatory and inhibitory effect in other neurons and in cells, and this happens because of the type of receptors they bind to, and the type of cell where they bind.
Explanation:
Neurotransmitters are the messengers, or communication system that the nervous system in general has with itself and with other systems. There are several types of these, and some work both as neurotransmitters and as hormones as well. How they act, where they act, and what kind of response they elicit, depends entirely on the receptors to which they bind, when they are released by a pre-synaptic neuron. Most neurotransmitters are either excitatory, or inhibitory, and some are known as neuromodulators. However, there are two types known today that work as both excitatory and inhibitory: dopamine and acetylcholine. How can either of these act as each of these? Depends on the receptors present on the post-synaptic neuron, or cell, and depends on the type of cell as well. As soon as these two bind to their appropriate receptors, in a specific kind of cell, they will produce the specific response from the cell, either starting an action potential, ir inhibiting it from happening.
Which of the following positions is used during the immediate postoperative recovery of pediatric tonsillectomy patients?
A. supine, with head extended up
B. lateral, with a slight head-down tilt
C. supine, with head turned to the side
D. Trendelenburg, with head turned to the side
Answer:
The best answer for the question: Which of the following positions is used during the immediate post-operative recovery of pediatric tonsillectomy, would be, B: lateral, with a slight head-down tilt.
Explanation:
Tonsillectomy, is the surgical procedure through which the tonsils, a lymphatic tissue, very important and central in responses of the immune system to invading infections through the nose and mouth, are removed from a child´s throat, given very specific indications. Because research has shown that there are more possible complications, than benefits to this procedure, it is now done only under very strict conditions and the post-operative nursing care is very strict. One thing the nurse must always be aware of, is the position in which the child is placed; it should be lateral, and with a slight head tilt, so that, if there is bleeding, or release of fluids, they may come out of the throat. Since bleeding is one of the most recurrent complications in post-operative time, this position is very important until the child regains full conciousness.
Name a sensory modality that adapts quickly: _________: name on that adapts slowly, if at all: ___________.
Answer:
A sensory modality that adapts quickly is touch and smell, whereas pain adapts slowly or not at all.
Sensory modality is the specific type of sensation like touch and smell, it used in detection of a change in the environment. As, sensory modality is the property where one sensation is distinguished from another and individual sensory modality represented the sensation of specific type of stimulus.
Pain adapts slowly or not at all because of the lack of adaptation which is important to survival.
Pacinian corpuscles are rapidly adapting receptors that respond to changes in pressure and vibration, while Merkel cells are slowly adapting receptors that continue to respond to constant light touch stimuli.
A sensory modality that adapts quickly is the Pacinian corpuscle, which is specialized for detecting transient pressure and high-frequency vibration. On the other hand, a sensory modality that adapts slowly, if at all, is the Merkel cell, which is involved in sensing light touch and is found in the fingertips and lips.
The adaptation rate of sensory receptors is crucial for determining their response to stimuli. Rapidly adapting receptors like Pacinian corpuscles quickly respond to changes in stimulus, such as the start or stop of pressure, making them adept at detecting movement and vibration. Conversely, slowly adapting receptors like Merkel cells continue to respond to a constant stimulus, providing detailed information about the shape and pressure applied to the skin.
Microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, protozoa, fungi, or yeast that invade the body are known as
a. tumors.
b. pathogens.
c. interferon.
d. immunoglobins.
Answer: B. Pathogens.
Explanation: The word pathogens refers to external agents that are hosted in live organisms (humans, animals or vegetals), and has the property of affecting the host causing diseases or damages visible or not. Saying this, the microorganisms described in the question are pathogens.
Option A. Incorrect. Tumors are described as an abnormal growth of any group of cells of an organism.
Option C. Incorrect. Interferon is a protein released by cells of the immune system when it is time to defend the body against microorganisms.
Option D. Incorrect. Immunoglobulins are proteins created specifically for attacking an antigen (something harmful for the body). They are also part of the immune system.
Answer:
B
Explanation:
After assessing a patient with a cerebrovascular disorder, a nurse anticipates that he had a stroke in the right cerebral hemisphere. Which finding supports the nurse's anticipation?Slurring of speech Right-sided weakness Left-sided facial droop Loss of sensation of right hand Difficulty breathing
Answer:
The finding that suggests to the nurse that the lesion is in the right cerebral hemisphere is the Left-sided facial droop
Explanation:
At the level of the spinal bulb there is a point that is known as the decussation of the pyramid, where 80% of the axons that come from the right side of the brain intersect to the left side, and those that come from the left side, intersect to the right side, so the movements of one side of the body are controlled by the opposite side of the brain.
Pathology in which of the following lobes of the brain is MOST associated with personality changes?
A. frontal
B. occipital
C. temporal
D. parietal
Answer:
A. frontal
Explanation:
it controls personality, decision making, and reasoning.
The basal lamina arises from which type of tissue?
a) Epithelial tissue
b) Connective tissue
c) Nervous tissue
d) Muscle tissue
Answer:
The answer is C: connective tissue
Explanation:
The basal lamina, is a thin layer of extra cellular tissue that is part of the basal menbrane, which is part together with the reticular lamina; The basal lamina separates many tissues and cell types, such as muscle cells or fat cells from connective tissue. It is made up of fibrous proteins (elastin, collagen)
A nurse is assessing a client who receives monthly injections of cyanocobalamin. Which of the following findings indicates a therapeutic effect of the medication?
a. Absence of hand tremors
b. Hematocrit 45%
c. Potassium 3.8 mEq/L
d. Improved appetite
Answer:
The best answer to the question: Which of the following findings indicates a therapeutic effect of the medication? would be: A: Absence of hand tremors.
Explanation:
Cyanocobalamin, also known as vitamin B-12, is vital for the correct functioning and formation of the central nervous system, and the correct functioning of all the nerves in the human body. Absence of it due to a disease like pernicious anemia, or infection by bacteria, or other parasites, as well as lack of intake from dietary customs, will lead to malformation, malfunctioning, and damage of the nervous system since this vitaming is central to formation of myelin, and other substances. In order to correct the lack of normal levels of B-12, people receive this medication, which is most commonly used as subcutaneous, or intramuscular injections, and one of the therapeutic effects it will have, and which will be visible, will be the absence, or diminishing of hand, and other body part tremors, as well as the feeling of numbness, or tickling, in body extremeties. So A, would be the best choice.
Final answer:
A hematocrit of 45% indicates that cyanocobalamin injections are effectively treating vitamin B12 deficiency by restoring normal red blood cell levels, which is a therapeutic effect of the medication.
Explanation:
Cyanocobalamin is a synthetic form of vitamin B12 used to treat or prevent deficiencies and related medical conditions, such as pernicious anemia. When assessing a client who receives monthly injections of cyanocobalamin, the nurse should look for signs that indicate effective treatment of B12 deficiency. Among the answer choices provided, hematocrit 45% reflects a normal range and indicates that the medication is having a therapeutic effect by restoring normal red blood cell volume and thus treating the anemia commonly associated with vitamin B12 deficiency.
The fatty tissue surrounding the kidneys is important because it __________.
a. produces vitamin D
b. is necessary as a barrier between the adrenal glands and kidneys
c. stabilizes the position of the kidneys by holding them in their normal position
d. ensures adequate energy for the adrenal glands to operate efficiently
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
The renal capsule is the tough and fibrous layer which surrounds the kidney. It is covered by a layer of peri-renal fat which is known as adipose capsule of the kidney.
This structure helps to hold the kidney in their respective position inside the human body. Fatty layer also helps in the protection of kidney from the external injury, trauma and any other damage.
Hence, the correct answer is option C
The fatty tissue surrounding the kidneys is important because it stabilizes the kidneys' position by keeping them in their normal place in the body.
Explanation:The fatty tissue that surrounds the kidneys, also known as perirenal fat, plays a significant role in maintaining the anatomical position of the kidneys. This is critical because the kidneys must adhere to their correct location most effectively to carry out their vital functions, which include filtration of blood and removal of toxins from the body.
So, the correct answer to your question is option (c): 'The fatty tissue surrounding the kidneys is important because it stabilizes the position of the kidneys by holding them in their normal position'.
Learn more about Fatty Tissue and Kidneys here:https://brainly.com/question/13030399
#SPJ6
Aldosterone will _____.
a. promote an increase in blood pressure
b. promote a decrease in blood volume
c. result in a larger output of urine
d. decrease sodium reabsorption
Answer:
The answer is A promote an increase in blood pressure
Explanation:
Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid hormone produced in the renal cortex and acts by retaining sodium and eliminating potassium which leads to an increase in blood pressure.
Which of the following correctly traces the path of air as it enters the respiratory system?
a. Nose -> Larynx -> Pharynx -> Trachea -> Primary Bronchi -> Secondary Bronchi -> Tertiary Bronchi -> Bronchioles -> Alveoli
b. Nose -> Pharynx -> Larynx -> Trachea -> Primary Bronchi -> Secondary Bronchi -> Tertiary Bronchi -> Bronchioles -> Alveoli
c. Nose -> Pharynx -> Larynx -> Primary Bronchi -> Trachea -> Secondary Bronchi -> Tertiary Bronchi -> Alveoli -> Bronchioles
d. Nose -> Pharynx -> Larynx -> Trachea -> Primary Bronchi -> Secondary Bronchi -> Tertiary Bronchi -> Alveoli -> Bronchioles
Answer:
c. Nose -> Pharynx -> Larynx -> Primary Bronchi -> Trachea -> Secondary Bronchi -> Tertiary Bronchi -> Alveoli -> Bronchioles
Explanation:
The respiratory system's primary function is to obtain oxygen for use, and eliminate carbon dioxide.
The correct path of air as it enters the respiratory system is Nose -> Pharynx -> Larynx -> Trachea -> Primary Bronchi -> Secondary Bronchi -> Tertiary Bronchi -> Bronchioles -> Alveoli.
Explanation:The correct answer is option b. Air enters the respiratory system through the nose, from where it then moves to the pharynx (throat). It then travels to the larynx (voice box), proceeds to the trachea (windpipe), and then into the bronchi. The bronchi have multiple branches, with primary bronchi being the first division, followed by secondary bronchi, and then tertiary bronchi. The air continues its pathway to the bronchioles, which end at tiny sacs called the alveoli, where gas exchange occurs.
Learn more about Respiratory System here:https://brainly.com/question/4190530
#SPJ3
Which of the following is an important exception to the usual function of arteries and veins?
A. The inferior vena cava carries oxygenated blood to the heart
B. The superior vena cava carries oxygenated blood to the heart
C. The pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood to the heart
D. The pulmonary artery carries oxygenated blood to the heart
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Heart is an organ that is responsible for pumping oxygenated blood from heart to various parts of the body.
The deoxygenated blood from various parts of the body comes into heart by veins and then oxygenated blood is transported from the heart to various parts of the body by artery.
The exception is that Pulmonary veins of heart are responsible for the carrying oxygenated blood from lungs back to the left atrium of the heart.
Hence, the correct answer is option C.
Answer:
c
Explanation:
You3 hospitalized patient is exhibiting the symptoms that he is experiencing a fat embolism. Your priority nursing actions is to?
a. administer oxygen.
b. Assessing his vital signs.
c. Notify the health care provider (HCP).
d. Administer IV fluids.
Answer:
The answer is C: Notify the health care provides (HCP).
Explanation:
Fat embolism originates when fat thrombi travels through the bloodstream, causing obstruction in different vital organs of the body, such as heart, lung, brain; Depending on the symptoms presented by the patient, and the severity of their condition, this will be the immediate management of this. You may need intravenous fluids and oxygen. Being therefore a priority, inform the treating physician of the patient's condition, so that he can take the appropriate medical behavior since depending on the place where the obstruction produced by the thrombus is located, this is going to be the medical management.
Which of the tollowing is not a stimulus for breathing?
a. arterial pH resulting from CO2 retention
b. arterial Po2 below 60 mm Hg
c. rising blood pressure
d. rising carbon dioxide levels
Answer:
C. rising blood pressure
Explanation:
Which of these does NOT stimulate aldosterone production?
A. high plasma Na+
B. high plasma K+
C. Angiotensin II
D. high plasma He+
Answer:
(A). high plasma Na+.
Explanation:
Aldosterone is a steroid hormone, synthesized by adrenal gland. It plays role in homeostatic regulation of sodium ions, potassium ions and blood pressure.
Aldosterone is responsible for increase reabsorption of sodium ions (Na⁺) and secretion of potassium ions (K⁺). Angiotensin II is a hormone that stimulates production of aldosterone
Low Na⁺ level, High plasma K⁺ level, angiotensin II, and high plasma H⁺ stimulates production of aldosterone from cortex of adrenal gland.
Thus, the correct answer is option (A).
Condition of abnormal blueness of the skin is called?
A. Cyanosis
B. Smurfism
C. Jaundice
D. Albinism
Answer:
(A). Cyanosis.
Explanation:
Cyanosis can be defined as a condition, in which skin and mucous membrane turns into blueish in color. This abnormal blueness of skin is caused by low level of oxygen in blood cells due to problems in lungs, heart, or airway.
Some other causes for cyanosis include low temperature, high altitude, and low blood pressure. Treatment for cyanosis involves various drugs and methods that restore the normal blood flow to the body parts affected.
Thus, the correct answer is option (A).
In gout, accumulation of urate crystals in subcutaneous tissues causes formation of white nodules known as _____________; precipitation of urate in the kidneys causes renal _________.
Answer:
The urate crystal has white nodules known as tophi. The precipitation of urate causes renal failure.
Explanation:
Gout may be defined as a condition of inflammatory arthritis due to the deposition of excess uric acid in the blood. Pain, swelling and tenderness are the common symptoms of gout.
Tophi are the white nodules of urate crystal that may get deposit under subcutaneous tissue due to the excess formation of uric acid in gout disease. Severe gout condition may also causes renal failure due to the precipitation of urate in the kidney in an individual.
Thus, the white nodules is tophi. Urate precipitation in kidney causes renal failure.
Explain the difference between the specific (adaptive) and non-specific (innate) immune response.
Answer: The INNATE IMMUNE response is the first line of defense of the body against pathogens or potentially pathogens. It can avoid an infection.
The ADAPTIVE IMMUNE response comes into action when innate immunity does not have the tools to act or when its action has failed.
Explanation:
INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE:
- The response to pathogens is nonspecific, it acts rapidly between minutes to hours.
- Recognizes certain molecular patterns in infectious agents, but its number is limited. This is because it is codified in germline, it means, every cell has it.
- The epitelium and the mucus are physical barriers that helps with the innate immune response.
- The components are: The Complement, Natural Killer cells (NK), neutrophils, macrophages, monocytes and dendritic cells.
ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE:
- It is highly specific, and as its name, it could adapted over time. It has memory.
- It recognizes a large number of pathogens, including microorganisms, and other not necessarily infectious. It is codified by gene recombination.
- The response is mediated by Immunoglobulins.
- The components are: T cells, B cells and circulating antibodies.
Upon fertilization of the egg, a single cell is created and is called the:
A. gamete
B. gonad
C. zygote
D. ova
Answer:
The answer is C zygote
Explanation:
The zygote is the first cell that is formed after fertilization of the sperm to the ovule, which will subsequently give rise to the fetus.
In fertilization of Egg, a single cell known as Zygote is created.
Explanation:
The process called fertilization happens during the combination of Sperm and an egg which is also called as an oocyte.
This will result in the generation of a single new cell which is known as Zygote. This zygote has the generic material that is essential for the formation of Human.
The generic material are obtained half from the male and half from the female. A zygote is a diploid cell, formed as a result of fertilization of haploid gametes that are from male and female lines.
Depolatization will make the cell more _________ on the inside.
a. neutral
b. negative
c. positive
Answer:
C. Positive
Explanation:
Depolarization occurs when Na channels open, and the inward flow of Na ions increases the concentration of positive cations in the cells. At this moment the potential of the cell is higher than the cell's resting potential.
Nitric oxide is common given as a rapid and powerful vasoconstrictor.
a. True
b. False
Answer:
B. False
Explanation:
Nitric oxide is not a powerful vasoconstrictor, it is a vasodilator. It acts on smooth muscle, phosphorylation of the myosin light chain is reduced , and cytolic calcium and relaxation is decreased.