Collective action theories explain group behavior in achieving common goals. We have defined three types - tragedy of the commons, free riding, and the prisoner's dilemma, with practical examples for each. The disturbance theory, which prompts action in response to external events, has also been explained with an example.
Explanation:Collective action theories explain how individuals group together to achieve a common goal. Here, we tackle three main types of collective action issues: tragedy of the commons, free riding, and the prisoner's dilemma.
The tragedy of the commons is seen when resources available to all get depleted. An example would be individuals using a shared refrigerator without replacing the food - to prevent this, rules on labeling and replacement can be established.
Free riding involves benefitting from a group activity without participating. For example, not helping to clean a shared living space but enjoying the cleanliness provided by others. The group members can compel the free riders to do their fair share.
The prisoner's dilemma highlights how strategic individual actions can lead to collective harm. For example, in negotiations between nations, if trust doesn't exist and cooperation is not enforced by a third party, all involved parties can get harmed.
There are also other theories like disturbance theory, which suggests external events mobilize collective action. Like reading Rachel Carson's Silent Spring stirred collective environmental action by increasing membership in environmental groups like Greenpeace.
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Collective action problems involve the tragedy of the commons, free riding, and the prisoner's dilemma. Solutions include restricting exploitation, monitoring and sanctions for free riding, and building trust and cooperation to overcome the prisoner's dilemma.
Explanation:Collective action problems involve group decisions in which individuals within the group would benefit from cooperating with other group members, but they each have incentives not to cooperate. The three main types of collective action problems are the tragedy of the commons, free riding, and the prisoner's dilemma. To overcome these problems, various theories and examples have been proposed.
The tragedy of the commons: This problem occurs when a resource available to all is depleted due to individual exploitation. To prevent this, an authority can restrict exploitation or the resource can be privatized. For example, a fishing community can establish rules and regulations to conserve the fish population.Free riding: This problem arises when individuals benefit from a group activity without participating in it. It can be avoided through monitoring, detecting free riders, and imposing sanctions. For instance, a group project in school can assign roles and responsibilities to hold individuals accountable.The prisoner's dilemma: In this situation, individuals act strategically in ways that harm themselves and make it challenging to get allies to work together. Overcoming this dilemma requires trust and cooperation. An example could be two competing businesses agreeing to set fair prices to avoid an unproductive price war.Learn more about Collective action problems here:https://brainly.com/question/34789726
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Pessimists often do well because... none of these answers are correct they tend to invest their money rather than save it they overprepare, make back-up plans, take care of details, and check their work over and over again they don't even try things they know that can't accomplish successfully
A. who are gatsby's parents and what is he leaving when he leaves home at 16?
What percentage of older adults are active in political campaigns?
Since the first mental age tests were administered in 1904, there have been several versions of intelligence tests. The most widely used test today is the Wechsler Intelligence Scale. Why did David Wechsler design the Wechsler Intelligence Scale?
Answer:
He didn't feel that the other tests adequately measured intelligence levels in adults.
or A
Explanation:
Final answer:
David Wechsler designed the Wechsler Intelligence Scale to address the limitations of the Stanford-Binet test by assessing a broad range of intellectual abilities, rather than relying heavily on verbal skills and a single score to represent intelligence.
Explanation:
Why David Wechsler Designed the Wechsler Intelligence Scale
Psychologist David Wechsler designed the Wechsler Intelligence Scale to provide a more comprehensive measure of intelligence than previous tests. Critical of the heavy reliance on verbal ability and the concept of a single IQ score found in the Stanford-Binet test, Wechsler sought to create a superior method that captured the full spectrum of intellectual abilities. His test assessed a wide range of skills including memory, computation, language understanding, reasoning, and information processing speed. Wechsler's concept of intelligence included the global capacity to act purposefully, think rationally, and deal effectively with one's environment, a multifaceted view that departed from the idea of general intelligence proposed by Spearman. The Wechsler tests, such as the WAIS-IV and the WISC-V, are now the most widely used intelligence tests and are periodically normed and standardized.
Important to note, Wechsler's tests have undergone revisions to ensure that they remain relevant and accurate. This process includes comparing the results with same-age peers across the country, maintaining a high standard of reliability and validity. The Flynn effect, an observed rise in IQ scores with each generation, highlights the necessity for such ongoing recalibrations.
Carole seems to be incredibly healthy; she is able to resist illness no matter how much stress she is under. she tends to fully involve herself in whatever she is doing, she believes that change is normal and that she has control over the course of her life. psychologists would say that carole has
Carole has high psychological hardiness.
Amber considers herself outgoing, upbeat, and talented. she also defines herself as an american, a biologist, and a musician. the first three descriptors represent her _____, and the last three represent her _______.
The correct answers are personal identity and social identity.
Personal identity is defined as the concept by which how a person develops one’s self or evolves over the course of one’s life whereas social identity is how one’s identity is being shaped with factors such as group, class, or family.
According to the philosophy of idealism, which subjects are especially important in stimulating thinking and promoting identification with the cultural heritage? why are these subjects useful?
Final answer:
History, Philosophy, and the Arts are central to the philosophy of idealism for stimulating thought and promoting cultural heritage because they deepen understanding of one's roots, engage in critical thinking, and appreciate human creativity and experience.
Explanation:
According to the philosophy of idealism, subjects that are considered especially important in stimulating thinking and promoting identification with cultural heritage include History, Philosophy, and the Arts. These subjects are crucial because they help individuals understand where they come from historically, enlightening them about their ancestors' beliefs, values, ideas, ideals, and even abilities, which have been shaped by culture. History allows students to learn about their roots, traditions, and the evolution of their society. Philosophy engages students in critical thinking, stimulating speculation, and providing a deeper understanding of the human condition and ethical principles. Lastly, the Arts foster creativity and emotional expression, encouraging students to appreciate beauty and the depth of human experience. These subjects together enrich students' intellectual imagination and contribute to a greater sense of identity and belonging within their cultural heritage.
Which of these can lead to one group bearing the blame for others?
Answer:
Cultural absolutism
Explanation:
According to frederick herzberg, a(n) ____ factor is a basic necessity, such as air-conditioning during hot weather.
Final answer:
A hygiene factor, according to Frederick Herzberg, is a fundamental requirement such as air-conditioning during hot weather that works to prevent job dissatisfaction.
Explanation:
According to Frederick Herzberg, a hygiene factor is a basic necessity, such as air-conditioning during hot weather. Herzberg's two-factor theory distinguishes between hygiene factors (also known as maintenance factors), which are necessary to prevent dissatisfaction, and motivators, which are needed for satisfaction. Hygiene factors include aspects like working conditions, salary, company policies, and interpersonal relations. On the other hand, motivators are related to the nature of the work itself and include factors such as achievement, recognition, and personal growth. The absence of hygiene factors can cause discomfort or dissatisfaction, but their presence does not necessarily result in high motivation or employee satisfaction.
Evan picks his nose at home when alone (apparently an empty nose functions as a reinforcer), but not in the presence of his friends. what behavioral procedure likely explains why evan only picks his nose in private.
What is the Greek Goddess of flowers and spring??
Final answer:
The Greek Goddess of flowers and spring is Chloris, known to the Romans as Flora. Associated with blossoming plants and springtime, she was celebrated during the Floralia festival with games and flower decorations.
Explanation:
The Greek Goddess of flowers and spring is Chloris, who was later equated with the Roman Goddess Flora. In mythology, Chloris is associated with spring and the blossoming of plants. According to Ovid's Fasti, Chloris was a nymph who became the wife of Zephyrus, the west wind, and was then transformed into Flora.
She was given dominion over flowers and the season of spring. Celebrations like Floralia were held in her honor, filled with floral decorations and games. Interestingly, while Chloris/Flora is specifically celebrated as the goddess of flowers, other goddesses such as Demeter and Persephone are also associated with the themes of life and rebirth in spring, given their roles in the cycle of the seasons.
Behaviorists such as john
b. watson would have been least likely to attribute a child's behavior to:
In the self-regulated learning model (the cycle of self-regulated learning, winne and hadwin model), what stage follows the stage of analyzing the learning task?
a. gather resources
b. question the importance of the task
c. set goals and devise plans
d. analyze the audience
Edwin happens upon a crime in progress but does nothing to assist the victims or even summon the police. later, he says he was afraid for his personal safety. this type of explanation, which may help explain the inaction of witnesses in the case of kitty genovese, is best described by the principle of _________
Final answer:
The explanation for why Edwin did not intervene in a crime he witnessed is exemplified by the principle of bystander effect. This social psychological principle states that the presence of others can lead to a diffusion of responsibility, resulting in inaction during emergencies.
Explanation:
The principle that best describes Edwin's explanation for his inaction during a crime is known as the bystander effect. The bystander effect is a social psychological phenomenon where individuals are less likely to offer help to a victim when other people are present. This is often due to diffusion of responsibility, where each bystander believes someone else will intervene, thus spreading the responsibility across all witnesses. In the infamous case of Kitty Genovese, witnesses may have feared for their own safety and also may have been unsure of the gravity of the situation as they were influenced by the apparent inaction of others. The benefits of helping include potentially saving a life or stopping a crime, while the risks involve personal harm or misinterpreting the situation. The high-profile case of Kitty Genovese’s murder led to extensive research and the development of this concept within social psychology.
When eva recieves a d on her math test she tells herself " things could be worse, ill have three more tests before report cards come out". eva is using ]?
The correct answer is mastery oriented attributions. This is defined as the attributions of an individual in regards of the believe that they have in some of the control over the factors that is related or associated to learning by which Eva shows above.
The primary theoretical perspective used to explain the fact that victims and offenders who are intimately known to each other are disproportionately represented in homicide statistics is the ___
Sarah is trying to learn how to relax. one approach she might try is a deep breathing exercise reported in your textbook. to apply this technique, sarah needs to _____.
For the past month lawrence seems to have lost interest in most of his normal activities. he feels irritable, and he has had difficulty sleeping. he also finds that he has difficulty making decisions. lawrence's symptoms are most consistent with those seen in
The gradually increasing levels of harmful obedience in the milgram's social psychology experiments best illustrates one of the potential dangers of
Dogs trapped in a harness and given repeated electric shocks they could not avoid later failed to escape shocks when unharnessed and free to escape. these dogs displayed: problem-focused coping. learned helplessness. an internal locus of control. a type b personality.
According to freud, what does the ego unconsciously use to avoid recognizing uncomfortable ideas or emotions?
Match these items. Match the items in the left column to the items in the right column.
1. antitrust laws
2. barter
3. consumer
4. entrepreneur
5. fiscal policy
6. interest
7. labor
A. human resource that is used to produce goods and provide services
B. person who organizes other productive resources to make goods and services
C. price of money borrowed or saved
D. rules that prevent the creation and behavior of monopolies
E. person whose economic wants are satisfied by using goods and services
F. to exchange goods and services without the use of money
G. decisions to change spending or tax levels by the federal government
A suspected benefit of a literacy background that includes poetry experience is
A classic example of a large social policy with feedback effects is _____.
According to texas regulations, who must demonstrate knowledge of foodborne illness prevention?
Expressions of __________ may be explicit, but more commonly they're expressed nonverbally: by facial nonverbal cues such as sneering, eye rolling, and a condescending or mocking tone of voice.
Expressions of disdain may be explicit but more commonly they're expressed nonverbally
Which expression may be explicitThe most appropriate word to fill in the blank is disdain.
Disdain is a feeling of contempt or scorn for someone or something considered inferior or unworthy.
It is often expressed nonverbally through facial expressions such as sneering, eye rolling, and a condescending or mocking tone of voice.
These nonverbal cues convey a sense of superiority, dismissiveness, and a lack of respect for the person or thing being disdained.
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Whenever they have recess, marin ignores the other kids in his class. he would rather play with toys by himself. researchers would say that marin is low on the ________ aspect of temperament?
Marin is likely low on the sociability aspect of temperament, preferring solitary play over social interactions with peers, which is consistent with an inhibited temperament as described by psychologists studying these early emotional and behavioral patterns.
Marin, who prefers to play with toys by himself during recess, could be described as low on the sociability aspect of temperament. Sociability refers to how much individuals seek or enjoy interaction with others. Psychologists like Jerome Kagan have noted that temperament includes these stable behavioral and emotional reactions that appear early in life.
Chess and Thomas's New York Longitudinal Study identified various dimensions of temperament, such as approach/withdrawal, and categorized children into different types based on behaviors like sociability. Moreover, Kagan found that children exhibit inhibited or uninhibited temperaments, which relate to how they react to new experiences and environments. The inhibited child, like Marin, seems to display behavior consistent with avoiding social interactions and preferring solitary play.
George is a mail carrier for the post office. while george enjoys his job and recognizes that he is making an important difference to people's lives, delivering their mail to them, he is bored with his job and wishes that he has more opportunities to learn new things and then use what he learned. george would be happier if he had more ________ in his job.
a.task significance
b.feedback
c.skill variety
d.autonomy
The use of objects that can be traded for food, candy, treats, or special privileges, with the purpose of reinforcing behavior, is called ________. participant modeling technique contingency contract group extinction procedure token economy
George gershwin left high school at the age of fifteen to