Answer:
d. action, movement, and use of drugs in living organism
Explanation:
Pharmacology involves action, movement and research in use of drugs in living systems. Also regards the effects of substances like caffeine, antibiotics. The sciences studies the process that occur as they come to the body, since any drug will change the internal chemical balances. Bodies will respond. The changes will happen, and thus we develop better drugs
Main applications include:
Searching or discovery of better medicines to fight diseases, preferably reducing side effects. Studying differences among the experiences led by different target populations with the same drugs and other variables.
Pharmacology lies at the heart of biomedical science, linking together chemistry, physiology and pathology. Pharmacologists work closely with a wide variety of other disciplines that make up modern biomedical science, including neuroscience, molecular and cell biology, immunology and cancer biology.
Pharmacological knowledge improves the lives of millions of people across the world. It maximises their benefit and minimises risk and harm
As new diseases emerge, and older medicines - like antibiotics - no longer work as well, the contribution of pharmacology to finding better and safer medicines becomes all the more vital.
In the body, the steps of gas exchange,or respiration include:
a. pulmonary ventilation
b. external respiration
c. internal respiration
d. A and B are correct
e. A, B and C are correct
Answer:
The answer is E: A, B And C are correct.
Explanation:
The external respiration is that which occurs at the level of the pulmonary alveoli with the capillaries of the pulmonary vessels, producing an exchange of gases, releasing carbon dioxide from the blood to the alveolus, and in turn, this delivers oxygen.
The internal respiration is the one between the tissue capillaries and the cells where the blood releases the oxygen and receives the CO2, turning the oxygenated blood into deoxygenated.
The pulmonary ventilation on the other hand takes oxygen from the air we breathe and takes it to the lungs.
Respiration includes pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, and internal respiration. Pulmonary ventilation involves the movement of air in and out of the lungs. External respiration is the gas exchange between air and blood, while internal respiration is the gas exchange between blood and body tissues.
Explanation:The steps of gas exchange, also known as respiration, in the body indeed include pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, and internal respiration. Pulmonary ventilation is the process of moving air in and out of the lungs. External respiration is the gas exchange between the air in the lungs and the blood, while internal respiration refers to the gas exchange between the blood and body tissues. Therefore, the correct answer is E: A, B, and C are correct.
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The site of gas exchange in the lungs is the _________________.
Answer:
Alveoli.
Explanation:
Respiration may be defined as the process of exchange of gases between the environment, lungs and body tissues. Energy is given off during the process of respiration.
The alveoli is a ballon like structure present in the lungs when gases are inflated in the alveoli. The alveoli increses the surface area for the exchange of gases. Oxygen is transferred in the body tissue from the alveoli.
Thus, alveoli is the main site of gas exchange in the lungs.
What function is most directly lost when helper T-cells die?
a) ability to activate B lymphocytes
b) ability to attack virus-infected cells
c) ability to create an inflammatory response
d) ability to present antigens
e) ability to release histamine
f) ability to secrete antibodies
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
The T-cells and B-cells of the immune system are the part of specific immune response.
If the number of T-cells dies then the ability to activate B lymphocytes will also be lost as they help B-cells to secrete antibodies and macrophages to destroy the antigens.
T cells also helps in the activation of cytotoxic T-cells to kill the targeted cell which is affected by antigens.
hence, the correct answer is option A
Downward slippage of the humeral head when relaxed may indicate an injury to the _____________ muscle.
Answer:
Downward slippage of the humeral head when relaxed may indicate an injury to the Supraspinatus muscle.
________________ cause an increase in the contractility of cardiac muscle.
a. Negative inotropic agents
b. Negative chronotropic agents
c. Positive chronotropic agents
d. Positive inotropic and positive chronotropic agents
e. Positive inotropic agents
Answer:
The correct option is : e. Positive inotropic agents
Explanation:
The heart muscles or the cardiac muscles have a natural ability to contract. This is known as myocardial contractility.
The myocardial contractility can be increased by increasing the influx or maintaining high levels of the calcium ions, during an action potential, in the cytosol of the cardiac myocytes. One of the mechanisms to increase the contractility of cardiac muscles is by the administration of the drugs having positive inotropic effect.
Therefore, the Positive inotropic agents increase the contractility of cardiac muscle.
Which organ is both an endocrine and exocrine gland?
a. pancreas
b. pituitary
c. thyroid
d. pineal
Answer:
a. pancreas
Explanation:
As for exocrine organs, they release secretions. Since the pancreas is an exocrine gland its nervous or hormonal stimulation causes pancreatic secretions to be released into the duodenum through a duct. Together the secretions of alkaline and contain enzymes like lipase, amylase,etc . They are present in digestion. However the pancreas has two main functions, exocrine function and endocrine function. While exocrine cells of the pancreas produce enzymes that help digestion. An as endocrine , the islet cells of Langerhans inside the pancreas produce and secrete insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream.
Know anyone who has had or does have Diabetes? What effects does/did it have on them?
Answer:
Diabetes is a multisystemic disease, that is, it affects many organs (brain, eye, heart, kidney, etc.). That is why they are people who, according to their diabetes management and their strict control of the disease, can present different types of effect.
I have known diabetic people who have lost their sight, have presented kidney failure and have been amputated due to bad circulation.
________, which reinforce the fibrous capsule, help to prevent dislocation of the joint.
Answer:
Reinforcing ligaments.
Explanation:
Reinforcing ligaments may be defined as the bands of the connective tissue that helps in the connection of two bones. They consist a tough sheet of fibrous tissue.
Reinforcing ligaments reinforce the various fibrous capsule. This ligaments also helps to prevent the dislocation of the joints of the body.
Thus, the answer is reinforcing ligament.
Ligaments reinforce the fibrous capsule of synovial joints to prevent dislocation and maintain joint stability. They limit excessive or abnormal movements, ensuring the bones stay connected. Muscles and tendons also contribute to joint stability through contraction.
Explanation:Within synovial joints, ligaments play a crucial role in preventing dislocation and providing stability. Ligaments are strong bands of fibrous connective tissue that reinforce the fibrous capsule surrounding the joint, anchoring the bones together. They limit the range of motion and prevent excessive or abnormal movements, ensuring the joint stays intact. In addition to ligaments, muscles and tendons also contribute to joint stability by providing indirect support through contraction.
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Fracture most related to abuse is?
a. Greenstick
b. Compound
c. Comminuted
d. Spiral
Answer:
The answer is A greenstick
Explanation:
The most common fracture is the greenstick in which there is no complete breakage of the long bone in children suffering from abuse.
In skeletal muscle, the role of the voltage-gated Na + channel is to:
a. propagate the action potential from the neuromuscular synapse over the sarcolemma
b. open ligand-gated ionotropic channels at the neuromuscular synapse
c. provide the increase in positive charge that removes the DHP block from the RYR receptor
d. provide the positive charge that moves the tropomyosin molecule on the actin thin filament
e. a and c are correct
Answer:
The correct option here is e) both a and c are correct
Explanation:
The voltage gated Na+ channel that is present in the skeletal muscle plays a very important role in both -
a) helps in initiating the action potential from the neuro muscular synapse over the sarcolemma and,
c) helps in increasing the positive charge that removes the DHP block from the RYR receptor
These channels helps in initiating the action potential of a person and also in the propagation of the cells.
What is the Icd 10 code for urinary frequency and urgency?
Answer:
R39.15
Explanation:
Urgency of urination. R39.15 is the ICD-10-CM code that can be used to indicate a diagnosis for reimbursement purposes.
The mean arterial pressure is:
a. diastolic pressure plus 1/3 (systolic pressure - diastolic pressure).
b. systolic pressure divided by diastolic pressure.
c. systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure.
d. 1/2 (systolic pressure + diastolic pressure).
e. the same as venous pressure.
Answer:
Option (a).
Explanation:
Mean arterial pressure may be defined as the defined as the average blood pressure of an individual during the single cardiac cycle. The mean arterial pressure can be measured directly or by applying the mathematical formula.
The mean arterial pressure (MAP) can be calculated mathematically by the following formula:
MAP ( mean arterial pressure) = DP (diastolic pressure) +1/3( SP ( systolic pressure)- DP).
Thus, the correct answer is option (a).
What is the role of a system plays in preventing a pandemic outbreak and how access to additional resources may assist public health leadership effectiveness.
Answer:
A pandemia, is a very serious public health issue that is defined as the uncontrolled spread of a pathogen through a very extensive portion of the population, across a country, a region, and even the world. One such pandemic is the influenza pandemic.
In order to be able to prevent such a disease from further spreading, and causing casualties, the placing of systems, a system of response, a system of prevention, precaution, and even intervention, is really important, and vital, to ensure first, the prevention of new cases, second, the treatment of those that are already suffering from the disease, and third, to contain the spreading from further reaching out. The players in these systems are first, and foremost, the national governments, and all such authority entities, in a country, and around the world. They are the ones who establish the policies, protocols and take the necessary actions to stop a pandemic from either happening, or from getting worse, if it has already struck. Second to the government, are the healthcare entities and organizations, which are the ones with the necessary knowledge and capabilities to bring about the execution of the necessary measures to respond to a pandemic.
After these, lay the public at large, all players in a system that will form a sort of chain to stop pandemics from causing further damage.
One way of preventing an outbreak, like that of the influenza, comes with campaign systems, in which the public, and healthcare professionals, are educated on how to prevent a disease, how to manage it if it already has appeared, and how to stop its spreading to other members of the community.
With access to the necessary funding, and especially to resources, public health leaders may ensure that the necessary measures are being taken so that pandemics may not arise, or if they do, they are short-lived and do not cause so many casualties.
Which type of neurons are used to convey the special senses of sight?
a. Multipolar neurons
b. Bipolar neurons
c. Unipolar neurons
Answer:
The correct answer is option B. bipolar neurons.
Explanation:
Bipolar neurons are the cells or a type of neuron which has one axon and one dendrite that characterized as two distinct extensions, unlike unipolar ones that have only one extension. These neurons are specialized sensory neurons that help in transmitting special senses like vision, smell, and others.
The bipolar cells or neurons are present in the ganglia of the vestibulocochlear nerve, retina and other sensory organs. These cells also help in motor neurons for the muscle movement.
Thus, the correct answer is option B. bipolar neuron.
Define sensory adaptation ___________.
Answer:
Sensory adaptation is the decrease of response of sensory system with constant stimulus over time.
Explanation:
Sensory adaptation is also known as neural adaptation. This adaptation response mainly occur due to the repetition of the same stimulus with time. The individual decreases the sensory response towards that stimulus.
This adaptation helps to recognize the constant changes in the individual's environment. The mechanoreception system of the body plays an important role in the sensory adaptation.
Schwann cells make myelin in the ________.
a. CNS
b. PNS
e. ENS
Answer:
The correct answer is b. PNS.
Explanation:
The PNS stands for the peripheral nervous system. And The Schwann cells are the ones who are part of the glia of that peripheral nervous system. There is one type of Schwann cells that myelinate in the peripheral nervous system.
During an open inguinal hernia repair, which of the following incisions will be made?
A. McBurney
B. oblique
C. lower midline
D. subcostal
Answer:
The answer is B oblique
Explanation:
This incision is more practical because it will allow the surgeon to use the fascia of the muscles to close the anatomical defect, also it is less invasive.
Why isn't there a ventral root ganglion?
Answer:
The dorsal root ganglion is a nodule on the dorsal root that contains cell bodies of neurons in afferent spinal nerves. ... The cell bodies of these motor neurons are located within the spinal cord and hence there is no enlargement or nodule formed.
Explanation:
List the 5 types of white blood cells (WBCs). Which type is involved in the specific immune response?
Answer:
white blood cells are the following:
- lymphocytes (T cells and B cells)
-mocytes
-neutrophils
-basophils
-eosinophils
Lymphocytes are responsible for giving the specific immune response.
Monocytes, Lymphocytes, Neutroplis, Eosinophils and Basophils, Neutroplis are the types of White blood cells.
Neutrophils and Lymphocytes are the specific immune response.
Explanation:
Human blood consists of red blood cells, platelets, white blood cells and plasma. The white blood cells comprises of only 1% of human blood. The impact of leukocytes is very high. White blood cells can also be termed as leukocytes.
Among these five types, Neutrophils kills and digest fungi and bacteria’s.When an infection strikes the human body the neutrophils acts as a main defence system and protects the human body.
What are the four divisions of the stomach?
Answer:
The cardia, fundus, corpus, and pylorus!
Why does homeostasis implies a healthy state?
Answer:
Homeostasis can be defined as the natural mechanism of the body by which the internal temperature of the body is maintained.
This phenomenon is important for the normal metabolism and functioning of the body.
Whenever the body encounters any change in the outer environment, the body tries to cope up with the conditions by maintaining a proper internal temperature inside the body.
Example: shivering of body is a normal response during cold environment to maintain the internal temperature of the body.
Increased temperature results in decreased O2 unloading from hemoglobin.
a. True
b. False
Answer: False.
Explanation:
The main function of hemoglobin is to transport oxygen to the various cells of the body. For this process to occur the oxygen from the lungs gets attached to the hemoglobin and travels throughout the body to reach at every possible place.
This hemoglobin also gets attached to the carbon dioxide from various cells of the body to lungs for gaseous exchange.
There are many factors that affect the loading and unloading of oxygen from hemoglobin. The increased temperature increases the rate of unloading of oxygen from hemoglobin and increased temperature does not favors loading of oxygen to hemoglobin.
Hence, the given statement is False.
Increased temperature actually increases the unloading of O2 from hemoglobin, not decreases. The temperature increase alters the hemoglobin protein shape to release oxygen more easily
Explanation:The statement is False. Increased temperature typically causes a greater unloading of O2 from hemoglobin. This happens because when the temperature increases, it alters the shape of the hemoglobin protein in a way that makes it release oxygen more easily.
This concept is known as the Bohr Effect, where high temperatures and an increase in the concentration of CO2 result in hemoglobin releasing more oxygen.
You could think of it as a mechanism that helps deliver more oxygen to vigorously working muscles that are producing more heat and CO2.
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List 5 functions of the skin and provide 1 detail demonstrating how the skin carries out each function you choose to list.
Answer:
1. Protection of the body against environmental effects like UV radiation.
2. Thermal regulation through vasoconstriction or vasodilation of blood vessels.
3. Sensitivity through nerve endings
4. Synthesis and storage of vitamin D
5. Containment of important body structures and substances.
Explanation:
Types of traction used to treat a fracture include all the following except:
a. Bryant traction
b. Halo traction
c. Bucks traction
d. Belvedere traction
Answer:
The answer is D: Belvedere traction.
Explanation:
The types of traction used in orthopedics to correct fractures are:
- Bryant traction: It is used in children with femur and pelvis fractures for correction of congenital hip injuries.
- Halo traction: use a vest to immobilize fractures of the neck or spine.
- Buck traction: Ropes are used to immobilize the fracture.
Answer:
d. Belvedere traction.
Explanation:
Bryant traction, Halo traction, and Bucks traction are used to treat a fracture.
Bryant traction is used in children with problems in their hips or femur fracture.
Halo traction is used to help children with problems in their spine, this traction pulls from the muscles and joints.
Bucks traction is a type of skin traction that helps the bone to be in its proper place to heal correctly.
DGI can trigger?
a) Arthritis
b) Tenosynovitis
c) Dermatitis
d) Death
e) All of the above
Answer:
A, Arthritis
Explanation:
Disseminated gonococcal infection ( DGI ) is a bacterial sexually transmitted infection that can spread to the joints. It may cause a condition called gonococcal arthritis.
This type of arthritis often start with the usual symptoms of gonorrhea: pain on urinating or discharge, however, these symptoms can also be absent. Later, pain in joints appear, usually in the big joints: knees, wrists or ankles. The pain can be accompanied by fever, rash and painfully inflamed tendons.
This condition is treated with antibiotics.
Which of the following is associated with the thymus?
a. B cells
b. T cell maturation
c. natural killer cells
d. complement
Answer: Option B. "T Cell maturation"
Explanation:
T-cell, also known as T lymphocyte, are primary type of leukocyte or white blood cell important part of the immune system.
Bone marrow is the origin of T-cells and then get mature in the thymus. In thymus, T- cells differentiate or multiply into regulatory, or cytotoxic T-cells helper, or act as memory T-cells.
T-cells then move in lymphatic system, once get stimulated by appropriate antigen, helper T-cells secrete cytokines that stimulate antibody-producing cells called B cells. Regulatory T-cells control immune reactions while Cytotoxic T-cells kill infected cells or cancer cells.
Hence, the correct answer is Option B.
Which of the hormones below is least associated with regulating blood glucose levels?
A. Glucagon
B. Somatotropin
C. ANG II
D. cortisol
E. insulin
Answer:
E. Insulin
Explanation:
Insulin helps regulate blood sugar levels.
Why does whole grain products reduce the risk of coronary heart disease?
Answer:
Whole grain products show the effect of statin drugs that reduce heart disease.
Explanation:
Coronary heart disease leads to serious health problem and the coronary arteries becomes too narrow. The oxygen supply to the blood decreases in coronary heart disease.
There is scientific evidence that the intake of whole grain products reduces the risk of the disease. The increase in the quantity of whole grain can reduce the risk of the disease by 40% , the whole grain has the effect equal to the statin drug.
A condition known as Pulmonary Hypertension is characterized by high blood pressure in the pulmonary circuit. Which chamber of the heart would this condition most directly affect, and why?
Pulmonary Hypertension directly affects the right ventricle of the heart due to the increased effort required to pump blood through the high-resistance pulmonary arteries, leading to potential hypertrophy and heart failure.
Explanation:The condition known as Pulmonary Hypertension is characterized by high blood pressure in the pulmonary circuit, specifically affecting the arteries that supply blood to the lungs. This condition most directly affects the right ventricle of the heart. In pulmonary hypertension, because the blood pressure in the lungs' arteries is elevated, the right ventricle must work harder to pump blood through these vessels. Over time, this increased workload can lead to the thickening of the right ventricle's muscular walls (hypertrophy), and potentially, the failure of the right ventricle.
Why the Right Ventricle is Affected
The right ventricle is responsible for pumping deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation.
Increased resistance in the pulmonary arteries forces the right ventricle to exert more effort in pumping blood.
This can lead to right ventricular hypertrophy and ultimately, right heart failure if untreated.
Coxal Joint:
a. Hip
b. Knee
c. Ankle
Answer:
a. hip
Explanation:
hope this help you above....
Final answer:
The coxal joint is the hip joint, a multiaxial ball-and-socket joint connecting the head of the femur to the acetabulum of the hip bone.
Explanation:
The coxal joint, commonly referred to as the hip joint, is a multiaxial ball-and-socket joint. This type of joint is classified by the connection between the head of the femur (thighbone) and the acetabulum of the hip bone. Such joints support a wide range of movement, including rotational movements, and are integral in bearing the body's weight and providing stability during activities like standing and walking. The hip joint's structure is designed to endure the substantial stress imposed on it, which is why it has a more limited range of motion compared to other multiaxial joints, such as the shoulder joint.