List all the places where there are sphincters in the digestive system.

Answer:

Walking alone late one night, you are startled by a moving shadow that you glimpse out of the corner of your eye. The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is activated. When you realize it is just the neighbor’s pet, the parasympathetic division lessens your physiological arousal.

The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system activates when you're startled, initiating the 'fight or flight' response. Once the danger has passed, the parasympathetic division lessens physiological arousal, returning the body to a restful state.

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a part of the peripheral nervous system that acts primarily unconsciously and regulates bodily functions. When you were startled by a moving shadow, the sympathetic division of the ANS was activated, stimulating your 'fight or flight' response and increasing your heart rate, dilating the pupils, and halting digestion. Then, after realizing it was just the neighbor's pet, the parasympathetic division stepped in, reducing your physiological arousal by slowing your heart rate, constricting your pupils, and resuming digestion, thus restabalizing your body conditions.

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Answer:

a.bone marrow and thymus

Final answer:

The primary lymphoid organs are the bone marrow and thymus, where lymphocytes mature and are selected. The secondary lymphoid organs, such as tonsils, spleen, and lymph nodes, store lymphocytes and filter lymph for pathogen encounters and immune responses.

Explanation:

The primary lymphoid organs are the bone marrow and thymus. B cells mature in the bone marrow, while T cells mature in the thymus. These organs are where lymphocytes go through maturation and selection processes to enable them to attack pathogens without harming the body's own cells.

The secondary lymphoid organs include the tonsils, spleen, and lymph nodes. Tonsils, spleen, and lymph nodes store lymphocytes and filter lymph, allowing for pathogen encounters and initiation of adaptive immune responses.

The correct option is a. bone marrow and thymus.

Answer:

Explanation:

Rectus femoris can be define as a bulk of muscle that is located in the anterior and superior compartment of the thigh. These muscles originates from the anterior illiac spine and from the parts of the alar illium that is superior to the acetabulum that is the part of the hip bone.

Answer:

Competitive exclusion

Explanation:

According to competitive exclusion principle two species cannot exist together if these species share the same habitat and resources. This principle was given by the scientist Georgy Gause.

Some plants that are growing in an area are crowded by other plants over time. The new plants use water, nutrients and the first plants are disappeared because both plant species share same resources and habitat. These two species cannot co exist and the second plant causes the disappearance of plant because of competitive exclusion.

General growth media serves the purpose of generating more bacteria colonies to create enough samples to identify to perform other tests. Differential media is used to differentiate species or subspecies of bacteria by how they differentially react to the dyes of chemicals in the media due to differences in metabolic properties of the different bacteria species.  An example of differential media is MacConkey agar.

Differential media enable the differentiation of bacteria based on their metabolic activities. Isolated colonies are used to avoid mixing different types, with initial growth on general media enhancing bacterial cultivation. Subsequent inoculation onto differential media allows for identification through unique characteristics exhibited.

Differential media are typically inoculated with isolated colonies that have been previously cultured on general growth media to ensure the accuracy of the identification process. This is done primarily because some media, particularly differential media, are designed to differentiate between different types of bacteria based on their metabolic activities. The appearance of the bacterial colonies on differential media, such as change in color, can provide crucial insights into the identity of the bacteria.

It's important that only isolated colonies are used to prevent a mix-up of different types of bacteria, which could make interpretation of results challenging. Initially cultivating these bacteria on general growth media also helps enhance the growth of the bacteria, as it provides all the necessary nutrients required for bacterial growth. Their subsequent transfer to the differential media then allows for easy identification based on the unique characteristics they exhibit on these media.

For example, on MacConkey agar, a type of differential medium, bacteria that ferment lactose will cause the medium to turn pink due to acid production. This acid production causes a pH change, which is demonstrated by a color change because of a pH indicator in the medium. Such visible changes make it easier to identify specific types of bacteria.

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Answer:

Graves´ disease is an autoinmmune disease that is caused when the immune system attacks the cells of the thyroid gland, which leads to an overproduction of the hormones secreted by the thyroid gland. This constant attack and destruction on the part of the immune cells causes the thyroid to increase in size, a condition that is commonly known as hyperthyroidism.

Hyperthyroidism can become a really serious issue because the excessive production of the hormones of the thyroid gland will increase the metabolic activity of all parts of the body and can, if left untreated, cause such serious conditions as blood clotting problems, type 1 diabetes, among others.

Answer:

Protection from infection known as species resistance is a result of both the absence of necessary receptors and lack of suitable environment in the body.

Final answer:

A translocation between chromosome 4 and chromosome 12 in the man's genetic makeup can affect his sperm by increasing the likelihood of producing abnormal sperm. Consulting with a genetic counselor is recommended to assess the specific risks and make informed decisions.

Explanation:

A translocation occurs when a portion of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to a different chromosome. In the case of the prospective couple, the man has a balanced translocation between chromosome 4 and chromosome 12. This means that the genetic material is exchanged between these two chromosomes without any material being lost or gained.

However, translocations can still affect fertility because they can cause problems during meiosis, the process of cell division that produces sperm and eggs. During meiosis, chromosomes need to pair up and separate properly to produce healthy gametes. In the case of a translocation, the rearrangement of genetic material can disrupt the pairing of chromosomes, leading to a higher likelihood of producing abnormal sperm or eggs.

Therefore, while the translocation itself may not cause any noticeable physical abnormalities in the man, there is a higher chance that his sperm might be abnormal due to the rearrangement of chromosomes. It is important for the couple to consult with a genetic counselor to assess the specific risks and make informed decisions about their reproductive options.

Answer:

49.14%

Explanation:

The frequency of the heterozygous individuals in the population is therefore: 64/400 = 0.32

Using the Hardy Weingburg equation of a population is equilibrium = p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1

q2 = 0.32; Therefore q = 0.5657 –> alellic frequencies

If p + q = 1; Then p  1 – q = 1 – 0.5657 = 0.4343

Heterozygous individuals are represented by 2pq = 2 * 0.4343 * 0.5657 = 0.4914

0.4914 * 100 = 49.14% of the population which translates to  0.4914 * 400 = 196.56 (197) individuals

Answer:

A

Explanation:

I think it is A because of there being cell walls

Answer: Possible  Reasons- Low concentration of DNA fragments, reaction volume more than 10μl, unequal concentration of control and experiment  for transformation.

Incorrect ligation and poor ligase activity result in no colony growth on agarose plate.

Explanation:

Low concentration of DNA will not allow colonies to grow on agarose plate. Reaction volume must be less than 10μl. Different concentration of control and experiment will also affect growth of colonies.

Inefficient ligation result in no colony growth on agarose plate. This could be due to incorrect ligation between blunt and sticky ends. T4 DNA ligase joins the ends of DNA. Ligase poor activity will not allow colonies to grow on agarose plate.

Answer: They filter lymph.

Explanation: Lymph nodes filter lymph, a fluid that comes from the blood plasma and passes through the lymph nodes; small structures that consist of immune cells. Their function is to engulf foreign parcticles. They prevent these foreign matters from circulating in the blood stream, playing a very important role in the immune system.

The role of lymph nodes is primarily to filter lymph, wherein harmful substances such as bacteria and waste products are removed. This helps in building and maintaining the body's immunity.

Among the given options, the most accurate role of lymph nodes is that they filter lymph. Lymph nodes are small, bean-shaped structures that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. The lymphatic fluid, containing white blood cells, passes through the lymph nodes where harmful substances like bacteria and waste products are filtered out. This process is essential in building immunity in the body. They do not return lymph to circulation, or produce lymph or red blood cells. The function of producing red blood cells is primarily done by the bone marrow.

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Answer:

Option (1)

Explanation:

Meiosis is also known as reduction division. Meiosis is the process of cell division by which a  parent cell divides to give four daughter cells each with half number of chromosomes.

Crossing over may occur during meiosis I of the cell cycle. Crossing over will not occur in the cells immediately after the fertilization of egg and zygote restores the original number of chromosomes.

Thus, the correct answer is option (1).

The statement 'crossing over occurs immediately after an egg is fertilized' is NOT true.

In conclusion, the statement 'crossing over occurs immediately after an egg is fertilized' is NOT true.

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Answer: a. Adenine

Explanation:

Two types of chemically similar nucleic acids, DNA (deoxyribonucleic  acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid), are the principal  information-carrying molecules of the cell. The bases adenine, guanine, and cytosine are detected in both DNA and RNA while thymine is observed only in DNA, and uracil is located only in RNA. When it comes to defining the nucleic acid-based in the nature of its nitrogen- and carbon-containing ring structure we have the variation that answers the question. While b. Uracil, c. Cytosine, and d. Thymine only contains a single ring, which we call pyrimidines, the biomolecule a. Adenine contains a pair of fused rings that we call purines, the right answer for the question.

Answer:

D

Explanation:

Homozygous mean a pair of alleles that are the same. Hence the root word homo- which means same. If the alleles were different, we would call this pairing a heterozygous pair, with the root word hetero- meaning different. An example of a homozygous pair would be AA, two dominant allele, or aa, two recessive alleles, while a heterozygous pair would be Aa, one dominant and one recessive allele.

Answer:

An organism with two different alleles for a single trait is said to be hom-ozygous for that trait. This is the correct answer.

Hetero means having two or more properties while hom-o means having one property.

An organism with two different alleles for a single trait is said to be heterozygous for that trait while an organism  with only one type of allele is referred to as being homzygous.

Alleles are  referred to as alternate forms of a gene. Phenotype can be defined as the expressed physical traits of an organism while Genotype is the genetic makeup of an organism which makes these options True

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Answer:

The molar concentration of [tex]35[/tex] g fructose in [tex]330 ml[/tex] solution is [tex]0.589[/tex]moles/litre

Explanation:

Given -

Molecular weight of fructose [tex]= 180 \frac{g}{mole}[/tex]

Can of coka coal has fructose [tex]= 35[/tex] gram

Volume of can of coke [tex]= 330[/tex] ml

Number of moles in [tex]35[/tex] grams of Fructose

[tex] = \frac{35}{180} \\= 0.194[/tex]

Molar concentration

[tex] = \frac{0.194}{0.33l} \\= 0.589\\[/tex] moles/litre

Hence, the molar concentration of [tex]35[/tex] g fructose in [tex]330 ml[/tex] solution is [tex]0.589[/tex]moles/litre

Final answer:

The molar concentration of fructose in a can of Coca-Cola is determined by dividing the mass of fructose by its molecular weight to find the moles, and then dividing by the volume in liters to find the concentration, which is 0.589 mol/L.

Explanation:

The molar concentration of fructose in coke cola can be calculated using the formula for molarity, which is moles of solute per liter of solution (mol/L). The moles of fructose are found by dividing the mass of fructose by its molecular weight. In this case, 35 g of fructose is divided by 180 g/mole to find the moles of fructose. To find the volume in liters, we convert 330 mL to liters by dividing by 1000, since there are 1000 mL in a liter.

We calculate the moles of fructose:
moles of fructose = 35 g / 180 g/mole = 0.1944 moles.

Then we convert the volume of Coca-Cola to liters:
volume in liters = 330 mL / 1000 = 0.33 L.

Finally, the molar concentration of fructose in Coca-Cola is:
molar concentration = 0.1944 moles / 0.33 L = 0.589 mol/L.

Answer: Segmentation;do not

Explanation:

The food that we ingest through mouth and the food moves from mouth to esophagus and then from esophagus to intestine followed by stomach.

Segmentation can be defined as the contraction that occurs in large and small intestine. In this process contraction moves the chyme in both directions which allows a better of the secretions with the chyme. This process do not takes place along the tract.

The correct answers are segmentation and do not.

Answer:

a hormone from the pituitary gland, or part of the brain.

Explanation:

the pituitary gland in the brain and the thyroid gland contribute 2 growth between the age of 13-25...

Answer:

A. is initiated by distension of the wall of the colon

Explanation:

not sure

Answer:

1. simple diffusion.

2. facilitated diffusion.

3. active transport.

4. both simple and facilitated diffusion.

Explanation:

1. Simple diffusion can be defined as transport of small, non-polar, uncharged molecules, such as urea, gases, water through the lipid bilayer without the help of transport proteins.

As molecular oxygen and carbon dioxide are gases, these molecules would be transported by simple diffusion.

Thus, statement 1 correctly matches with option (D).  

2. Facilitated diffusion involves transport of polar, charged, and large molecules, such as ions, glucose, and amino acids with the help of membrane proteins, known as transport proteins.

Passive transport is an example of of facilitated diffusion, which includes transport of molecules from higher to lower concentration (along their concentration gradient) without use of energy.  

As ions are travelling down their concentration gradient, it is an example of facilitated transport.

Thus, statement 2 correctly matches with option (B).  

3. Active transport is a type of facilitated diffusion that involves transport of molecules against their concentration (from lower to higher) with the help of energy. As glucose is travelling against its concentration, it is an example of active transport.  

Thus, statement 3 correctly matches with option (C).  

4. Water molecules are small, charged molecules that can be transported by both simple diffusion through lipid bilayer or facilitated diffusion through transport proteins, aquaporins.

Thus, statement 4 correctly matches with option (A).  

Final answer:

The transport methods for various molecules across the plasma membrane are specific to their nature and include simple diffusion for O2 and CO2 (D), facilitated diffusion for inorganic ions (B), active transport for glucose against its concentration gradient (C), and osmosis/simple diffusion or through aquaporins for water (A).

Explanation:

Transport across the plasma membrane includes various mechanisms such as simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, and osmosis. These mechanisms depend on the nature of the molecule being transported and the direction relative to the concentration gradient.

Molecular oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) traveling down their concentration gradient can move through the plasma membrane by simple diffusion (Choice D).

Inorganic ions traveling down their concentration gradient typically require facilitated diffusion through channel or carrier proteins (Choice B).

Glucose, when traveling against its concentration gradient, is transported by active transport mechanisms that require energy (Choice C).

Water molecules (H2O) traveling down their concentration gradient generally pass through the membrane by means of osmosis, which can occur via simple diffusion or through aquaporins (Choice A).

The body contains two main types of tissue membranes: connective tissue and epithelial membranes. The three types of epithelial membranes are mucous membranes, serous membranes, and the cutaneous membrane (skin), each serving unique protective and functional roles in the body's operation.

There are two broad categories of tissue membranes in the human body: connective tissue membranes and epithelial membranes. Among these, three specific types of epithelial membranes exist, playing critical roles in the body's function and structure. These are:

Lastly, connective tissue membranes include synovial membranes, which line the moveable joint cavities, facilitating smooth joint movements. Understanding these membranes is essential for comprehending how the body protects, separates, and ensures the smooth operation of its internal mechanisms.

Explanation:

the entire population will go extinct

In evolutionary biology, the importance of genetic variation and natural selection in populations facing environmental changes is crucial for survival.

Natural selection is a process where organisms best adapted to their environment survive and reproduce, passing on advantageous traits. In a population lacking variation, if the environment changes negatively, the entire population may go extinct as they lack the genetic diversity to adapt. Genetic variation is crucial for species to survive changing environments through natural selection.

Answer:

Endosteum plays an important role in bone repair, bone remodelling and appositional bone growth.

Explanation:

Endosteum consists of a soft and thin connective tissue that lines the cavity of femur and humerus. Some of the major functions of endosteum are as follows:

Bone remodelling: Endosteum can stimulate the bone resorption that leads to the formation of new bone from the outside.

Bone repair: Hematoma, at the time of bone injury causes the division of endosteal cells and helps in bone repair.

Appositional bone growth: Endosteum that line the osteoblast cell can secrete bone matrix and increases the bone diameter.

Complete tetanus represents a period of sustained skeletal muscle contraction without detectable individual twitches, occurring at high frequencies of motor neuron signals that fuse contractions into a continuous state.

A period of sustained skeletal muscle contraction in which individual twitches cannot be detected is called complete tetanus. This occurs when the frequency of motor neuron signaling is so high that muscle fibers respond with continuous contractions. A single twitch doesn't produce significant muscle activity in a living body, rather a series of action potentials is necessary for a graded muscle response. During incomplete tetanus, the muscle experiences quick cycles of contraction with short relaxation phases. However, in complete tetanus, the stimulus frequency is high enough that the relaxation phase is eliminated, and the contractions fuse into one sustained contraction.

To know what happens here, we need to see how alleles work.

You have three species: cremello, chestnut, and palomino all will be homozygotes with two alleles each.  

One of these will be recessive (aa), one will be dominant (AA), and one will be a mixture (Aa).

You know the offsprin, so Cremello and Chestnut are the recessive and dominant ones. If you draw the Punnett square, you'll find out all breeding are pure.

Now, if you draw de Palomino Punnett square having one recessive allele and one dominant allele from each paren, you'll found 1/4 cremello (aa), 1/4 chestnut (AA) and 1/2 palomino (Aa).

Final answer:

The coat-color patterns in horses are a result of multiple alleles. When two palomino horses are mated, they can produce offspring with any of the three coat-color patterns, including cremello, chestnut, and palomino.

Explanation:

The coat-color patterns in horses are a result of multiple alleles. In this case, there are three alleles for the coat-color gene: cremello, chestnut, and palomino. When two palomino horses are mated, they can produce offspring with any of the three coat-color patterns.

If two palomino horses are mated:

However, if cremello horses or chestnut horses are mated, they will only produce offspring with the same coat-color pattern as themselves. This pattern of inheritance is due to the different combinations of alleles that can be inherited from each parent.

Answer:

The nervous system together with the endocrine system enables the organism to perceive the variations of the (internal and external) to disseminate modifications that these variations produce and execute the answers appropriate to maintain the internal body balance (homeostasis). The autonomic nervous system divides into the sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system. In general, these two systems have opposite (antagonistic) functions, they correct the excesses of the other.

For example, if the sympathetic system speeds up too much the heartbeat, the parasympathetic system kicks in, slowing down the heart rate. If the sympathetic system speeds up stomach work and intestines, the parasympathetic comes into action to reduce the contractions of these organs. The sympathetic generally stimulate actions that mobilize energy, allowing the body to respond to stressful situations. For example, the sympathetic system is responsible for the acceleration of heart rate, by increasing the blood pressure, the concentration of blood sugar and by activating the general metabolism of the body. On the other hand, parasympathetic mainly stimulates relaxing activities, such as reductions in the heart rate pace and blood pressure. One of the main differences between the sympathetic nerves and parasympathetic is that the postganglionic fibers of the two systems usually secrete different hormones.

Answer:

Vertebral body

Explanation:

The vertebral body serves as weight-bearing part of a vertebra. The vertebral body is the thick and disc-shaped structure and forms the anterior portion of the vertebrae. A vertebral body has rough inferior and superior surfaces. Being disc-shaped, the vertebral bodies of subsequent vertebrae are stacked upon each other and thereby, serve to carry the weight.

The major weight bearing part of a vertebra is the vertebral body, which progressively increases in size and thickness going down the vertebral column. Lumbar vertebrae carry the greatest amount of body weight and have specific characteristics to support this.

The major weight bearing part of a vertebra is the vertebral body. The vertebral bodies progressively increase in size and thickness going down the vertebral column, with the lumbar vertebrae supporting the greatest amount of body weight due to their large size and thickness. They have short transverse processes and a short, blunt spinous process that projects posteriorly.

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Answer: b. causes the gastric glands to increase production of gastric juice.

Explanation:

The parasympathetic nerves are part of the autonomous nervous system. The parasympathetic predominates mainly during "passive responses" of the organism, such as satiety, rest and digestion. Its functions are: Promotes energy conservation, Reduces heart rate, Promotes glandular secretion, Protects the retina from excess light, Promotes emptying of cavities, Promotes rest and repair, Physiologically antagonizes sympathetic nervous system.

Answer:

b. causes the gastric glands to increase production of gastric juice

Explanation:

Parasympathetic stimulation is a function that is carried out by the Parasympathetic Nervous System which is a part of the Autonomic Nervous System.

Parasympathetic stimulation results in the process of digestion, production of saliva, production of urine, Production of tears, decrease in the heart rate and blood pressure.

Parasympathetic stimulation is involves in the process of digestion because after the injection of food , when the body is at rest, Parasympathetic stimulation increase the rate of the digestion process by, stimulating the gastric glands so that they can produce more gastric juice. This gastric juice contains enzymes and some other substances such as

a. Pepsin for the digestion of protein.

b. Renin

c. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) in other to deactivate any bacteria found food present in the stomach.

d. Mucus which helps to protect the lining of the digestive system.

Answer:

The correct answer will be

1. Lengthen

2. Lengthen, shortens

3. Disassemble

Explanation:

There are three types of microtubules present during cell division: kinetochore, aster and polar microtubules.  

1. During prophase: all types of microtubules grow out at their positive(+) ends which functions to pull and push the sister chromatids apart towards opposite poles so they lengthen.

2. During anaphase : non-kinetochore microtubules- polar microtubules polymerization takes place at their (+) ends which causes the spindle fibres to move apart  while kinetochore microtubules which have been attached to the kinetochores of chromosomes shorten at their (+) ends and  motor proteins travel to (-) end because of which sister chromatids move towards the spindle poles.

3. During telophase: non-kinetochore microtubules depolymerize or disassembles.

Thus, 1. Lengthen, 2. Lengthen, shortens and 3. Disassemble are the correct options.

In mitosis, the microtubules of the mitotic spindle lengthen during prophase. In anaphase, nonkinetochore microtubules lengthen while kinetochore microtubules shorten. During telophase, nonkinetochore microtubules disassemble.

The mitotic spindle plays crucial roles during the process of cell division called mitosis in animal cells. The spindle consists of two types of microtubules, namely, kinetochore and nonkinetochore microtubules, each having unique functions during different stages of mitosis. Let's understand these functions to complete your sentences:

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Explanation:

thats all that I could find I hope it helps a little bit :)