Answer:
External factors can be described as factors which give rise to a situation from outside. Internal factors bring a change or give rise to a situation from internal conditions.
External Factors:
Temperature of food storage during processing.
Humidity of the storage environment
Presence of gases, such as CO2, during packaging
Preservatives, such as salt and sugar
Handling of food by manufacturers
Internal Factors:
pH of the food
Presence of antimicrobial compounds
Nutrient content (Such as vitamins and minerals)
Moisture content or water activity
Protective structure of food, such as feathers, hide and skin
Which of the following is NOT a function of the CSF?a.nourishment of the brainb.protection from blowsc.initiation of some nerve impulsesd.reduction of brain weight
Answer: c.initiation of some nerve impulses
Explanation:
Cerebrospinal fluid is a clear, colorless fluid that can be found in the brain and spinal cord. It is secreted by meninges and choroid plexus. It is absorbed by the arachnoid granulations.
The primary function of the CSF is to act as a cushion to the brain within the skull to serve as a shock absorber and prevents the injury from the blow. It also circulates the chemicals and nutrients filtered from the nerves and also removes the waste from the brain produced by the cerebral metabolism hence reduces the wastes from the brain.
The cerebrospinal fluid does not function in the initiation of the nerve impulses.
The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) does not initiate nerve impulses. Its primary roles are to act as a cushion, reducing the weight of the brain, and to nourish the brain by transporting substances and removing waste, not to initiate nerve impulses.
Explanation:The function that is NOT attributed to the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) among the options is the initiation of some nerve impulses. CSF primarily has two main roles in the Central Nervous System (CNS). First, it acts as a cushion for the brain and spinal cord, protecting these sensitive structures from shock or injury. It provides a buffer around the CNS organs within the protective dura mater, essentially helping to reduce brain weight. Second, it nourishes the brain by transporting nutrients and chemicals filtered from the blood and removes waste products.
Learn more about Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) here:https://brainly.com/question/34617470
#SPJ11
A major side effect that stress can cause on the gastrointestinal system is __________. A. Diminished levels of gastrin
Answer:
elevated level of cortisol causing overeating
Explanation:
The stress affects the gastrointestinal system negatively in a number of ways and thus imbalance the normal functions. The low oxygen and flow of blood, cramps can be caused by stress. The stress response allows the signal to adrenal gland by nerves and hormone. The adrenal gland secretes cortisol and adrenaline.
The elevated level of cortisol allows the body to demand for food and fats. Thus, this increases the craving for eating food. So, a major side effect that stress can cause on the gastrointestinal system is elevated level of cortisol causing overeating.
Prokaryotes are surrounded by a ____________ that regulates the entry and exit of materials through the cell, the cell wall to help maintain cell shape and structure, and the ____________ , which increases the ability of pathogenic bacteria to cause disease.
Answer:
Prokaryotes are surrounded by a _plasma membrane_that regulates the entry and exit of materials through the cell, the cell wall to help maintain cell shape and structure, and the capsule bateria, which increases the ability of pathogenic bacteria to cause disease.
Explanation:
Procatyotic cells do not have a nucleos that surround the genetic material, but ther do have a plama membrane that regulates the entry and exit of materials trough the cell. Also the capsule bacteria is a layer that is outside de cell and can cause a disease.
Enter the sequence in which the action potential would pass through the points. Enter the letters in the correct order separated by commas. For example if the order is point (c), then (b), then (a), enter c, b, a. If the action potential would not pass though a point, do not include that point in your answer.
Answer:
c , b , a
Explanation:
The sequence in which the action would pass through points c, b , a.
quzilet What is the most important nutrition concern for the person with Alzheimer's disease? a) prevention of weight loss b) elimination of dietary aluminum c) supplementation with zinc d) treatment with the medicinal herb e) ginkgo biloba.
Answer:
Prevention of weight loss
Explanation:
It is high priority to maintain bod weight
Zinc, an essential trace element for most organisms, is present in the active site of the enzyme carboxypeptidase. The zinc most likely functions as a(n)____________.
A) competitive inhibitor of the enzyme.
B) noncompetitive inhibitor of the enzyme.
C) allosteric activator of the enzyme.
D) cofactor necessary for enzyme activity.
E) coenzyme derived from a vitamin.
Answer:
D) cofactor necessary for enzyme activity.
Explanation:
A cofactor is an inorganic ion that is required as an additional chemical component by an enzyme. The ions such as Fe2+, Mg2+, or Zn2+ mostly serve as cofactors for one or more enzymes. The enzymes such as Cytochrome oxidase, catalase, and peroxidase require Fe2+ or Fe3+ ions as a cofactor. Some cofactors are very tightly bound to the active site of their enzymes and their removal renders them enzymes inactive. According to the given information, zinc is present in the active site of the enzyme carboxypeptidase which means that it is a cofactor for this enzyme.
What is the term for a natural phenomenon that is generally accepted due to a large body of empirical data through repeated experiments; it usually describes how or why something happens
Final answer:
A scientific law is a term describing a natural phenomenon that is widely accepted due to extensive empirical evidence and repeated experiments, using precise language or mathematical expressions.
Explanation:
The term for a natural phenomenon that is generally accepted due to a large body of empirical data through repeated experiments, and usually describes how or why something happens, is a scientific law. A scientific law is a law description that uses concise language or a mathematical formula to express a generalized pattern in nature. This law is strongly supported by scientific evidence and validated through numerous experiments, making it a reliable statement that describes a particular set of observations in nature.
Scientific laws serve as the foundations for scientific investigations, which seek to examine, gain new knowledge, or build upon previous knowledge of various phenomena. An example of a scientific law is Newton's law of universal gravitation, which reliably describes the gravitational attraction between masses. Science continuously evolves, hence, scientific laws may also be refined as new empirical data becomes available.
As a research scientist, you measure the amount of ATP and NADPH consumed by the Calvin cycle in 1 hour. You find 30,000 molecules of ATP consumed, but only 20,000 molecules of NADPH. Where did the extra ATP molecules come from?
A. photosystem ll
B. photosystem I
C. cyclic electron flow
D. noncyclic electron flow
E. chlorophyll
Answer:
C. cyclic electron flow
Explanation:
Cyclic electron flow includes only PSI. Electrons passing from P700 of PS I to ferredoxin do not reduce NADP+. The electrons are channeled back through the cytochrome b6f complex to plastocyanin. Therefore, cyclic electron flow cycles the electrons out of and back to the P700 and is not accompanied by a reduction of NADPH or splitting of H2O molecule.
However, proton pumping by the cytochrome b6f complex during electron transfer generates the proton contraction gradient which in turn drives the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP. The cyclic photophosphorylation supplies the extra ATP required for the Calvin cycle.
Most people's values are not a system at all; they are typically a collection of general principles, practical conclusions, and emotional pronouncements. Your challenge is to create a more refined and accurate ______________ _____________, an enlightened system of values that you can use to guide your moral decisions
Answer: Moral compass
Explanation:
Most people's values are not a system at all; they are typically a collection of general principles, practical conclusions, and emotional pronouncements. Your challenge is to create a more refined and accurate moral compass, an enlightened system of values that you can use to guide your moral decisions.
When we talk about moral compass, we're referring to a gut feeling that allows that to difference what's right and what's wrong to say or do, and this is the feeling we use as a guide for everytime we've got to take a path of action.
A cell that requires a lot of energy might contain large numbers of
Answer:
Mitochondria
Explanation:
The mitochondrion is a relatively small, double membrane organelle that primarily serves as the site of oxidative phosphorylation; a process that generates energy in the form of ATP for the running of cell's activities.
Hence, a cell that requires a lot of energy might need a large number of mitochondria in order to meet the energy demand of the cell.
The answer is mitochondria.
Answer:
A cell that requires a lot of energy might contain large numbers of mitochondria.
Explanation:
Mitochondria are the cellular organelles that are responsible for producing the greatest amount of energy that cells require to activate their biochemical reactions. They produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is an energy-carrying molecule and it's essential for the cell to perform its functions.
True or False: The arrows on a motion map must be connected to the dots on a motion map.
True. The arrows on a motion map must be connected to the dots on a motion map.
Explanation:
A motion map represents the movement of an object. The dots used in a motion map represent the position of an object and its displacement is represented by arrows. The dots come at the tail end of the arrows.
The direction of the arrows denotes the direction of displacement vector of the object. Thus reversing the direction of the object reverses the direction of arrows in a motion map. The length of the arrow represents the magnitude of the velocity vector which is the speed of the object.
What specialized cells do cnidarians use for protection
Answer:
Cnidarians have special cells called cnidocytes, or commonly known as stinging cells, which contain organelles called nematocysts, or stingers.
Cnidarians use specialized cells called cnidocytes, which contain nematocysts, for protection.
Explanation:Cnidarians use specialized cells called cnidocytes for protection. Cnidocytes are located around the mouth and tentacles and contain organelles called nematocysts. When triggered by a tactile stimulation, the nematocysts release a coiled thread and barb, along with toxins, which can immobilize or paralyze prey or predators. These cells are the defining feature of cnidarians and are responsible for their ability to capture prey and defend themselves.
Learn more about cnidocytes here:https://brainly.com/question/30412650
#SPJ5
Recent research has demonstrated a correlation between the presence of certain types of Gram-positive bacteria in the human gut with obesity and type 2 diabetes. These findings best support which of the following statements?
a.) Normal microbiota may significantly impact human health and disease.
b.) The presence of Gram-positive bacteria in the human gut causes obesity and type 2 diabetes.
c.) Gram-positive bacteria compose the majority of normal microbiota in the human gut of people with obesity and type 2 diabetes.
d.) Obesity and type 2 diabetes is caused by normal microbiota in the human gut.
Answer:
The correct option is A. Normal microbiota may significantly impact human health and disease.
Explanation:
A wide number of microorganisms are present on or inside of our body. All these microorganisms make up the natural microbiota. The normal microbiota is very important to maintain the health of the host.
However, any microbial imbalance can lead to causing disease in its host. The microbiota of the gut have a disease-promoting effect but can also have protective properties. Differences in this microbiota can lead to serious conditions.
A conditional mutation is one that allows a mutant gene product to function normally under the ________ condition, but to function abnormally under the ________ condition. Such mutations are especially useful for the study of ________ mutations.
Answer:
A conditional mutation is one that allows a mutant gene product to function normally under the permissive condition, but to function abnormally under the restrictive condition. Such mutations are especially useful for the study of lethal mutations.
Explanation:
A conditional mutation can be described as a form of a lethal mutation as it's effects can be devastating. This type of mutation functions like a wild type mutation under the normal conditions. When the condition becomes restrictive, these kind of mutations start to show their effect on the phenotype of the organism. The conditional mutations can cause an organism to not be able to survive under certain conditions, which eventually leads to the death of the organism.
A conditional mutation functions normally under permissive conditions and abnormally under restrictive conditions, aiding in the study of lethal mutations. Dominant negative mutations are gain-of-function mutations that affect the normal gene product, used in studying genetic diseases.
Explanation:A conditional mutation is one that allows a mutant gene product to function normally under the permissive condition, but to function abnormally under the restrictive condition. Such mutations are especially useful for the study of lethal mutations.
Conditional mutations can be crucial in the study of essential genes that are required for survival. These mutations can allow an organism to grow normally under the permissive condition, which is typically at a lower temperature, while causing the phenotype associated with the mutation to be expressed under a restrictive condition, usually at a higher temperature. This technique enables researchers to switch the mutant phenotype on and off and study the gene's function.
A dominant negative mutation is a type of gain-of-function mutation where the mutated gene product interferes with the normal, wild-type gene product, often leading to a nonfunctional protein or altered cellular function. Such a mutation can be particularly informative when studying genetic disorders, syndromes, or genetic diseases like cancer, where mutations lead to uncontrolled cell growth and may arise from damaged DNA that fails to repair itself correctly.
Bite wounds are often serious as they may lead to an infection in which two or more species of pathogens act together to produce an effect greater than the sum of effects if each pathogen were acting alone. This is referred to as a(n) ________ infection.
Answer:
Bite wounds are often serious as they may lead to an infection in which two or more species of pathogens act together to produce an effect greater than the sum of effects if each pathogen were acting alone. This is referred to as a bacterial infections.
What information did you include in your answer? Check all that apply. DNA is responsible for traits. A section of DNA that codes for a specific trait is called a gene. Half of your DNA comes from each parent. Your traits are a combination of your parents' traits. DNA is the blueprint for proteins, which play many roles in the body.
Answer:
A, B, C, D, and E. (all of the above)
Final answer:
DNA contains genetic instructions for traits, encoded by genes. Half of an individual's DNA is inherited from each parent, influencing their unique combination of traits. Proteins, whose blueprints are found in DNA, significantly affect the characteristics of an organism.
Explanation:
DNA is fundamental to all life and contains the genetic instructions that determine traits. A specific section of DNA that codes for a particular trait is referred to as a gene. When it comes to inheritance, each parent contributes half of their DNA to their offspring, resulting in a combination of traits from both parents. Furthermore, DNA serves as a blueprint for proteins, which are crucial for numerous bodily functions. Lastly, due to variations in DNA among different organisms, proteins can vary greatly in their sequence of amino acids, which can lead to differences in traits across individuals.
Genes, Alleles, and Phenotypes
Each gene can exist in different versions, which are known as alleles. These alleles determine the genotype of an individual and, consequently, their phenotype, which encompasses all observable characteristics. An individual receives one allele from each parent, resulting in a unique combination that contributes to their individual traits.
Connective tissue that encloses a bundle of muscle fibers is called
Answer:
Perimysium.
Explanation:
Perimysium: It is known as the sheath of connective tissues which helping in to group muscle fibers into bundles. They are helping delicate cells in protection, and support. It is also playing an important role in transmitting lateral contractile movements in skeletal muscles.
Each muscle compartments carries a bundle of muscle fibers, and this each bundle of muscle fibers is known as fasciculus. Muscle fibers is surrounded with the help of the connective tissues known as endomysium. Bundle of muscle fibers are surrounded with the help of connective tissues known as perimysium.
The connective tissue that encloses a bundle of muscle fibers is called perimysium.
Explanation:The connective tissue that encloses a bundle of muscle fibers is called perimysium. It is a dense and irregular connective tissue that surrounds a group of muscle fibers, forming a bundle known as a fascicle. The perimysium provides support and protection to the muscle fibers, as well as helps transmit the force generated by the muscle contraction.
Learn more about Muscle anatomy here:https://brainly.com/question/35954940
#SPJ6
Jed was hospitalized for a hip surgery. He is eight years old, and is now exhibiting confusion about the time of day or day of week. He is unable to focus on anything. These symptoms started while he was in the hospital. What is a likely diagnosis?
Answer:
The correct answer is delirium.
Explanation:
An unexpected variation in the brain, which leads to emotional disruption and mental confusion is known as delirium. It makes an individual difficult to remember, sleep, think, to pay attention, and several other consequences. One might experience delirium post-surgery, at the time of alcohol withdrawal, or with dementia.
However, the condition is generally impermanent and can be cured efficiently. Delirium influences the emotions, mind, sleep patterns, and control of muscles. One may find it tough to concentrate or feel confused regarding his or her locations. One may also move gradually or briskly than generally, and may even encounter with mood swings.
Thus, it can be concluded that in the given case of 8 year Jed, who had undergone surgery is not able to concentrate on anything and is feeling confused due to a condition known as delirium.
Francis Crick hypothesized that the Genetic Code must require 3 nucleotides in the mRNA to specify each amino acid based on a simple calculation. What was the logic behind this calculation?
Answer: The answer is - Based on the number of known amino acids and the number of known nucleotide bases
Explanation:
According to Francis Crick's calculation, three (3) nucleotides encode an amino acid. Proteins are built from a basic set of 20 amino acids, however there are only four (4) bases. Calculations therfore show that to encode at least twenty (20) amino acids a minimum of three (3) bases is required. Genetic experiments have shown that an amino acid is in fact encoded by a group of three (3) bases or codon.
Entropy A) is the total energy in a system. B) tends to decrease the total energy in the universe. C) when multiplied times the absolute temperature, is the useable energy in a system. D) is related to the disorder or randomness of a system. E) is free energy.
Answer:
Option (D)
Explanation:
The entropy is usually defined as the measure of the total thermal energy of a system per unit temperature. This amount of energy is used in performing valuable work. In simple words, it can be said that entropy is related to the disorder or degree of randomness of a particular system. This entropy concept gives proper information regarding the direction along which natural change occurs and is frequently observed in many present-day events.
Thus, the correct answer is option (D).
In C3 plants the conservation of water promotes _____.
a.photosynthesis
b.a shift to C4 photosynthesis
c.the opening of stomata
d.photorespiration
e.the light reactions
Answer:
The correct answer is d. photorespiration
Explanation:
In the C3 plant, the Rubisco enzyme is important that fix CO2 into organic molecule by binding with CO2. Rubisco can also bind to oxygen when the oxygen concentration increases in cells which leads to the loss of fixed CO2 and waste of energy which is called photorespiration.
So when stomata are open CO2 comes in and O2 goes out of the cell which maintains the high CO2 concentration in the cell but during hot days C3 plants close stomata to prevent water loss.
So closing of stomata decrease the intake of CO2 and increase the oxygen concentration inside the cell. So in increased temperature and high oxygen concentration, the rubisco enzymes bind to O2 and promote photorespiration.
In C3 plants, the conservation of water leads to photorespiration because in conditions where plants close their stomata to save water, CO2 cannot be utilized effectively, and plants begin to fix oxygen instead, initiating photorespiration.
Explanation:In C3 plants, the conservation of water promotes photorespiration. This is because during periods of drought or high temperatures, plants close their stomata to conserve water. However, when the stomata are closed to save water, CO2 levels within the leaf drop, and O2 levels rise. As a result, the enzyme Rubisco begins to fix O2 instead of CO2, initiating photorespiration instead of the normal photosynthesis process. Moreover, plants have developed adaptations to conserve water; for example, desert plants like cacti can fix CO2 at night when temperatures are lower, reducing water loss through transpiration. Overall, conserving water is critical in harsh environments to help the plants survive extreme conditions.
A young female is unconscious after intentionally ingesting a large amount of aspirin. You will MOST likely find her respirations:
a. slow and deep.
b. deep and rapid.
c. slow and shallow.
d. rapid and shallow.
Answer:
Deep and rapid.
Explanation:
Respiration may be defined as the process of exchange of gases between the atmosphere, alveoli and body tissue. Two important process of respiration are inspiration and expiration.
Aspirin drug may also effect the rate of respiration in the individual. The breathing rate get increased after taking the excess dose of aspirin. The increase in the breathing rate results in the rapid and deep breathing of the individual.
Thus, the correct answer is option (b).
When a young female ingests a large amount of aspirin and becomes unconscious, the most likely finding in terms of respirations is rapid and shallow.
Explanation:When a young female is unconscious after intentionally ingesting a large amount of aspirin, the most likely finding in terms of respirations is rapid and shallow. Aspirin overdose can lead to respiratory alkalosis, causing the breathing rate to increase and become shallow due to the stimulation of the respiratory center in the brainstem. It is important to seek immediate medical help in such situations.
Learn more about aspirin overdose here:https://brainly.com/question/32567958
#SPJ5
What are two ways the cells of multicellular organisms enable the organism to maintain homeostasis
Answer:
The correct answer is - organisms become specialized for individual tasks and communicate with each other.
Explanation:
The cells of a multicellular organism in order to maintain homeostasis which is a balance of various factors in an individual organism that helps in health. The cells of multicellular organisms help as they become specialized for particular functions.
These cells communicate with each other to regulating the homeostasis. Cells of the multicellular organism function as the team however they are interdependent.
Thus, the correct answer is- organisms become specialized for individual tasks and communicate with each other.
The cells of multicellular organisms maintain homeostasis through communication and specialization.
Explanation:The cells of multicellular organisms enable the organism to maintain homeostasis in two main ways: through communication and specialization.
Communication: Cells send signals to each other to coordinate and regulate body functions. For example, endocrine cells release hormones into the bloodstream that communicate with target cells throughout the body.Specialization: Cells in multicellular organisms differentiate and specialize to perform specific functions. This division of labor allows for efficient and coordinated maintenance of homeostasis. For instance, muscle cells contract to generate movement, while nerve cells transmit electrical signals for communication.Learn more about homeostasis here:https://brainly.com/question/31789146
#SPJ6
What unit of light stimulates photoreceptor cells in the retina?
Answer:
Photons
Explanation:
The retina is a thin layer (membrane) in the eye that receives light through photoreceptor cells that convert this light into chemical and nervous signals transported to the brain's visual center.
The photoreceptors in the retina are known as rods and cones. Rods detect motion and sare responsible for black and white vision, they are present in the macula. Cones on the other and, are responsible for central and color vision. These photoreceptors absorb photons that trigger the membrane's potential of the cells.
I hope you find this information useful and interesting! Good luck!
A photon, which is a unit of light with properties of both a particle and a wave, stimulates the photoreceptor cells in the retina. These cells, rods, and cones, contain pigments that change in response to light, triggering visual perception.
Explanation:The unit of light that stimulates the photoreceptor cells in the retina is called a photon. A photon is a packet of energy that acts as both a particle and a wave. In the retina, photoreceptors such as rods and cones contain photosensitive pigments that undergo chemical changes when exposed to light. The two types of photoreceptor cells, rods and cones, perform different functions. Rods are responsible for vision in low-light conditions and do not mediate color vision, while cones are less sensitive but responsible for color vision and function well in brighter light. Each photoreceptor cell contains a pigment, and when exposed to light, the pigment undergoes a conformational change that ultimately leads to a change in the cell's membrane potential. This change in potential triggers a cascade of events that result in the perception of light.
Alisa is studying the way in which men and women select partners to marry. She notes that across 37 cultures, one study found that women prefer men who have all the following qualities EXCEPT beingSelect one:
a. attractive.
b. career oriented.
c. good earners.
d. fond of children.
Answer:
The correct answer will be option-A
Explanation:
The practice of marriage is practised in every culture which is associated with the union of the boy and a girl to which they are committed to spending a life-long relationship.
The studies on the preferences shown by the woman who has to get married have to look for the boys who are career-oriented which could provide a good earning to feed them and their family and fond of children to establish a family which will help develop the stronger relationship between them.
The girls ignored the attractiveness feature of their spouses as in a long term relationship attractiveness does not matter because of the feeling of love and strong bond between them.
Thus, option-A is the correct answer.
A major part of an ecosystem was washed away by a flood. Only two male deer and two female deer survived from the original population of 50 deer. The four deer mate and produce offspring. Over time, the population of deer grows. Which prediction is most likely for the future generations of deer?
Answer:
To regenerate the original population
Explanation:
If the four mates survive to climate conditions, their offspring also survive to environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity, food, shelter, etc. so by passing a long long time, the original population can be regenerated and give a balance again in that ecosystem with the others species that live over there. So the food web is not going to change.
Hope this info is useful.
Answer:
its B
Explanation:
i got it right on edmentum
Sympatric speciation
I. is common in animals but rare in plants.
II. initially involves a physical geographic separation of individuals from a single population into two separate populations.
III. can result in the formation of a new species within a few generations.
Answer:
The correct answer is III. can result in the formation of a new species within a few generations.
Explanation:
When a population from a species who live in the same habitat isolate reproductively and form new species then this process is known as sympatric speciation. This speciation mainly results from the generation of polyploidy condition.
In polyploidy condition the chromosome numbers in the individuals become double. This condition most commonly occurs in plants. Then these polyploid plants can not reproduce with other diploid plants but can fertilize itself so it create a reproductive isolation with other members and produce new species. So in sympatric speciation formation of new species occurs within a few generations.
Most of the cells examined during interval A have half as much DNA as those measured in interval C. Therefore, most of the cells at interval B must have been in:
a) G1 phase.
b) G0 phase.
c) M phase.
d) G2 phase.
e) S phase.
Answer:
e) S phase
Explanation:
The cell cycle is divided into various phases. These are in accordance with their order:
1.[tex]G_{1}[/tex] phase
In this phase, the cell grows in size and doubles its organelles. This phase is in fact a preparatory phase for cell division.
2.S phase
In this phase, the cell doubles its nuclear material (DNA). As cell divides into 2 daughter cells in mitosis, therefore it is necessary for cell to double its genetic material (DNA) which takes place in S phase. This genetic material is equally distributed among the daughter cells.
3.[tex]G_{2}[/tex] phase
In this phase, the cell further increases its store of proteins and organelles and prepares for the next phase i.e. M phase in which cell divides.
4.M phase
It consists of 2 processes i.e. mitosis and cytokinesis. In mitosis, the cell divides its genetic material (DNA) and in cytokinesis, the cell divides its cytoplasm resulting in 2 daughter cells.
[tex]G_{0}[/tex] phase
This is an inactive stage of cell cycle. In this stage cell does not divide further but remains quiescent. It performs its normal function in this phase. This phase is not a feature of all cells. Some cells like neurons (nerve cells) enter Go phase and remain there permanently whereas epithelial cells (cells lining body surfaces) do not enter Go phase and continuously divide. Cells enter Go phase after going through [tex]G_{1}[/tex] phase.
Back to the question,
If interval A contains half as much DNA as interval C then it implies that interval A is [tex]G_{1}[/tex] phase as in this phase of cell cycle, cell increases its size, and organelles but does not double its DNA content. It is further understood that interval C is [tex]G_{2}[/tex] phase as it contains double the DNA amount as in interval A. It can be understood that B interval is S phase, as in S phase cell doubles its DNA content and this phase occurs in between [tex]G_{1}[/tex] and [tex]G_{2}[/tex] phases.
The correct answer is (e) S phase.
The cell cycle consists of several phases: G1 (first gap), S (synthesis), G2 (second gap), and M (mitosis). During the S phase, DNA replication occurs, resulting in cells having twice as much DNA as they had in G1.
Given that cells in interval A have half as much DNA as those in interval C, we can infer the following:
- Cells in interval C must have completed DNA replication and are therefore in either G2 or M phase, where they have double the DNA content compared to G1.
- Cells in interval A, having half the DNA content of those in interval C, are likely in G1 phase, where they have not yet replicated their DNA.
Now, considering interval B, which is between intervals A and C, the cells in interval B must be in the process of moving from the G1 phase (with a single set of DNA) to the G2 or M phase (with a double set of DNA). The only phase in which DNA content is increasing from the G1 level to the G2 level is the S phase.
Therefore, most of the cells at interval B must have been in the S phase, where DNA synthesis is occurring, and the DNA content is increasing from the amount present in G1 to that present in G2/M. This is consistent with the observation that the DNA content in interval B is between that of interval A (G1 phase) and interval C (G2 or M phase).
To summarize:
- Interval A: G1 phase (single DNA content)
- Interval B: S phase (DNA content increasing)
- Interval C: G2 or M phase (double DNA content)
Hence, the correct answer is e. S phase.
Why is the concentration of calcium so high in the sarcoplasmic reticulum during rest?
Explanation:
The sarcoplasmic reticulum is a system found within muscle cells and involved in the storage of intracellular calcium, this function is crucial for the cells because calcium is used to trigger the muscle contraction through excitation and depolarization of the cell, shifting the membrane potential.
Since the presence of too much calcium in the cells leads to calcification (hardening of structures), the sarcoplasmic reticulum is also an important way to control the calcium ion levels in the cell absorbing it from the cell to go back to rest.
I hope you find this information useful and interesting! Good luck!
Rna primers must be present on which strand during dna synthesis?
Answer:Both on the leading strand and on each okazaki fragments of the lagging strand.
Explanation:
A primer is a short single-stranded RNA nucleotide that initiate DNA synthesis at the replication fork. Because DNA polymerase can not initiate replication on it own short strand of RNA primer synthesized by an enzyme RNA primase is needed to initiate DNA polynucleotide synthesis.
RNA primer is present on both leading and lagging strand.
RNA primer of about 10 nucleotides long are present on the leading strand and on each okazaki fragments on the lagging strand to initiate replication. The RNA primer is removed and replaced by DNA nucleotides by DNA polymerase.