moves river of ice fresh water made of fallen snow snow compressed to ice This is a list of features of a(n) A) glacier. B) ice age. C) iceberg. D) continent.

A) The direction in which the mixture must shift to achieve equilibrium is;

Left Direction

B) The direction in which the mixture must shift to achieve equilibrium is;

Left Direction

C) The direction in which the mixture must shift to achieve equilibrium is;

Right Direction

We are given the balanced equation reaction at equilibrium as;

N₂ (g) + 3H₂ (g) ⇄ 2NH₃ (g)

We are given;

Kp value at equilibrium = 4.51 × 10⁻⁵

A) Formula to find Kp in an equilibrium equation is;

Kp =  [P(Product)]ⁿ/[P(Reactant 1)]ⁿ * [P(Reactant 2)]ⁿ

Where;

n is the coefficient attached to the respective product or reactant

P is the pressure

At 98 atm of NH₃, 45 atm N₂, 55 atm H₂

Thus;

Kp = [P(NH3)]²/ [P(N₂)] × [P(H2)]³

Kp = 98²/(45 × 55³)

Kp = 1.28 × 10⁻³

This calculated Kp value is greater than the given Kp value at equilibrium and thus the mixture is not equilibrium but it will shift to the left direction towards the reactants to achieve equilibrium.

B) At 57 atm NH₃, 143 atm N₂, No H₂

Thus;

Kp = [P(NH₃)]²/ [P(N₂)]

Kp = 57²/143

Kp = 22.7

This calculated Kp value is greater than the given Kp value at equilibrium and thus the mixture is not equilibrium but it will shift to the left direction towards the reactants to achieve equilibrium.

c) At 13 atm NH₃, 27 atm N2, 82 atm H₂

Thus;

Kp =  [P(NH₃)]²/ [P(N₂)] × [P(H₂)]³

Kp =  13²/(27 × 82³)  

Kp = 1.14 × 10⁻⁵

This calculated Kp value is less than the given Kp value at equilibrium and thus the mixture is not equilibrium but it will shift to the right direction towards the product to achieve equilibrium.

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The electron pair geometry around the Sb atom in SbF3 is trigonal pyramidal.

The electron pair geometry around the Sb (antimony) atom in SbF3 is trigonal pyramidal. This means that there are three bonding pairs of electrons and one lone pair of electrons around the central atom. The molecular structure of SbF3 is also trigonal pyramidal, which means that the lone pair of electrons forms the apex of the pyramid.

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Answer:

The correct answer is option A, that is, treating inherited diseases.

Explanation:

Genetic testing comprises testing the DNA, that is, the chemical database, which conducts instructions for the functions of the body. Investigation of genes can demonstrate modifications in the genes, which may lead to a disease or illness.  

If someone is exhibiting signs of a disease, which may be a result of genetic modifications, also known as mutated genes. Then in such cases, the examination of genes can show if one is exhibiting a suspected disorder. For example, genetic testing may be done to confirm a diagnosis of Huntington's disease or cystic fibrosis.  

The equation from which heat can be calculated is represented as:

q=mc\Delta T

Where, q=Heat (J)

m=mass of aluminium(g)

Delta T=Change in temperature(⁰C)

c=specific heat (J/g ⁰C)

Here ,

m=mass of aluminium(g)=0.3 g

Delta T=Change in temperature(⁰C)=150-30⁰C=120⁰C

c=0.9J/gC

Putting all the values in the above equation,

q=mc\Delta T

q=0.3×0.9×120

q=32.4 J

So, heat required will be 32.4 J.

The stoichiometric ratio between Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2·6H2O and KMnO4 in the given redox reaction is 5:1. Therefore, for each mole of Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2·6H2O, 0.2 moles of KMnO4 are required.

This problem deals with the stoichiometry of a redox reaction between Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2·6H2O and KMnO4. The balanced redox reaction is:

8H+ + 5Fe+2 + MnO4 - --> Mn+2 + 5Fe+3 + 4H2O

From this balanced chemical equation, we see a stoichiometric ratio of 5:1 between Fe+2 (iron in the compound Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2·6H2O) and MnO4- (manganese in KMnO4). Thus, for each mole of Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2·6H2O, you require 1/5 (or 0.2) moles of KMnO4. In order to fully answer your question, you would need to know the amount (in moles) of Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2·6H2O present.

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Answer: Option (B) is the correct answer.

Explanation:

When vapors of a flammable or combustible liquid are mixed together with air in the presence of a source of ignition in proportions rapid combustion or an explosion can occur. The proper proportion is called the flammable or explosive range.

Boiling range is defined as the range of temperature which is involved distillation of oil from the starting time to the time till it evaporates.

The lowest temperature at which an ignitable mixture can be formed from a liquid in air near its surface.

The boiling point of water can be calculated by the equation:

Where:

P = Pressure in mm Hg

Po = Atmospheric pressure in mm Hg

ΔH= heat of vaporization in kJ/mol

R = Ideal Gas Constant (J/mol-K)

To = normal boiling point in Kelvin

T = boiling point of water (K)

Our known values are:

P = 630 mm Hg

Po = 760 mm Hg

ΔH = 40.66 kJ/mol = 40.66×1000 =40660

R = 8.314 J mol⁻¹ K ⁻¹

To = 373 K

Putting these values in the equation,

[tex] ln \frac{P_{0}}{P}= \frac{\Delta H}{R}(\frac{1}{T}-\frac{1}{T_{0}})[/tex]

[tex] ln \frac{760}{630}= \frac{40660}{8.314}(\frac{1}{T}-\frac{1}{373})[/tex]

Solving the equation will give:

T=370K

so, the boiling point of water is 370 K.

Answer: The concentration of sulfuric acid is 0.219 M

Explanation:

To calculate the concentration of acid, we use the equation given by neutralization reaction:

[tex]n_1M_1V_1=n_2M_2V_2[/tex]

where,

[tex]n_1,M_1\text{ and }V_1[/tex] are the n-factor, molarity and volume of acid which is [tex]H_2SO_4[/tex]

[tex]n_2,M_2\text{ and }V_2[/tex] are the n-factor, molarity and volume of base which is KOH.

We are given:

[tex]n_1=2\\M_1=?M\\V_1=50.00mL\\n_2=1\\M_2=0.500M\\V_2=43.74mL[/tex]

Putting values in above equation, we get:

[tex]2\times M_1\times 50.00=1\times 0.500\times 43.74\\\\M_1=\frac{1\times 0.500\times 43.74}{2\times 50.00}=0.219M[/tex]

Hence, the concentration of sulfuric acid is 0.219 M

The missing 500 joules of energy when burning 1,000 joules of coal are lost to inefficiencies in the energy conversion process, including factors like heat loss.

When 1,000 joules of coal is burned and only 500 joules of electricity is produced, the missing 500 joules of energy are lost primarily due to inefficiencies in the energy conversion process. This is a result of the Second Law of Thermodynamics, which states that when energy is transformed or transferred, part of it assumes a form that cannot be used to do work (often manifested as heat). In the context of a coal-fired power station, the energy undergoes several conversions: chemical energy from the coal is converted to thermal energy (heat), which is then converted to mechanical energy (turbines spinning), and finally converted to electrical energy.

The lost 500 joules of energy in the process are dissipated as heat into the environment, sound, and other forms of energy that are not useful in generating electricity. This comes from the inefficiency of the power plant, where some of the energy is unavoidably lost due to factors like friction, heat loss through conduction, convection, and radiation, and other resistive processes within the power generation system. Therefore, the efficiency of the power station is around 50% as it is only able to convert half of the energy content of the coal into electricity. Ex. In the case provided, a coal power plant with 1,000 joules of input energy from burning coal and an output of 500 joules of electrical energy would have an efficiency of 50%. This percentage is a simplified representation of many real-world power stations' efficiency, which tends to be around 30%-40%. It is also important to note that efforts to increase the efficiency of power stations can lead to more sustainable energy practices by reducing both waste energy output into the environment, which has ecological consequences, and the amount of coal required, which affects the release of CO2 emissions.

Answer:

Pollutant

Explanation:

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The net chemical equation is 2 [tex]Cu_2S[/tex] (s) + 3 [tex]O_2[/tex] (g) + 2 C (s) → 4 Cu (s) + 2 [tex]SO_2[/tex] (g) + 2 CO (g).

The net chemical equation for the production of copper from copper(I) sulfide, oxygen, and carbon involves a two-step process: oxidation of copper(I) sulfide with oxygen followed by reduction of copper(I) oxide with carbon, yielding copper metal, sulfur dioxide, and carbon monoxide.

The extraction of copper from its ore involves a two-step process. The first step is the oxidation of copper(I) sulfide (chalcocite) with oxygen to form copper(I) oxide and sulfur dioxide. The second step is the reduction of copper(I) oxide with carbon to obtain copper metal and carbon monoxide.

Step 1: Oxidation of Copper(I) Sulfide

2 [tex]Cu_2S[/tex] (s) + 3 [tex]O_2[/tex] (g) → 2 [tex]Cu_2O[/tex] (s) + 2 [tex]SO_2[/tex] (g)

Step 2: Reduction of Copper(I) Oxide

2 [tex]Cu_2O[/tex] (s) + 2 C (s) → 4 Cu (s) + 2 CO (g)

By adding the balanced equations from both steps together and eliminating the intermediate product, copper(I) oxide, which appears on both sides, we get the net chemical equation for the production of copper:

Net Chemical Equation

2 [tex]Cu_2S[/tex] (s) + 3 [tex]O_2[/tex] (g) + 2 C (s) → 4 Cu (s) + 2 [tex]SO_2[/tex] (g) + 2 CO (g)

The question is:

There are two steps in the extraction of copper metal from chalcocite, a copper ore. In the first step, copper(I) sulfide and oxygen react to form copper(I) oxide and sulfur dioxide. In the second step, copper(I) oxide and carbon react to form copper and carbon monoxide.

Write the net chemical equation for the production of copper from copper(I) sulfide, oxygen and carbon. Be sure your equation is balanced.

Taking into account the definition of avogadro's number, 7.59×10⁻¹¹ moles of copper are 4.57×10¹³ atoms of copper.

Avogadro's Number or Avogadro's Constant is called the number of particles that make up a substance (usually atoms or molecules) and that can be found in the amount of one mole of said substance. Its value is 6.023×10²³ particles per mole. Avogadro's number applies to any substance.

Then you can apply the following rule of three: if 6.023×10²³ atoms are contained in 1 mole of copper, then 4.57×10¹³ atoms are contained in how many moles of copper?

amount of moles of copper= (4.57×10¹³ atoms × 1 mole)÷ 6.023×10²³ atoms

amount of moles of copper= 7.59×10⁻¹¹ moles

Finally, 7.59×10⁻¹¹ moles of copper are 4.57×10¹³ atoms of copper.

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Some metals lose their shine because of corrosion, a galvanic process involving oxidation by substances like oxygen.

The reason some metals lose their shine over time is due to a process known as corrosion, which is a galvanic process that leads to the deterioration of metals through oxidation. Metals like iron rust and silver tarnish when exposed to air because of their reaction with oxygen, forming oxides on the surface. However, gold does not corrode easily due to its resistance to oxidation by common substances.

Aluminum, although reactive, forms an aluminum oxide coating that protects it from further corrosion, while copper reacts with carbon dioxide to form a green patina that serves as a protective layer. Precious metals such as gold and platinum, known for their corrosion resistance and durability, defy normal oxidation and maintain their luster over time. They are impervious to most elements and can be corroded by only a few special fluids.

Answer:

Both are formed by gravitational forces.

Explanation:

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Answer:  [tex]Na_2S+CdSO_4\rightarrow Cd_2S+Na_2SO_4[/tex]

Explanation:

According to the law of conservation of mass, mass can neither be created nor be destroyed. Thus the mass of products has to be equal to the mass of reactants. The number of atoms of each element has to be same on reactant and product side. Thus chemical equations are balanced.

Double displacement reaction is one in which exchange of ions take place.

The balanced chemical reaction will be:

[tex]Na_2S+CdSO_4\rightarrow Cd_2S+Na_2SO_4[/tex]

Final answer:

To find the molar mass of sucrose based on the freezing point depression, we first determine the molality of the solution from the observed freezing point depression and the freezing point depression constant of water. Then we calculate the number of moles of sucrose and finally divide the mass of sucrose dissolving by the number of moles to obtain the molar mass, which is 343.0 g/mol.

Explanation:

To calculate the molar mass of sucrose using freezing point depression, we utilize the formula ΔTf = i * Kf * m, where ΔTf is the change in freezing point, i is the van't Hoff factor (for sucrose, i = 1 since sucrose does not dissociate into ions), Kf is the freezing point depression constant for the solvent (water in this case), and m is the molality of the solution.

First, we need to determine the molality (m) of the sucrose solution. The freezing point depression observed is 0.77 degrees Celsius, and the freezing point depression constant (Kf) for water is 1.86 K/kg/mol. The molality is calculated using the observed ΔTf and Kf:

m = ΔTf / (Kf * i)

m = 0.77°C / (1.86°C*kg/mol)

m = 0.414 mol/kg

Now, convert the mass of the water to kilograms:

100g water = 0.1kg water

Next, calculate the number of moles of sucrose using the molality and mass of solvent:

n (moles of sucrose) = molality * mass of water (in kg)

n = 0.414 mol/kg * 0.1 kg

n = 0.0414 mol

Finally, calculate the molar mass of sucrose (M) by dividing the mass of sucrose used by the number of moles:

M = mass of sucrose / number of moles

M = 14.2g / 0.0414 mol

M = 343.0 g/mol

Therefore, the molar mass of sucrose is 343.0 g/mol.

The activation energy for the reverse reaction between NO2(g) and CO(g) is 125 kJ/mol. This is calculated using the formula EaR = EaF + ΔH, where EaR is the activation energy of the reverse reaction, EaF is the activation energy of the forward reaction, and ΔH is the change in enthalpy for the reaction.

The activation energy for the reverse reaction can be calculated using the relationship between the activation energies of the forward and reverse reactions and the enthalpy of the reaction. The formula to calculate the activation energy of the reverse reaction (EaR) is given by EaR = EaF + ΔH, where EaF is the activation energy of the forward reaction, and ΔH is the change in enthalpy for the reaction. Here, the activation energy for the forward reaction (EaF) = 375 kJ/mol and the change in enthalpy (ΔH) = -250 kJ/mol. Substituting these values in the equation gives EaR = 375 kJ/mol - 250 kJ/mol = 125 kJ/mol. Hence, the activation energy for the reverse reaction is 125 kJ/mol.

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The result is an activation energy of 125 kJ/mol for the reverse reaction.

To find the activation energy for the reverse reaction, we use the formula:

Activation Energy (reverse) = Activation Energy (forward) + ΔH

Given:

Therefore:

Activation Energy (reverse) = 375 kJ/mol + (-250 kJ/mol) = 375 kJ/mol - 250 kJ/mol = 125 kJ/mol

So, the activation energy for the reverse reaction is 125 kJ/mol.

Final answer:

The difference between ΔHrxn and ΔHf lies in their application; ΔHrxn measures the energy change in a reaction, while ΔHf pertains to the formation of a compound from its elements. The change in enthalpy per mole of a reaction is demonstrated experimentally through methods like calorimetry, which measures temperature changes.

Explanation:

Fundamentally, ΔHrxn and ΔHf differ in their application within thermodynamics. ΔHrxn, or the enthalpy change for a reaction, measures the overall energy change when reactants turn into products under constant pressure. This encompasses the total heat absorbed or released, calculated as the difference between the enthalpy of products and reactants. In contrast, ΔHf, or the standard enthalpy of formation, is the enthalpy change accompanying the formation of 1 mole of a substance from its elements in their most stable states, under standard conditions (1 bar, 298.15 K).

The part of the experiment that demonstrates the change in enthalpy per mole of a reaction typically involves measuring the temperature change of the surroundings or the system itself during a chemical reaction. This temperature change, coupled with the specific heat capacity of the system and the number of moles of reactants or products, allows us to calculate the enthalpy change. Therefore, experimental methods such as calorimetry can directly measure the enthalpy changes, providing insights into whether a reaction is endothermic or exothermic based on the ΔH values calculated.

Final answer:

Coal is formed from plant matter, while oil and natural gas are derived from marine organisms. A turbine produces electricity by spinning its blades with energy from different sources, transferring this motion to a generator.

Explanation:

The correct statement that compares the formation of coal to the way natural gas and oil are formed is: Coal results from the compressed remains of plant matter. Both oil and natural gas are compressed remains of marine organisms. So the correct answer is B. Coal, oil, and natural gas are all fossil fuels, but they form from different types of organic matter and under varying conditions of heat and pressure.

Coal is typically found as coal seams within rock layers and is formed from ancient swamp vegetation, whereas oil and natural gas originated from microorganisms in prehistoric water bodies and are often found together due to their similar formation processes.

A turbine works to produce energy for electricity by harnessing energy from various sources, such as the wind, water flow, or steam generated from the combustion of fossil fuels, to spin its blades. This motion is transferred to a generator, which converts the kinetic energy into electrical energy. The correct answer that describes this process is A: Energy from sources such as wind or from burning fossil fuels is used to spin the blades of the turbine. The turbine then powers a generator which produces electricity.

Final answer:

Adding silver nitrate to the Fe/SCN equilibrium introduces a common ion, Ag+, which reacts with SCN- to form a precipitate, reducing SCN- concentration and shifting the equilibrium to compensate, thus affecting the system.

Explanation:

The addition of silver nitrate to the Fe/SCN equilibrium affects the equilibrium even though silver ion or nitrate ion isn't part of the equilibrium reaction because it leads to the formation of a precipitate, AgSCN, thus reducing the concentration of free SCN− in the solution.

This is an example of the common ion effect, where the addition of a common ion shifts the position of equilibrium according to Le Chatelier's Principle. As AgSCN is removed from the solution, the equilibrium shifts to the left to restore balance, decreasing the concentration of Fe(SCN)2+ and lightening the color of the solution.

Adding silver nitrate to the Fe/SCN equilibrium affects the equilibrium by removing SCN− ions through precipitation, causing a shift in the equilibrium to the left. This results in a lower concentration of Fe[tex](SCN)^2^+[/tex] and a lighter solution color.

When silver nitrate is added to the Fe/SCN equilibrium, it affects the equilibrium even though neither silver ion nor nitrate ion is directly part of the equilibrium reaction. This is because silver ion (Ag+) reacts with thiocyanate ion (SCN−) to form a precipitate of AgSCN: [tex]Ag^+ _(_a_q_)[/tex] + [tex]SCN^-_(_a_q_)[/tex] = AgSCN (s)

This reaction removes SCN− ions from the solution, thereby reducing its concentration. According to Le Chatelier's principle, the equilibrium will shift to counteract this decrease by shifting to the left, thus decreasing the concentration of Fe(SCN[tex])^2^+[/tex] and causing the solution to become lighter in color.

Factor would you expect the reaction rate to increase at 25 C is [tex]1.8*10^{12}[/tex]

Suppose that a catalyst lowers the activation barrier of a reaction from 125 kj/mol to 57 kj/mol . Assume that the frequency factors for the catalyzed and uncatalyzed reactions are identical:  by what factor would you expect the reaction rate to increase at 25 C?

Catalysis is process of increasing the chemical reaction rate by adding a substance known as catalyst. Reaction rate is the speed at which a chemical reaction proceeds. Activation energy is the energy which must be provided to a chemical or nuclear system with potential reactants to result in chemical reaction, nuclear reaction, etc

The rates of reaction question in Kelvin [tex]25 C = 273 + 25 = 298 K[/tex]

The rate constants under catalysed and non‐catalysed conditions:

Catalysed: [tex]k_{cat} = A e^{\frac{-Ea(cat)}{RT} } = A e^{\frac{‐55000}{(8.314 x 298)}} = A e^{-22.2}[/tex]

Uncatalysed: [tex]k_{uncat} = A e^{\frac{-Ea(uncat)}{RT} } = A e^{\frac{‐125000}{8.314* 298} } = A e^{-50.4}[/tex]

Ratio of catalysed to uncatalysed reaction rates is

[tex]\frac{k_{cat}}{k_{uncat}} = \frac{Ae^{-22.2}}{Ae^{-50.4}}[/tex]

The A values are the same for both processes, therefore [tex]\frac{A}{A} = 1[/tex]

[tex]\frac{k_{cat}}{k_{uncat}} =\frac{e^_{-22.2}}{e^{-50.4}} = 1.8 * 10^{12}[/tex]

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The factor by which reaction rate is more in the presence of catalyst as compared to uncatalysed reaction is 1.8 × 10¹².

From the Arrhenius equation, we can calculate the effect of chnage in the activation energy as well as of temperature on the rate of the reaction.

Arrhenius equation will be represented as:

[tex]k = Ae^{-Ea/RT}[/tex], where

k = rate constant

A = frequency factor = 1 (given)

Ea = activation energy

R = universal gas constant = 8.314 J/ mol.K

T = temperature = 25 degree celsius = 298 K

Activation energy = 57 kJ/mol = 57000 J/mol

[tex]k1 = e^{-57000/8.314\times 298}[/tex] = [tex]e^{-22} \\[/tex]

Activation eneregy = 125 kJ/mol = 125000 J/mol

[tex]k2 = e^{-125000/8.314\times 298}[/tex] = [tex]e^{-50.4}[/tex]

Ratio of both the rates will be :

k1/k2 = [tex]e^{-22} \\[/tex] / [tex]e^{-50.4}[/tex] = 1.8 × 10¹²

Hence, the rate is 1.8 × 10¹² times more.

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Answer:

[tex]Keq =\frac{[H+]^{2} [SO4^{2-}]^{2}  }{[H2SO4]}[/tex]

Explanation:

The equilibrium constant K is a parameter that relates the concentration of products to that of the reactants at equilibrium and under a given temperature.

Consider a hypothetical reaction:

xA + yB ↔ zC

where A and B are the reactants ;  C is the product

x and y are the coefficients of the reactants; z is the product coefficient

The equilibrium constant is given as:

[tex]Keq = \frac{[C]^{z} }{[A]^{x}[B]^{y}}[/tex]

The given reaction is:

[tex]H2SO4(aq)\rightleftharpoons 2H+(aq)+ SO_{4}^{2-}(aq)[/tex]

[tex]Keq =\frac{[H+]^{2} [SO4^{2-}]^{2}}{[H2SO4]}[/tex]

the term for a solid when two solutions are mixed is  a percipitate

They can form a delta, because the river location B leads into the Gulf of Mexico.

Answer:

Cl⁻

Explanation:

A potassium ion K+ would bond with chloride ion (Cl⁻) than any other ion or element listed. Because potassium ion (K+) is electro positive and has lost an electron and having a low charge denisty while chloride ion Cl⁻ has a high charge density and is electro negative and has accepted an electron. Magnesium ion (Mg+) and sodium ion (Na+) can't bond with potassium ion (K+) because they have the same charge and has each lost an electron. Same charges or like charges repel while unlike charges or opposite charges attract towards each other.

Oxygen atom (O) can't bond with Potassium ion (K+) because oxygen is in an elemental state while potassium is in an ionic state and hence can't bond with each other. However of oxygen changes into ionic state (O²⁻), it'll definitely bond with potassium ion (K+) to form a compound (K₂O)