Answer:
1 3 4 5
Explanation:
The authors use a quotaion from an expert to support the argument that social media has been both helpful and hazardous for the Arab American news media.
What does the author use to explain?The authors use examples of different types of media to support the argument that social media has changed how the Arab American news media operate.
In the excerpt from 'The Role of Social Media in the Arab Uprisings' we can see that the author puts forward his view on how social media is impacting the whole world. And to support his claim, the author uses evidence on how social media helps and threatens smaller media outlets.
The author states that many a times information is reached on social media before it is even released by the traditional media. Apart from this, the author have also used quotation and examples to support his claim.
Therefore,The authors use a quotaion from an expert to support the argument that social media has been both helpful and hazardous for the Arab American news media.
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We have come ma place where success cannot be
me d by the lid standard. Just to make money is no
gange anymore of success. Å man may not be able to
muita as much as his wife, mas not be able to make
enough to suggert his family and yet he may bea!
STICA. Ele may have leamed to be happy and to give
Tagginess, too, in striving for things which are not
Which two sentences accurately paraphrase the ideas
in this paragraph
The amount of money a person makes is not a sign
of his or her success
Society values happiness above all
A man is successful if he is happy and gives
happiness
A couple can be successful even if the woman
eams more than her husband does.
Success cannot be measured by the old standard
- War I Fape to Leeve Behind"
Eleanor Roosevelt
Answer: A and C, I got it correct.
Final answer:
The two sentences that best paraphrase Eleanor Roosevelt's paragraph are that success is not defined by one's income and that true success comes from happiness and spreading it to others. Material wealth and happiness are not directly proportional, and success should be measured by more than just financial achievements.
Explanation:
The two sentences that accurately paraphrase the ideas in the paragraph by Eleanor Roosevelt are: The amount of money a person makes is not a sign of his or her success and A man is successful if he is happy and gives happiness. These ideas reflect the understanding that financial status does not equate to personal success and that true success often comes from personal fulfillment and making others happy. The notion that a couple can be successful even if the woman earns more than the man aligns with challenging traditional standards of success, but the sentence about society valuing happiness above all does not directly paraphrase the text in question.
It's critical to understand that money and happiness are not directly proportional. While a certain level of income is necessary to meet our basic needs, beyond that, the pursuit of wealth can lead to diminishing returns in terms of happiness. High materialism is often correlated with lower life satisfaction because prioritizing money over other aspects such as relationships can result in dissatisfaction.
Success cannot be measured by old standards that focus heavily on financial achievements. The true measure of success includes intangible aspects like happiness, joy in giving to others, and being content with what one achieves in life, regardless of societal expectations regarding income levels and material wealth.
n what year did the yellow fever epidemic described in The American Plague have some of its worst effects?
Answer:
1793
Explanation:
The 1793 yellow fever epidemic was the deadliest plague the city had faced. Men, women, and children were afraid to return to the city after the plague. The yellow fever epidemic had lasting consequences for the city. Read the passage from The American Plague.
Answer: The Correct answer would be D .1793
Explanation:
The virus, like malaria, is carried and transferred by mosquitoes. The first yellow fever outbreaks in the United States occurred in late 1690s. Nearly 100 years later, in the late summer of 1793, refugees from a yellow fever epidemic in the Caribbean fled to Philadelphia.
Hope this Helps. God Bless : )
Read this excerpt from the Declaration of Independence:
He is at this time transporting large Armies of foreign
Mercenaries to compleat the works of death, desolation
and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of Cruelty &
perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and
totally unworthy the Head of a civilized nation.
Which of these rhetorical devices is most clearly used in the underlined
portion of the text?
Answer:
Pathos
Explanation:
Because it includes in the underlined sentence; death, desolation and tyranny. Which connected in pathos.
The rhetorical device used in the underlined portion of the text is hyperbole. Hyperbole is a figure of speech that involves exaggeration for emphasis or effect. It is a rhetorical device that goes beyond literal meanings to create a strong impression in the mind of the reader or listener.
What is a Hyperbole?Hyperbole is an exaggerated statement or claim that is not meant to be taken literally. In this case, the writer uses hyperbole to emphasize the brutality and cruelty of the actions of the King of Great Britain towards the American colonies.
The writer describes the transport of foreign armies as "works of death, desolation, and tyranny," and uses words such as "cruelty" and "perfidy" to convey a sense of horror and outrage at the actions of the King.
The use of hyperbole is intended to persuade the reader to support the cause of American independence by portraying the actions of the King as extreme and unjustifiable.
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Write at least 5 sentences in which you compare two cities
Answer:
Atlanta, GA and Tracy, CA
Explanation:
The climate in Atlanta is far colder than Tracy's climate. The crime rate in Atlanta surpasses Tracy's as well; for both violent and property crimes. Household income in Tracy, is 63% more than it is in Atlanta and is 31% above the National Average. Atlanta unemployment rate is 4.00%; Tracy unemployment rate is 4.60%. Tracy spends 44.6% less per student than Atlanta.
- The Student Teacher Ratio is 75.9% higher in Tracy than in Atlanta. (lower means fewer students in each classroom).
- Tracy had 5.1% fewer residents who had graduated High School compared to Atlanta.
Based on the clues in the passage, why would Jorge Ortiz start and end his story in 2012?
Answer:
The line that provides evidence that Roberto Clemente wanted to help less fortunate people is this one: "Throngs rushed to the coastal area near the airport from which the plane had taken off, overloaded with relief supplies Clemente wanted to make sure reached the victims of an earthquake in Nicaragua."
Answer:it’s D
Explanation:
She spends her days
slicing jamón y queso and wrapping it in wax
paper
tied with string: plain ham and cheese
that would cost less at the A&P, but it would not
satisfy
the hunger of the fragile old man lost in the folds
of his winter coat, who brings her lists of items
that he reads to her like poetry, or the others,
whose needs she must divine, conjuring up
products
from places that now exist only in their hearts—
closed ports she must trade with.
–“The Latin Deli: An Ars Poetica,”
Judith Ortiz Cofer
Which phrase would a performer most likely emphasize?
Why would a performer most likely emphasize this phrase?
Answer:
"slicing jamon y queso"
to emphasize the woman's culture
Your answer is B & C. :)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Which phrase would a performer most likely emphasize?
B. “slicing jamón y queso”
Why would a performer most likely emphasize this phrase?
C. to emphasize the woman’s culture
A screenshot is included as proof of my answer. :)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
I hope this helps, and I always appreciate brainliest!What makes information reliable?
A. You found the information in two places
B. The information can be verified as true and accurate in multiple places
C. You think the information is true
D. It was the first piece of information you found
Answer: B
Explanation: when multiple reliable references says the same thing and can explain it’s reliable
Should there be a comma before the highlighted word? Nemo couldn't decide if he wanted the root beer float, or the banana cream pie. Keep the Comma Remove the Comma
Answer:
Remove the comma.
Explanation:
One of the functions of a comma in a sentence is to indicate a pause, before continuation.
From the sentence, "Nemo couldn't decide if he wanted the root beer float, or the banana cream pie." we can see that the sentence is one that doesn't need a pause after the word "float" to continue from "or the banana".
A comma would have been necessary in this sentence if it contained more than two lists.
For example,
Nemo couldn't decide if he wanted the root beer float, the apple or the banana cream pie.
Now that we have more than two lists in the sentence, a comma is necessary to separate the lists.
Answer:
Remove the comma
Which choice shows the correct placement of dashes? A. The—marching band—which has been practicing for weeks won a blue ribbon at the competition. B. The marching band—which has been—practicing for weeks won a blue ribbon at the competition. C. The marching band—which has been practicing for weeks—won a blue ribbon at the competition. D. The marching band which—has been practicing for weeks—won a blue ribbon at the competition.
Answer:
C. The marching band—which has been practicing for weeks—won a blue ribbon at the competition
Explanation:
This is the correct placement of the dashes.
This is because the dash should only highlight the main object of the sentence which is
"which has been practicing for weeks" to make it clearer to the reader.
The main object of the sentence asks the question WHAT?
The main subject of the sentence answers the question WHO?
WHAT has the marching band been doing?
They have been practising for weeks
WHO has been practising for weeks?
The marching band.
Answer:
C. The marching band—which has been practicing for weeks—won a blue ribbon at the competition
Explanation:
The name Sylvia comes from sylva, the Latin word for “forest.” Which of the following statements best explains why Sylvia’s name is appropriate for her character in “A White Heron”?
The name Sylvia comes from sylva, the Latin word for “forest.” Which of the following statements best explains why Sylvia’s name is appropriate for her character is that Sylvia should be happy and satisfied in woods. Also, like other sylvan creatures, Sylvia is timid and is afraid of human beings. she is "Afraid of Folks" like the other creatures of the Forest
Explanation:
The name Sylvia comes from sylva, the Latin word for “forest.” Which of the following statements best explains why Sylvia’s name is appropriate for her character is that Sylvia should be happy and satisfied in woods. Also, like other sylvan creatures, Sylvia is timid and is afraid of human beings. she is "Afraid of Folks" like the other creatures of the Forest
The term white heron represent the wild, unspoiled beauty of nature of the forest but the human destructive forces the hunters wants to hunt down the heron and wants to display it.
The theme of this selection from the Ramayana is best summarized as
The Ramayana explores themes such as duty, righteousness, the struggle between good and evil, love, loyalty, and sacrifice. It teaches moral values, illustrates the consequences of one's actions, and serves as a guide for leading a righteous and virtuous life.
The theme of the Ramayana, an ancient Hindu epic, revolves around the concepts of duty, righteousness, and the struggle between good and evil.
The Ramayana tells the story of Prince Rama, who embarks on a journey to rescue his wife Sita from the demon king Ravana. Throughout the epic, Rama is portrayed as the ideal prince and embodiment of dharma (duty). He upholds righteousness, follows the path of virtue, and remains steadfast in his devotion to fulfilling his responsibilities as a son, husband, and prince. This emphasizes the theme of duty and the importance of fulfilling one's obligations in life.
The struggle between good and evil is another significant theme in the Ramayana. Ravana, the antagonist, represents evil and represents the forces of darkness and immorality. Rama, on the other hand, embodies goodness, truth, and justice. The epic highlights the ongoing battle between these opposing forces, with Rama ultimately triumphing over evil and restoring balance to the world.
The Ramayana also explores the themes of love, loyalty, and sacrifice. Rama's unwavering love and devotion to Sita, as well as the loyalty of his allies such as Hanuman, depict the power of love and friendship. Additionally, characters like Sita and Hanuman exhibit selflessness and sacrifice, showcasing the importance of putting others' well-being before one's own.
The probable question may be:
What is the theme of Ramayana?
Which of the following statements best describes Cuba’s reaction to the Cuban Missile Crisis?
A
Cuba broke off all ties to the Soviet Union in order to appease the United States and prevent further American retaliation.
B
Cuba became more hostile towards the U.S. with Castro threatening to use the remaining nuclear weapons, though he never followed through on this threat.
C
Castro, upset with the Soviet Union’s retreat, began seeking international alliances elsewhere and building his reputation as a leader in Cuba.
D
Castro, upset with the Soviet Union’s retreat, broke off support to Moscow and immediately began to heal political rifts with the U.S.
Answer: A.Kennedy and Khrushchev agreed to remove missiles from both Cuba and Turkey.
Explanation:
The Missile Crisis of Cuba is what is called the conflict between the United States, the Soviet Union and Cuba in October 1962, generated by the discovery by the United States of bases of Soviet medium-range nuclear missiles in Cuban territory .
It was one of the biggest crises, together with the Berlin Blockade, the Able Archer 83 exercises and the downing of Flight 007 of Korean Air, between both powers during the Cold War and in Cuba, where nuclear war was closest . In fact, only twice in history has a defensive condition (DEFCON) level 2 been reached in the United States.
The crisis covers the period between the discovery of the R-12 and R-14 medium-range ballistic missiles of the Soviet Union (October 15, 1962) until the announcement of their dismantling and transfer back to the Soviet Union (28 October 1962). However, at other levels it extended until November 1962 and even January 1963 in successive mini-crises.
3rd TIME ASKING PLS HELP DUE TODAY
________________________________________________________
Discuss the historical development of the science fiction genre. What connections do you see between the development of technology and social changes in society, and how did these events influence the development of science fiction?
Answer:
Science fiction has come a long way in terms of technology and changes in society. Technology has come from being a small part in our everyday lives, like guns in the tenth century, to a factor in most of our decisions. By growing to be a ubiquitous part of our lives, technology has changed our point of view when we are making crucial resolutions, like when we are deciding whether to go to a restaurant and check the latest food review application. We now have a way to be more confident in our settlements, so our entire society has become that way as well, as a whole. In addition, we have the ability to search any piece of information we would like on the internet, so our minds have expanded to choose new decision making techniques. These examples of growth have affected science fiction, as now science fiction authors have numerous creative opportunities for growth across the internet. It is probably true that authors would have scoffed at the idea of teleportation and laser vision two hundred years ago, but now it is a normal idea.
Answer:
The development of technology has a direct impact on society. The impact may be positive or negative. For example, advances in medical science have increased the lifespan of people. The Internet and mobile technologies help people stay connected even when separated by great distances. These examples show positive influences of technology on society. A negative influence may be that society has become dependent on gadgets. Technological advances have given social networking to the world, but while people stay connected in cyberspace, they sometimes forget to connect with the real people around them. Some social networks also make people susceptible to getting their personal information hijacked or stolen.
The rapid industrialization and urbanization in the nineteenth century also had far-reaching effects on society. The development of science and technology in the twentieth century gave the world weapons of mass destruction. World War I and World War II exposed society to the horrors of modern warfare. These changes in society directly affected science fiction writers. As technological advancements and social changes influenced the world, science fiction writers began to speculate about how these changes affected people as well as how future changes might shape mankind.
Explanation:
Plato
this has too do with diary of a young girl (anne frank ) play script.Reread Lines 1-25 and give examples from the text to identify the different types of information found in the stage directions. What things does the audience see when the play starts? Make sure to use A.C.E (Answer/Restate-Cite-Explain)
Answer with Explanation:
The audience sees Mr. Frank looking weak. This gives insight on the audience about his age, as it has been narrated, "He is gentle, cultured European in his middle years." The audience also sees a cluttered and dusty place, which seems like it was meant to be abandoned, as it has been narrated, "The rooms are dusty, the curtains in rags; Chairs and tables are overturned." Chairs and tables are normally overturned when nobody is using them. The audience also see Mr. Frank carrying a "rucksack," which means he is going somewhere as it has been narrated ,"As he starts back for his rucksack..." His moving restlessly shows that he is sad. It is even reinforced when he broke down and cried when he saw a woman's white glove as it has been narrated ,"He breaks down, crying." There must be something special about the white gloves that made him cry. The audience also sees Miep and this gives them a clue that she's young as it has been narrated that "She is pregnant" and she's seen to have a big belly.
How has katniss rebelled since arriving at the training center?
Answer:
After realizing the Gamemakers are only paying attention to a roasted pig that's just arrived at their table, Katniss fires an arrow straight toward the Gamemakers that skewers that apple in the pig’s mouth.
Explanation:
I'm assuming you're referencing the first book, in which this takes place in Chapter 7.
Katniss launches an arrow directly at the Game creators, skewering the apple in the pig's jaw, after discovering the Game makers are solely interested in the pig roast that has just arrived at their table.
For example, Katniss learns throughout the novel that she has become a symbol of rebellion it against Capitol as a result of her defiance of the Capitol's regulations and threat of dead alongside Peeta at the conclusion of the Hunger Games.
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Read this paragraph from The Dark Game. It may seem surprising that no Confederate sympathizers took action against Van Lew, given her strong and public views on secession and slavery. Surely there were suspicions, especially among her upper-crust neighbors, but the matter never went beyond those suspicions. Historians have suggested that the secessionists were victims of their own cultural bias, believing that no aristocratic person, and certainly not a lady, would ever consider taking part in anything as impolite as spying. A true lady managed her servants, prepared parties and gatherings, and blindly supported her husband. Such attitudes worked in Van Lew's favor, diverting suspicion from her. What central idea is implied in this paragraph?
The implied central idea is that cultural biases pertaining to gender and class protected Elizabeth Van Lew from espionage suspicions among Confederates during the Civil War.
The central idea implied in the paragraph from The Dark Game is that cultural biases and social norms regarding gender and class played a significant role in shielding Elizabeth Van Lew, a Confederate sympathizer, from suspicion of espionage by fellow Confederates.
The cultural beliefs that an aristocratic woman would not engage in something as unseemly as spying and that her duties would be limited to managing servants and hosting gatherings worked in Van Lew's favor. This prejudice led to a blind spot that allowed Van Lew to conduct her spying activities without detection.
Why can love at first sight be seen as foolish? You might express feelings that are not returned. You don't know the person you fall in love with. You might be misled by the person you love. You are viewed as not knowing what true love is.
Love at first sight is often seen as foolish due to its premature nature, potential for unreturned feelings, potential for deception, and the view that it shows a shallowness and immaturity in understanding what true love entails.
Explanation:Love at first sight can be seen as foolish due to a number of reasons. It's often the result of initial physical attraction, which can be misleading. Without knowing a person's character, values, behaviors, or any personal traits, falling in love may lead to disappointment as the person might not be as perceived initially.
A point to consider is that falling for someone instantly can lead to unreciprocated feelings. This can bring emotional pain if the feelings you have are not returned by the other person. Furthermore, loving someone you barely know opens room for manipulation, as the person might take advantage of your feelings to mislead or deceive you.
Lastly, love at first sight can sometimes be viewed as naive, portraying you as someone unable to grasp the breadth and depth of true love. True love is seen as something growing over time, nurtured with mutual understanding, respect, and shared experiences. This perspective makes love at first sight look shallow and immature.
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school always for easter holidays
Answer:
same here bruda yeet yeet yeet yeet
Explanation:
The closure of schools during the Easter holidays reflects the cultural and religious significance of Easter worldwide, acknowledging its importance with a break from school activities.
Explanation:The observation of Easter holidays in schools around the world signifies not only a break from academic rigors but also underscores the cultural and religious significance of Easter. In many parts of the world, including the United States, schools close to allow students and staff to partake in Easter celebrations. This tradition reflects the broader societal acknowledgment of Easter, a Christian holiday commemorating the resurrection of Jesus Christ, as a time for reflection, community, and, for many, religious observance. Article I, referenced in one of the excerpts, emphasizes the collective agreement to observe Easter on a specific Sunday, illustrating the historical efforts to unify the celebration of this significant holiday.
Moreover, the closure of schools during this period is a testament to the impact of cultural and religious practices on educational institutions and community life.
can you give me an easy way to understand when to use I or me
Answer:
When you are personally talking about yourself in your perspective and experience
Explanation:
_________is expressing ideas from a source in your own words. Unlike paraphrase, it removes much of the detail from the original passage. The goal is to abbreviate and reword the original text, allowing writers to place otherwise lengthy sources directly into their own arguments to support a claim of their own, to illustrate a point from an opposing position, or to help explain the topic itself.
Answer:
The answer is Summary
Explanation:
Summary removes much detail from a source, it is a short restatement of main points. A summary is flexible because it provides a brief overview of the text.
A book can be summarized in a sentence or paragraph for better understanding for the readers. in summary, it is advisable not to change the main point of the text or the meaning.
Summary is used to shorten a material, by drawing out the points that is related to what you are working on. Summary is also used to simplify the material by picking out the most important arguments, vocabularies, sentences in the source text.
Furthermore, by summarizing, extra information are omitted from the source material in order to focus on the main points of the text.
Answer:
B
Explanation:
I would go with B. Express the main ideas in your own words.
Paraphrasing is not about just changing the words around, or just taking a few out, you have to re-write it in your own words, and shorter. Almost like a summary.
6. ".. We must fight! I repeat it, sir, we must fight!" (from "Speech to the Virginia Convention" by Patrick
Henry)
what is the Persuasive device
Answer: Repetition
Explanation:
He affirmed and insisted that this is a MUST done, this make it look very important that there is no option left than doing exactly this in other to achieve whatever purpose which is thought lost.
What is the theme of "Hearts and hands" By O.Henry?
Answer:
In the story it is shown that if our language and talking skill is good then we can convey anyone to do anything and to obey us
Explanation:
Please give me brainliest
Answer:In the story it is shown that if our language and talking skill is good then we can convey anyone to do anything and to obey us.
Explanation:
Evaluate Ideas: Reread the next-to-last paragraph (lines 292–300). Do you agree with what the narrator says about innocence and compassion? Use evidence from the story as well as your own experiences to explore your answer. Text Criticism
Answer: Lizabeth believes that innocence is looking at the things and people as they are on the surface, while compassion is an ability to look beneath the surface and understand others. Her point of view is completely logical.
Explanation:
"Marigolds" is a short story written by Eugenia Collier. The narrator of the story is a girl named Lizabeth, who describes her life with her family at the time of the Great Depression.
For Lizabeth, innocence is looking at the things and people as they are on the surface. Compassion, however, is to be able to look beneath the surface, and understand other people's emotions. When Lizabeth sees that she hurt Miss Lottie with her actions, she starts to look at things from a different perspective. She matures and shows compassion. What we learn about childhood and innocence in this story is that children, innocent as they are, can do both good and bad things. They are sometimes unable to take other people's feelings into consideration, which is why they make mistakes.
Consider the excerpt and theme from Gilgamesh: A New English Version. Gilgamesh climbed to the mountaintop, he poured out flour as an offering and said, "Mountain, bring me a favorable dream." Enkidu did the ritual for dreams, praying for a sign. A gust of wind passed. He built a shelter for the night, placed Gilgamesh on the floor and spread a magic circle of flour around him, then sprawled like a net across the doorway. Theme One: Great leaders seek supernatural help. What other theme is addressed in the excerpt?
Answer: D-Friendships are supportive relationships.
Explanation: image below proves it .
Answer:
its D for people rushing
Explanation:
He ain't kissin' yo' mouf when he carry on over yuh lak dat. He's kissin' yo' foot and 'taint in uh man tuh kiss foot long. Mouf kissin' is on uh equal and dat's natural but when dey got to bow down tuh love, dey soon straightens up.This excerpt is from which poem?
Answer:
The given lines are taken from the book "Their Eyes Were Watching God" by Zora Neale Hurston.
Explanation:
Zora Neale Hurston's Their Eyes Were Watching God tells the story of African American women trying to survive in the world of the white authority. The narrator Janie tells her friend Phoeby about her three husbands and the life she had to live, trying to survive.
The given passage is spoken by Nanny/ Janie's grandmother after her first marriage to Logan Killicks. And for Nanny, the union was a successful deal done, with land and a lawful husband, and all things that white women have. The passage reveals Nanny telling her granddaughter how a man and a woman should love equally. A man must have his pride and love a woman right, not kiss her foot and leg. Just like Nanny said "when dey got to bow down tuh love, dey soon straightens up". If he's kissing her foot and leg, meaning treating her too well, then there's only a short time when he will get back to his usual self.
which situatuon is an example of internal conflict? A. a chicano activist persuades the government to change its policies. B. a hero battles mythological creatures from from a specific culture. C. a writer must choose between following her heart of her parents' traditions. D. a lawyer fights for the rights of American Indians in court.
Answer:
C. a writer must choose between following her heart or her parents' traditions.
Explanation:
Internal conflict is when a person fights essentially herself and her previous beliefs.
Answer:
C
Explanation:
internal struggle is a battle you have with yourself. should I or shouldn't I
a b or c
the world may never know
Answer:
a
Explanation:
The next clause is a main clause, so we would signify that with a semi-colon, as opposed to adding another subordinate clause which is signified by a comma.
An Actor with *blank* his part will pretend.
A.)Dessert
B.)Criticism
C.)Editor
D.)Humor
Answer: humor or criticism
Explanation: pick one
Explain how controlling for student fixed effects might overcome the problems. In what way is this a difference-in-difference method? Under what assumptions will this method allow you to estimate the causal effect of charter school attendance?
Answer:The need for evidence-based policy in the field of education is increasingly recognized
(e.g., Commission of the European Communities 2007). However, providing empirical
evidence suitable for guiding policy is not an easy task, because it refers to causal inferences
that require special research methods which are not always easy to communicate due to their
technical complexity. This paper surveys the methods that the economics profession has
increasingly used over the past decade to estimate effects of educational policies and
practices. These methods are designed to distinguish accidental association from causation.
They provide empirical strategies to identify the causal impact of different reforms on any
kind of educational outcomes.
The paper is addressed at policy-makers, practitioners, students, and researchers from other
fields who are interested in learning about causal relationships at work in education, but are
not familiar with modern econometric techniques. Among researchers, the exposition is not
aimed at econometricians who use these techniques, but rather at essentially any interested
non-econometrician – be it theoretical or macro economists or non-economist education
researchers. The aim is to equip the interested reader with the intuition of how recent methods
for causal evaluation work and to point out their strengths and caveats. This will not only
facilitate the reading of recent empirical studies evaluating educational policies and practices,
but also enable the reader to interpret results and better judge the ability of a specific
application to identify a causal effect. To do so, this paper provides a guide to the most recent
methods that tries to circumvent any econometric jargon, technicality, and detail.1
Instead, it
discusses just the key idea and intuition of each of the methods, and then illustrates how each
can be used by a real-world example study based on a successful application of the method,
with a particular focus on European examples.
It is, however, useful to note that the methods described here are by no means confined to
the economics profession. In fact, it was the American Educational Research Association,
with its broad range of interdisciplinary approaches to educational research in general, which
recently published an extensive report on “Estimating Causal Effects using Experimental ideas
Explanation: As related above
Controlling for student fixed effects can help overcome issues such as unobserved heterogeneity by accounting for individual student characteristics that do not vary over time. This method resembles a difference-in-difference approach as it compares changes over time within individuals, effectively controlling for unobserved, time-invariant confounders. The causal effect of charter school attendance can be estimated under the assumption that trends in unobserved variables are parallel over time between charter and non-charter students, and that the charter school attendance is independent of potential outcomes given these fixed effects.
Student fixed effects control is a method used to account for variables that are individual-specific and do not change over time. These could include innate ability, motivation, or socioeconomic background. By including student fixed effects in a regression model, the estimation focuses on variation within a student over time, mitigating the influence of time-invariant confounding variables. The difference-in-difference method is analogous as it evaluates the effect of a treatment by comparing the before-and-after differences in outcomes for a treated group to a control group. In the context of charter school attendance, we assume the selection into charter schools is not correlated with these fixed characteristics. However, for this method to yield unbiased estimates of the causal effect, the crucial assumption is that in the absence of treatment, treated and control units would follow similar trends over time. Any violation of this parallel trend assumption could lead to biased estimates.
Identify three ways that Hardin uses rhetoric in his essay.
Answer:
The first idea that Garrett Hardin used in his essay is the idea of survival. He argues that people will do anything in order to ensure their survival even resorting to unethical decisions. The next idea is the idea of choosing not to help the poor because it will only diminish the chances of survival. The poor need more resources, multiply fast and have a high-risk factor according to Hardin.
Explanation: