An osteon consists of the Haversian canal, concentric lamellae, lacunae, osteocytes, and canaliculi. It is the essential structural and functional unit of compact bone, offering support, and protection and playing a role in important metabolic functions.
Explanation:The osteon, also known as the Haversian system, is the fundamental functional unit of compact bone. The major components of an osteon are the Haversian canal, concentric lamellae, lacunae, osteocytes, and canaliculi.
Haversian canal: This centrally located canal contains small blood vessels and nerve fibers. It supplies the osteon cells with nutrients and oxygen. Concentric lamellae: These are layers of calcified matrix around the Haversian canal, taking a ring-like shape. Lacunae: These are spaces within the concentric lamellae where the osteocytes, or bone cells, reside. Osteocytes: These are mature bone cells responsible for maintaining the bone matrix. Canaliculi: These are tiny channels that provide routes for nutrients to travel from the Haversian canal to the osteocytes.Overall, the
function of osteons
is to provide support and protection, whilst facilitating bone's metabolic functions, including mineral storage and blood cell production.
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An osteon, or Haversian system, is the basic structural unit of compact bone. It contains concentric lamellae around a central Haversian canal, which houses blood vessels and nerves. Within the osteon, living osteocytes reside in cavities called lacunae and are connected by canaliculi.
Explanation:The Osteon, also known as the Haversian system, forms the basic structural unit of a compact bone. It's a cylindrical structure that includes concentric layers called lamellae, which surround a central canal known as the Haversian canal. This Haversian canal contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymph vessels that are essential for bone health and function.
Osteons also house living cells called osteocytes which reside in small cavities known as lacunae. These osteocytes are connected by tiny channel-like structures referred to as canaliculi, which facilitate the transport of nutrients and waste products. Essential to bone structure, Osteons align parallel to the long axis of the bone, aiding in the bone's ability to resist bending or fracturing, especially when stresses are applied in only a few directions.
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Select the correct statement about the physical factors influencing pulmonary ventilation.
a. Surfactant helps increase alveolar surface tension.
b. As alveolar surface tension increases, additional muscle action will be required
c. A lung that is less elastic will require less muscle action to perform adequate ventilation.
d. A decrease in compliance causes an increase in ventilation.
Answer:
Option (b).
Explanation:
Pulmonary ventilation is the mechanism of respiration in which the oxygen is inhaled in the body and carbon dioxide is exhaled out due to the pressure difference in the lungs and the environment.
The surface tension in the alveoli is decreased by the presence of surfactant. The increase in the surface tension of the alveoli increase the force that will require the additional muscles to work properly.
Thus, the correct answer is option (b).
The correct option is (b) as increasing alveolar surface tension requires greater muscle effort for ventilation. This is because increased alveolar surface tension makes it harder for the lungs to expand.
Explanation:The correct statement about the physical factors influencing pulmonary ventilation is (b) As alveolar surface tension increases, additional muscle action will be required. The reasoning behind this is that surface tension in the alveoli challenges the expansion of the lungs. Alveoli are tiny air sacs in the lungs where the exchange of gases occur. Therefore, if the surface tension in these alveoli increases, the lungs will find it more difficult to expand necessitating extra muscle effort for adequate ventilation. (a) is incorrect because surfactant actually reduces alveolar surface tension, not increase it. (c) and (d) are incorrect because a decrease in lung elasticity and lung compliance both lead to an increased effort for ventilation, not a decrease.
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What are the different types of cells found in skin tissues? Functions?
1. Keratinocyte
This is the most predominant of all types of cells found in the skin epidermis. It is located at the outmost part of the skin and constitutes about 90 percent of all types of cells found in the skin.
2. Merkel cells
These types of cells found in the skin are receptors which can be easily attacked and form malignant tumors known as Merkel cell carcinomas. There have been proof that they originate from neural crest, and a recent study on vertebrates discovered that they have epithelial origins.
3. Melanocytes
These types of cells found in the skin are cells that produce melanin and they are found at the heart, the bones, the meninges, the inner ear, the unea, and the stratum basel (bottom layer) of the epidermis. Melanin is the substance that determines what color a skin will posses.
The major distinction between endocrine glands and exocrine glands is that endocrine glands secrete their product into
a) the blood
b) a duct
c) the stomach
d) the bladder
Answer:
A) The blood.
Explanation:
Endocrine glands produces hormones that must be excreted to the blood in order to be used in other organs or tissues meanwhile the exocrine glands produce no hormonal secretion, those glands produce enzimes that are secreted to the organ or tissue through a duct.
What is the general location and primary function of Occipital Lobe?
Answer:Hola My name is Marissa and im here to help!:)
Explanation:
the occipital lobe is at the back of the brain just aboce the cerrebellum and beneath the parietal lobe
the funtion of the occiptal lobe is the main role it to control your vision and proccesing visual information.
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MRV =
a. tidal volume X breaths per minute
b. the total amount of exchangeable air
c. the function residual capacity
d. air inspired after a tidal inhalation, not including tidal volume
Answer:
Option (a).
Explanation:
Minute respiratory volume or minute ventilation may be defined as the amount of gas exhaled or inhaled in a minute. Wright respirometer can be used to calculate the minute ventilation.
Minute ventilation can be calculated by the formula:
MRV = TV × Breaths per minute.
Here, MRV is minute respiratory volume and TV is tidal volume.
Thus, the correct answer is option (a).
Which of the following vessels, if stimulated to vasoconstrict, would cause increased filtration in the glomerular capillaries?
(a) Afferent arteriole
(b) Vasa recta
(c) Efferent arteriole
(d) Peritubular capillaries
Answer:
The correct answer will be option- C.
Explanation:
The filtration rate of the glomerulus is affected by the size of the arterioles: afferent and efferent. These arterioles are regulated through the hormones mainly prostaglandins, epinephrine, renin, angiotensin II and aldosterone.
The afferent arteriole vasoconstriction decreases the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) but in contrast, the vasoconstriction of efferent arteriole due to angiotensin II will increase the GFR because of the increase in glomerular capillary pressure.
Thus, option- C is the correct answer.
Which of the following best describes why thoracic volume decreases during NORMAL exhalation?
1. elastic recoil of the lungs
2. increased airway resistance
3. contraction of rectus abdominis
4. contraction of the diaphragm
Answer:
The correct answer is option 1. elastic recoil of the lungs.
Explanation:
Lungs recoil to push the air to the outside of the lungs. It causes the intercostal muscle to relax position and returning chest wall or thoracic cavity volume decreases during normal exhalation.
The diaphragm also relaxes during exhalation. This results in higher pressure within the thoracic cavity to the comparison of the environment. It is called a passive process or event as there is no contraction takes place in any muscles during exhalation.
Thus, the correct answer is option 1.
An ECG provides direct information about valve function.
A. True
B. False
An ECG measures the electrical activity of the heart but does not provide direct information about valve function. For valve function, other tests like an echocardiogram are needed.
Explanation:The statement, 'An ECG provides direct information about valve function.' is False. An ECG (Electrocardiogram) is a test that measures the electrical activity of the heart. It shows how fast the heart is beating, and whether the heart's rhythm is steady or irregular. However, it doesn't provide direct information about the heart valve's function. Evaluating the function of the heart valves typically requires other tests, such as an echocardiogram which uses sound waves to create a detailed image of the heart's structure and function.
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In the heart dissection you performed, you noted the muscular walls of the ventricles. The walls of the atria, however, were much thinner. Why do you think the ventricular walls are so much thicker that the atrial walls?
Answer:
The correct answer is that ventricles have to pump blood very far in the body.
Explanation:
The human heart contains four chambers. The right chambers of the heart are the right atrium and right ventricle and left side left atrium and left ventricle.
Ventricles have thick walls than atria as they have a thin wall comparatively because they have to do more work than the atrium. The atria are chambers that gets incoming blood. On the other hand, the chambers of ventricles pump the blood out of the heart. Even the left ventricle has thick walls than the right ventricle. Blood is propelled out of the heart with greater pressure from ventricles compared to the atria.
Thus, the correct answer is that ventricles have to pump blood very far in the body.
The ganglia associated with the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system are found _____.
Select one:
a. At the base of the brain
b. Next to or within the effector organ
c. Running along side the vertebrae
d. Scattered in the abdominal cavity
Answer:
The answer is C: running along side the vertebrae
Explanation:
They are autonomous ganglia that run along the spine and are responsible for carrying information to the body that puts life at risk by sending a fight or flight order. They are approximately 20,000 to 30,000 neurons.
Which of the following is the most inferior cartilage of the larynx?
a. thyroid
b. arytenoid
c. corniculate
d. cricoid
Answer:
Cricoid.
Explanation:
Larynx is also known as voice box and lies above the trachea. Larynx helps in the protection of pharynx while swallowing the food.
Cricoid cartilage is the inferior wall cartilage of larynx. This is a ring shape in structure and present at the back part. This provides the attachment site for muscles, bones and cartilage.
Thus, the correct answer is option (d).
The glomerular filtration rate would most likely be affected by:
a. hormones
b. changes in glomerular blood pressure
c. pH of blood
d. dietary changes
Answer:
The correct answer will be option- B.
Explanation:
Glomerular filtration rate or GFR is the rate of the volume of filtrate formed by all renal corpuscles of both kidneys per unit time that is 120 ml/ min. The GFR depends on the pressure gradient in the glomerulus mainly its hydrostatic pressure.
The GFR is directly proportional to the glomerular blood pressure as the blood pressure increases, the hydrostatic pressure also increases which increases the GFR as more water and solutes enter the bowman's capsule. With the decrease in the blood vessels, the GFR decreases.
Thus, option- B is the correct answer.
If the patient is unable to understand what people are saying, where might their stroke have been?
Answer:
The most common area of the brain that might have been affected by a stroke, when there is impairment in language comprehension, be it written, or oral, would be Wernicke´s area, on the temporal lobe, surrounding the auditory cortex.
Explanation:
Wernicke´s area, like Broca´s area, is a part of the brain that has been generally linked to speech comprehension and speech production. Fed by branches of the middle cerebral artery, this area, just like Broca´s, can be severelly affected when there is a stroke in the branches of the artery. In speech comprehension, Wernicke´s area is directly related to speech comprehension and it is known that a person who is unable to understand words, wether they are written or spoken to them, suffer from Wernicke´s aphasia. There are two types of aphasias in this area, fluent, and non-fluent.
Sam and Joan have been married for 25 years and have three children: Max, who is 23; Janet, who is 19; and Sarah, who is 15. Janet has just been diagnosed with a mental illness. Describe the objective and subjective burdens each family member may experience. Describe the meaning this diagnosis may have to Janet’s parents, younger sibling, and older sibling.
Answer:
People who are diagnosed with a mental illness, whatever this may be, carry out an enormous burden, not simply because of their illness, but because of the stigma that these carry before society. They are also a problem for families, who must find coping mechanisms to help the person.
On the objective side of things, Janet´s family will have, as a group, to learn to understand the illness that Janet has been diagnosed with, the necessary treatments and procedures that will be necessary to help her, and their importance in providing Janet with a semblance of normalcy. There is also the issue of medical expenses, doctors, necessary medication, house care if that is necessary, and the sacrifices that as a family they will have to make to face, and help Janet face, the problem. Each of the family members become a support group, and a network, for Janet.
Subjectively, each member has to deal with his/her own feelings towards the diagnosis, and what it entails. The mother and father, being adults, and being a couple, have formed a network between the two of them to face the issue, but each one will face the problem differently. The father, will most likely have to face the issue of providing so that medical costs can be faced, while the mother will have to become the main caregiver. In the case of the siblings, the older one will have to face the issue of stigma, how others perceive his sister and how he will perceive his own sister, now that he knows her diagnosis. The younger one, will have to face the way that her peers view the issue, and respond to ir accordingly.
These are only some of the consequences that will be faced by the family of Sam and Joan, given the diagnosis of mental illness of their daughter Janet.
Blood pressure is much lower in the pulmonary circulation than in systemic circulation.
a. True
b. False
Answer:
True
Explanation:
Blood pressure is much lower in the pulmonary circulation than in systemic circulation.
Both the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions are part of the somatic motor nervous division.
a. True
b. False
Answer:
The correct answer will be false
Explanation:
The somatic nervous system is a part of the peripheral nervous system which controls the voluntary action of the muscle which includes afferent and efferent neurons.
The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system are the parts of the autonomic nervous system which influences the function of the internal organs like smooth muscle and glands.
Thus, option false will be the correct answer.
Final answer:
The statement is false. The somatic nervous system is separate from the autonomic nervous system, which includes the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions responsible for involuntary bodily functions. The correct answer is b. False.
Explanation:
The statement that both the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions are part of the somatic motor nervous division is false.
The motor division of the peripheral nervous system is divided into two parts: the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. The somatic nervous system controls voluntary muscle movements and sensory information processing, utilizing motor neurons to relay information from the central nervous system to muscles.
In contrast, the autonomic nervous system controls involuntary functions and is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic nervous system is often referred to as the 'fight or flight' system, as it prepares the body for stressful situations.
The parasympathetic nervous system, on the other hand, is active during restful periods, promoting a 'rest and digest' state by slowing down the heart rate, among other functions. Therefore, the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions are part of the autonomic, not the somatic, motor nervous division.
Which cartilage attaches to the posterior end of the vocal ligament and is important in manipulating it to produce speech?
a. thyroid cartilage
b. cricoid cartilage
c. arytenoid cartilage
d. epiglottis
Answer:
The correct answer is option C. arytenoid cartilage.
Explanation:
The arytenoid cartilages creates the part of the larynx to which the vocal folds and vocal ligament attach at posterior end.
The arytenoid cartilage is a pyramid like piece of cartilage that located in the larynx. These cartilage are two are in number and makes a pair. It is essential to make sound or voices.
Thus, the correct answer is option C. arytenoid cartilage.
Which of the following is not an example of generalized seizure?
a. simple partial
b. absence
c. clonic
d. atonic
e. tonic
Answer:
The correct answer choice from the list, to answer the question: Which of the following is not an example of generalized seizure?, would be, A: simple partial.
Explanation:
Seizures, which are a symptom of a major brain disorder called epilepsy, are defined as the erratic, and suddenly disorganized, firing of neurons inside the hemispheres of the brain. Some of these electrical impulses may be limited to a specific part of the brain, in only one of the two hemispheres, which is why this type of seizure would be known as focal, or partial. However, in generalized seizures, the disorganized electrical impulses sent by neurons, take both of the hemispheres and can cause a complete collpase of the brain functions, as the brain is incapable of communicating. There is a list of various seizure types within the category of generalized seizures. These are: absence (known as petit mal), tonic-clonic, or convulsive seizures, atonic seizures, clonic seizures, clonic, tonic and myoclonic seizures. Their category depends on how the body reacts to the disorganized firing of the neurons, the region of the brain that is affected and the connected organs and tissue that responds to the disorganized stimulus sent by the neurons.
Papanicolaou smear is usually done to determine cancer of:
a. Cervix
b. Ovaries
c. Fallopian tubes
d. Breast
Answer: a. Cervix
Explanation:
Which type of pulmonary disease affects the inspiratory volume of the lungs?
a. obstructive
b. restrictive
Answer:
Restrictive lung disease.
Explanation:
Restrictive lung disease may be defined as medical condition in which the lungs cannot be fully expanded. The lung capacity is decreased in this pulmonary disease.
Restrictive lung disease may decrease the inspiratory volume of the lungs whereas the expiratory volume is normal of an individual. This disease may get worse over time.
Thus, the correct answer is option (b).
Describe how shortening the length of the muscle affects the thin and thick filaments?
Answer:
The length of the thick and thin filament do not shorten during muscle shortening.
Explanation:
The muscle contraction helps in he movement of the body parts.The muscle shortening causes the actin filament to pull along the myosin towards the center of the sarcomere.
The actin and myosin filaments completely overlap with each other. The sarcomere shorten during the muscle contraction but the thick and thin filaments length do not change. These thick and thin filament over lap with each other but there length remains the same.
Whete does the stimulus occur in order to initiate an AP?
a. Cell body
b. Dendrites
c. Axon hillock
Answer:
The answer to the question: Where does the stimulus occur in order to initiate an AP, would be, B: Dendrites.
Explanation:
When an impulse is to be generated and passed on as an action potential towards a corresponding neuronal cell, and a final affected organ, the neurons need first to be stimulated so that an action potential begins. This stimulus comes as a neurotransmitter released by other neurons near the one that will be stimulated. This neurotransmitter will bind to the receptors on the dendrites of the neuron to be stimulated and immediately this will cause the ion channels, gated and non-gated, to open and close so that an action potential can be initiated. The cell body then initiates the first action potential, and will in turn stimulate the axon to also start their own action potential, which will, like a domino effect, move down to the axon terminals. This process will be followed all along a neuronal circuit.
Nerve impulses from ________ will result in inspiration.
a. the preoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus
b. Broca's center
c. the chemoreceptor center
d. the ventral respiratory group
Answer:
Nerve impulses from ( d ) the ventral respiratory group will result in inspiration.
Explanation:
In the brainstem , respiratory center is located in medulla oblongata and pons . The respiratory center is the combination of three major respiratory groups of neurons , which are present , one in the pons and two in the medulla .
Pons have the pontine respiratory group , and medulla have a dorsal respiratory group and the ventral respiratory group .
Now,
the ventral respiratory group of neurons , which contains both inspiratory and the expiratory neurons .
From letters A to E which is correctly described?
A) nasopharynx: usually receives only air, helps equalize pressure in inner ear
B) oropharynx: receives food and air, contains palatine and lingual tonsils
C) laryngopharynx: receives only food, lined with ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
D) A and B are correct
E) A, B and C are correct
Answer:
The answer is B: Oropharynx.
Explanation:
The most posterior part of the mouth is known as an oropharynx, it corresponds anatomically to the throat; It extends from the soft palate to the hyoid bone, it also includes the back of the tongue. It is also the place where food, liquids and saliva travel when swallowed.
Which of the following hormones is oxytocin?
A. insulin
B. thyroxine
C. progesterone
D. pitocin
Explanation:
thyroxine
The two main actions of oxytocin in the body are contraction of the womb (uterus) during childbirth and lactation. Oxytocin stimulates the uterine muscles to contract and also increases production of prostaglandins, which increase the contractions further.
Describe the function of the plicae circulares.
Answer:
The circular folds or kerckring valve, are formations of the mucosa of the small intestine in the form of folds that start in the submucosa and go to the periphery reaching a length of 5 to 8 mm, are located in the final part of the duodenum and more abruptly in the jejunum and taking part of the ileum. Its main function is to increase the capacity of intestinal absorption as to delay the digestion of the chyme.
A chemical digestion in the small intestine that breaks down fats.
Answer:
Fat digestion begins from the mouth but the majority of the fat is digested in the small intestine as the digestive juice, a mixture of bile juice and pancreatic juice is secreted by the liver and pancreas respectively which contains digestive enzymes like trypsin, chymotrypsin, amylase and lipase helps in digestion of the fat.
The digestive juice is delivered to the small intestine through ducts which helps in breakdown and digestion of fats. Lipase enzyme acts on the fat and cholesterol which break down these and form small or tiny particles called chylomicrons thus completing the digestion of fats.
All of the following markers are necessary for proper penetration of the HIV virus, except?
a) CD4
b) CD8
c) CCRS
d) CXCR4
e) All of the above are required
Answer:
A. CD4
Explanation:
that's all i could find
Describe the layers of an artery versus a capillary versus a vein.
Answer:
Arteries:
Arteries have thick layer of elastic fibers. The lumen is narrow in the arteries. The semilunar valves are absent and the outer wall is thick. They are inserted deep to the body surface.
Capillaries:
Capillaries do not have any elastic fibers. The lumen is very small. The semilunar valve are not present and the outer wall is one cell layer thick. They are present inside all the tissues.
Vein:
Vein has thin layer of elastic fibers. The lumen is wide in the veins. The semilunar valves is present and outer wall is thin. They are present near the body surface.
Hyperpolarization:
a. occurs during the latent period.
b. means the inside of the neuron is more negative than normal.
c. causes an action potential
d. all of the above.
Answer:
Option (b).
Explanation:
Hyperpolarization may be defined as the process of change in the cell potential towards more negative. The hyperpolarization state occurs after repolarization state.
The restinf membrane potential of the cell is -70mV. The influx of calcium ions in the cell, causes the change in the membrane potential and makes the cell negative upto -90mV. Hence, the inside of the neuron become more negative than the normal cell potential.
Thus, the correct answer is option (b).
Hyperpolarization refers to a change in the membrane potential of a neuron where the inside becomes more negative than normal. It is an inhibitory response that makes it less likely for a neuron to fire.
Explanation:b. means the inside of the neuron is more negative than normal.
Hyperpolarization refers to a change in the membrane potential of a neuron where the inside becomes more negative than the normal resting potential of the neuron. This occurs due to an increased permeability of the membrane to potassium ions, leading to an efflux of positive charges.
Hyperpolarization is an inhibitory response in neurons and can occur during the refractory period following an action potential, not during the latent period. It can be caused by an external stimulus or as a result of the neurotransmitter release. It inhibits the generation of action potentials, making it less likely for a neuron to fire.
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