Minerals form from bodies of water by the process of _____. precipitation melting cooling condensation

The first-order rate constant for the thermal decomposition of phosphine can be calculated using the relationship between the half-life and the rate constant, resulting in a rate constant of 0.0198 s⁻¹.

The thermal decomposition of phosphine (PH₃) into phosphorus and molecular hydrogen is given as a first-order reaction, and the provided half-life of the reaction is 35.0 seconds at 680°C. To calculate the first-order rate constant for the reaction, we can use the relationship that for a first-order reaction, the half-life (t₁/2) is related to the rate constant (k) by the equation t₁/2 = ln(2) / k. Therefore, we can rearrange this formula to solve for k: k = ln(2) / t₁/2.

By plugging the values into the formula, we can calculate the rate constant as follows:

k = ln(2) / 35.0 s

k = 0.0198 s⁻¹

This is the rate constant for the first-order thermal decomposition of phosphine at the specified temperature.

Final answer:

To neutralize the excess 16 M HNO₃, 5.33 mL of 6 M NaOH is required.

Explanation:

The task is to calculate the volume of 6 M NaOH needed to neutralize excess HNO₃ used in dissolving copper. The student used 6.0 mL of 16 M HNO₃, which is 2.0 mL more than the required amount.

First, we need to find the amount of excess HNO₃ in moles, as only 4.0 mL was required. The excess volume is 6.0 mL - 4.0 mL = 2.0 mL. The moles of excess HNO₃ is calculated as 2.0 mL × 16 M / 1000 mL/L = 0.032 moles.

To neutralize the acid, we need the same number of moles of OH-. Since the NaOH is 6 M, the volume V in liters needed is calculated using the molarity equation: moles = Molarity × Volume. Thus, 0.032 moles = 6 M × V, which gives V = 0.032 moles / 6 M. So, the volume of NaOH required is 0.00533 L, or 5.33 mL.

The value densities of cube-1 and cube-2 are not at all similar which means that both the cubes are made up of different materials.

Explanation:

                                              [tex]Density=\frac{Mass}{Volume}[/tex]

Given:

Two different cubes, one with an edge length of 1.05 cm and mass of 14.32 g, and the other cube have an edge length of 2.66 cm and mass of 215.3 g.

To find:

Whether two cubes are of the same material or not.

Solution:

The edge length of the cube-1 = l = 1.05 cm

The volume of cube-1 =v

[tex]v=l^3=(1.05 cm)^3=1.16 cm^3[/tex]

Th mass of cube-1 = m = 14.32 g

The density of the cube-1 =d

[tex]d=\frac{m}{v}\\d=\frac{14.32 g}{1.16 cm^3}=12.3 g/cm^3[/tex]

The edge length of the cube-2 = l' = 2,66 cm

The volume first cube-2 =v'

[tex]v'=l'^3=(2.66 cm)^3=18.8 cm^3[/tex]

Th mass of cube-2 = m = 215.3g

The density of the cube-2 =d'

[tex]d'=\frac{m'}{v'}\\d'=\frac{215.3g}{ 18.8cm^3}=11.4g/cm^3[/tex]

The value density of cube-1 is different from that of cube-2, not at all similar which means that both the cubes are made up of different materials.

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Explanation:

It is known that number of moles present in a substance is equal to the mass divided by molar mass.

Mathematically,      No. of moles = [tex]\frac{mass}{\text{molar mass}}[/tex]

As it is given that number of moles are 0.432 moles and molar mass of [tex]C_{8}H_{9}O_{4}[/tex] is 169.15 g/mol.

Hence, calculate the mass of [tex]C_{8}H_{9}O_{4}[/tex] is as follows.

                 No. of moles = [tex]\frac{mass}{\text{molar mass}}[/tex]

                     0.432 mol = [tex]\frac{mass}{169.15 g/mol}[/tex]

                         mass = 73.072 g

Thus, we can conclude that the mass of 0.432 moles of [tex]C_{8}H_{9}O_{4}[/tex] is 73.072 g.

The activation energy can be determined using the Arrhenius equation. To find the activation energy at a different temperature, rearrange the equation and plug in the given rate constant. The frequency factor is approximately 1.529 * 10^9 /s.

The activation energy can be determined using the Arrhenius equation:

k = Ae^(-Ea/RT)

where k is the rate constant, A is the frequency factor, Ea is the activation energy, R is the gas constant, and T is the temperature in Kelvin.

To find the activation energy at a different temperature, we can rearrange the equation as:

Ea = -ln(k/A) * RT

Using the given rate constant at 683 K and the activation energy of 212 kJ, we can calculate the frequency factor as follows:

A = k * e^(Ea/RT)

Plugging in the values:

A = (6.06×10^(-4) /s) * e^(212000 J / (8.3145 J/mol*K * 683 K))

A = 1.529 * 10^9 /s

Therefore, the frequency factor is approximately 1.529 * 10^9 /s.

The activation energy for a reaction is the minimum amount of energy required for the reaction to occur. To find the activation energy at a different temperature, we can use the Arrhenius equation. The activation energy will be 2.71 kJ/mol at the desired condition.

The activation energy for a reaction is the minimum amount of energy required for the reaction to occur. It represents the energy barrier that the reactants must overcome before they can form products. In the given question, the activation energy for the gas phase decomposition of 2-bromopropane is 212 kJ.

To find the activation energy at a different temperature, we can use the Arrhenius equation:

k = A * e^(-Ea/RT)

where:
- k is the rate constant
- A is the frequency factor
- Ea is the activation energy
- R is the gas constant (8.314 J/(mol·K))
- T is the temperature in Kelvin

By rearranging the equation, we can solve for the activation energy at a different temperature:

Ea2 = -ln(k2/k1) * (R/T2 - R/T1)

Substituting the given values:

Ea2 = -ln(5.06x10^-3 / 6.06x10^-4) * (8.314 J/(mol·K) / 683 K - 8.314 J/(mol·K) / 298 K)

Ea2 = -ln(8.333) * (0.0122 - 0.0278) = -ln(8.333) * (-0.0156) = 0.1739 * 0.0156 = 0.00271 J/mol = 2.71 kJ/mol

Therefore, the activation energy will be 2.71 kJ/mol at the desired condition.

Final answer:

To find the molecular formula, calculate the empirical formula mass, divide the molar mass by this number to find a multiplier, and apply the multiplier to the subscripts in the empirical formula.

Explanation:

Finding the Molecular Formula

To determine the molecular formula of a compound for which we know the molar mass is 110 grams/mole, and have the empirical formula from problem 1, we follow these steps:

For example, assuming our empirical formula is CH₂ (not given in the question), we would get the empirical formula mass as 12 (for C) + 2×1 (for H) = 14 g/mol. Then, 110 g/mol divided by 14 g/mol gives us approximately 7.86, which we round to 8 since it should be a whole number. Multiplying the subscripts in CH₂ by 8 gives us C₈H₁₆ as the molecular formula.

Final answer:

Sodium hydride donates a hydride ion to ethanol, resulting in the formation of hydrogen gas and the ethoxide ion in a sodium ethoxide complex.

Explanation:

The proton transfer reaction between sodium hydride (NaH) and ethanol (CH3CH2OH) involves sodium hydride acting as a base, donating a hydride ion (H-) to the proton (H+) of the ethanol. This reaction results in the formation of hydrogen gas (H2) and the ethoxide ion (CH3CH2O-), which remains in the solution complexed with the sodium ion (Na+). The balanced equation for this reaction is NaH + CH3CH2OH → H2 + Na+ + CH3CH2O-. This reaction utilizes the hydride ion from the sodium hydride as a nucleophile that abstracts a proton from the ethanol, leading to the evolution of hydrogen gas.

Answer:

False.

Explanation:

Hexanal is a non-polar compound while water is a polar solvent.

We have the role "Like dissolves like".

So, hexanal is insoluble in water.

Answer:

The amount of water that evaporates from the earth is approximately equal to the amount that falls as precipitation.

Explanation:

Water evaporation is critical to climate because it is directly related to precipitation formation. Water that evaporates from rivers, lakes, oceans and even our bodies helps to form rain. This occurs when the temperature cools. Under these climatic conditions, water vapor returns to its liquid form (condensation) and falls through rainfall. The amount of water evaporated is basically equal to the amount of water that comes back to land in precipitation.

Answer:

The rate of the reaction is directly proportional to the concentration of the reactant.

Explanation:

Let's consider a reaction of the kind A → B.

A general rate law has the following form:

r = k . [A]ⁿ

where,

r: reaction rate

k: reaction constant

[A]: molar concentration of the reactant A

n: order of reaction for A

For a first-order reaction, the rate law is:

r = k . [A]

Give the characteristic of a first-order reaction having only one reactant.

The rate of the reaction is proportional to the square root of the concentration of the reactant. NO. This would happen if n = 1/2.

The rate of the reaction is proportional to the square of the concentration of the reactant. NO. This would happen if n = 2

The rate of the reaction is directly proportional to the concentration of the reactant. YES.

The rate of the reaction is proportional to the natural logarithm of the concentration of the reactant. NO. This could never happen.

The rate of the reaction is not proportional to the concentration of the reactant. NO. This would happen if n = 0.

The characteristic of a first order reaction having only one reactant is that the rate of the reaction is directly proportional to the concentration of the reactant.

First order reactions are those reactions in which rate of the chemical reaction will depends on the concentration of the only reactant of the reaction.

Suppose a chemical reaction in which reactant A will form product B as:

A → B

So, Rate of the reaction is directly depends on the concentration of the A reactant.

Hence, option (3) is correct.

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Final answer:

Oxygen has three stable isotopes, 16O, 17O, and 18O, all of which have 8 protons but vary in their number of neutrons—8, 9, and 10, respectively. These variances in neutron count alter the atomic mass of the isotopes without affecting their atomic number or chemical properties.

Explanation:

The statement "Oxygen, whose atomic number is eight, has three stable isotopes: 16O, 17O, and 18O" refers to the different forms of the element oxygen which vary in the number of neutrons contained within the nucleus. The atomic number of an element indicates the number of protons within the nucleus; for oxygen, this is always eight. However, the number of neutrons can differ, changing the mass number but not the chemical properties of the element.

For each isotope of oxygen:

16O: 8 protons + 8 neutrons = 16 total nucleons

17O: 8 protons + 9 neutrons = 17 total nucleons

18O: 8 protons + 10 neutrons = 18 total nucleons

These isotopes determine the total number of nucleons (protons plus neutrons) in the atom's nucleus, represented by the mass number (A). Using the formula A - Z (where A is the mass number and Z is the atomic number), we can calculate the number of neutrons: 16O has 8 neutrons, 17O has 9 neutrons, and 18O has 10 neutrons. Isotopes of an element share the same atomic number but differ in the mass number. Oxygen's most abundant isotope is 16O, making up 99.76% of naturally occurring oxygen.

The order of the reaction with respect to clo2 is 1.

The order of the reaction with respect to clo2 can be determined by comparing the initial rates of different experiments and analyzing the effect of changing the concentration of clo2 on the reaction rate. By comparing the rates of Experiment 1 and Experiment 2, we can see that when the concentration of clo2 is halved, the rate of the reaction is also halved. This indicates that the reaction rate is directly proportional to the concentration of clo2. Therefore, the order of the reaction with respect to clo2 is 1.

This question involves the application of the Arrhenius equation in chemistry, particularly in calculating the temperature dependence of reaction rates. Given the rate constant and the activation energy at a certain temperature, one can find the rate constant at a different temperature

The question pertains to the use of the Arrhenius equation, which calculates the temperature dependence of reaction rates. The equation is k = A * e^(-Ea/RT), where k is the rate constant, A is the frequency factor, Ea is the activation energy, R is the gas constant, and T is the temperature in Kelvin.

The given reaction has a rate constant (k) of 1.35 x 10² s-1 at 25.0°C (or 298.15K). The activation energy (Ea) is given as 85.6 kJ/mol. To find the rate constant at another temperature, rearrange the Arrhenius equation to solve for A, substitute the given values for Ea, k, R and T to find A. Then, plug the calculated A, given Ea, the new temperature in Kelvin (75.0°C or 348.15K), and R into the Arrhenius equation to solve for the new rate constant, k.

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Final answer:

In gas chromatography, compounds elute based on their boiling points, with those having lower boiling points eluting first. Since anisole has a lower boiling point than d-limonene, anisole is expected to elute first.

Explanation:

The question asks which compound, anisole or d-limonene, would elute first in gas chromatography (GC) based on their boiling points. In gas chromatography, compounds generally elute in order of increasing boiling points because compounds with lower boiling points have lower retention times on the GC column. Also, the elution order correlates with the strength of intermolecular forces (IMFs) affecting the compounds; compounds with stronger IMFs tend to have higher boiling points and adhere more to the stationary phase, thus eluting later. Although the specific boiling points of anisole and d-limonene are not provided in this answer, it is known that anisole has a boiling point of about 154°C, and d-limonene has a boiling point around 176°C. Therefore, one would expect anisole to elute first in gas chromatography due to its lower boiling point compared to d-limonene.

Answer:

12.82 mol/L the molarity of the HCl.

Explanation:

Suppose in 100 grams of 39.0% (by mass) HCl in water.

Volume of solution = V

Density of the solution = d = 1.20 g/mL

Mass = Density × Volume

[tex]V=\frac{M}{d}=\frac{100 g}{1.20 g/mL}=83.33 mL = 0.08333 L[/tex]

Mass of HCl = 39.0% of 100 grams= [tex]\frac{39}{100}\times 100g=39 g[/tex]

Moles of HCl = [tex]\frac{39 g}{36.5 g/mol}=1.0685 mol[/tex]

[tex]Molarity=\frac{\text{Moles of compound}}{\text{Volume of solution (L)}}[/tex]

The molarity of the HCl = M

[tex]M=\frac{1.0685 mol}{0.0833 L}=12.82 mol/L[/tex]

12.82 mol/L the molarity of the HCl.

Answer:

The commercial grade of HCl solution having a density of 1.20 g/ml has the molarity of 12.8 M.

Explanation:

Let's take the volume of solution to be 1000 ml.

Mass of HCl = [tex]\rm density\;\times\;volume[/tex]

Mass = [tex]\rm 1.20\;\times\;1000[/tex]

Mass of HCl = 1200 g.

In 39 % of HCl,

mass of HCl = [tex]\rm 39\;\times\;1200[/tex]

mass of HCl = 468 grams.

Molarity = [tex]\rm \frac{moles}{Liter}[/tex]

Molarity = [tex]\rm \frac{468}{36.5}\;\times\;\frac{1}{liters}[/tex]

Moalrity = 12.8 moles/liter

Molarity of 39% HCl with a density of 1.20 g/ml is 12.8 M.

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Answer: [tex]Rate=k[A]^1[B]^5[C]^6[/tex]

Explanation: Rate law says that rate of a reaction is directly proportional to the concentration of the reactants each raised to a stoichiometric coefficient determined experimentally called as order.

Order of the reaction is defined as the sum of the concentration of terms on which the rate of the reaction actually depends. It is the sum of the exponents of the molar concentration in the rate law expression.

Elementary reactions are defined as the reactions for which the order of the reaction is same as its molecularity and order with respect to each reactant is equal to its stoichiometric coefficient as represented in the balanced chemical reaction.

[tex]A+5B+6C\rightarrow 3D+3E[/tex]

[tex]Rate=k[A]^1[B]^5[C]^6[/tex]

k= rate constant

1 = order with respect to A

5 = order with respect to B

6 = order with respect to C

Thus rate law is [tex]Rate=k[A]^1[B]^5[C]^6[/tex]

The final concentration (C_2) is 20 times less than the initial concentration (C_1), illustrating a dilution factor of 20. For instance, if C_1 were 2 mol/L, C_2 would be 0.1 mol/L.

Calculate the concentration of the diluted solution:

1. Identify the given information:

Initial volume of stock solution (V_1) = 13.0 mL

Final volume of diluted solution (V_2) = 0.260 L = 260 mL

Initial concentration of stock solution (C_1) is unknown (this is what we need to find)

2. Understand the key concept:

When a solution is diluted, the amount of solute (the substance dissolved in the solution) remains constant. Only the volume of the solution changes.

This means that the product of concentration and volume before dilution is equal to the product of concentration and volume after dilution.

3. Apply the dilution formula:

The formula is C_1V_1 = C_2V_2, where:

C_1 = initial concentration

V_1 = initial volume

C_2 = final concentration

V_2 = final volume

4. Solve for the unknown concentration (C_1):

Rearrange the formula to isolate C_1: C_1 = C_2V_2 / V_1

Plug in the known values: C_1 = (unknown) * 260 mL / 13.0 mL

Simplify: C_1 = 20 * C_2

5. Interpret the result:

The final concentration (C_2) will be 20 times less than the initial concentration (C_1). This means the solution has been diluted by a factor of 20.

6. Example:

If the initial concentration (C_1) was 2 mol/L, then the final concentration (C_2) would be 0.1 mol/L (20 times less).