The correct answer is C. Understand the behavior of entire biological systems by studying interactions among its component parts.
Explanation:
Systems biology refer to a field of study that aims at understanding complex biological systems or network of biological factors and organizations using a holistic approach, which means systems are analyzed according to its components from different perspectives. Due to this, systems biology is widely used to understand the way biological system work and the ways these are affected if one of their component parts changes. According to this, the statement that shows the purpose of systems biology is "Understand the behavior of entire biological systems by studying interactions among its component parts".
Systems biology is a field that aims to understand the behavior of entire biological systems by studying the interactions among its components, integrating a variety of biological data for a more comprehensive understanding.
Explanation:Systems biology is an interdisciplinary field that focuses on understanding the behavior of entire biological systems through the study of interactions among its component parts, rather than studying components individually. Therefore, the best answer to your question would be:
c. understand the behaviour of entire biological systems by studying interactions among its component parts.This approach integrates a wide range of biological data, including genomic, proteomic, and metabolomic, to develop a more comprehensive understanding of complex biological processes and systems.
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A normal cell in an adult woman has?
a. one functional X chromosome
b. two functional X chromosome
c. one functional Y chromosome
d. one X chromosome and one Y chromosome
e. three or more X chromosomes
Answer:
The correct answer will be option-A.
Explanation:
The females carry two X-chromosomes in their cells but one of these X-chromosome gets permanently inactivated during embryonic development.
The X-inactivation is known as lyonization which ensures that only one functional X-chromosome should be present like in males. This process is a random process and therefore a female can have both the functional X-chromosomes and males can also have a functional X-chromosome.
Thus, option-A is the correct answer.
Why does allopatric speciation occur more often in animals than sympatric speciation?
Answer:
Allopatric speciation happens when populations become isolated and the gene flow between populations stops. Is difficult for a population of animals to stop gene flow among the individuals of a population that lives in the same area because animals are dynamic and can actively look for male/females to reproduce.
Do the food crops we eat today look identical to the way they used to look and naturally grow? Why or why not?
a. Yes, because we haven't changed anything about our food crops
b. No, because GMOs have changed how all plants look and grow
c. No, because we select for certain traits that are favorable in food
d. Yes because whenever we genetically alter something, it can mutate back to the way it was before
Answer:
b. No, because GMOs have changed how all plants look and grow
Explanation:
A transgenic plant is a plant in which its genome has been modified by genetic engineering, to introduce one or several new genes, or to modify the function of a gene that is already inside the plant. As a consequence of this modification, the gene is transmitted to the offspring as a normal plant gene
The process of a transgenic plant has two important stages: transformation, which is when the gene is inserted into the genome of a plant cell that we want to change; and regeneration, which is when we already obtain a different plant from the transformed plant cell
The genes used help in obtaining new substances, changing the shape and time of plant development and also giving them the way to defend themselves against the elements that attack or damage normal plants. It is assumed that the transgenic plants were created to solve the problems that producers face due to pests, sudden climatic changes, lack of nutrients in the fields, diseases, etc., now with the transgenic at hand, we obtain better quality products, resistant or tolerant to all these factors that stalk them and even giving them greater performance.
Final answer:
Correct option is c. No, because we select for certain traits that are favorable in food. The food crops we eat today differ vastly from their wild ancestors due to thousands of years of human-led selective breeding and genetic modification, including both traditional breeding techniques and modern GMO technologies, to produce crops with desirable traits.
Explanation:
The food crops we eat today do not look identical to how they naturally grew in the wild due to human intervention through selective breeding and genetic modification. This process began thousands of years ago and involves selecting plants with desirable traits to breed, leading to significant changes in their genetic makeup over generations. This has resulted in the wide variety of crop species we have today that are better suited to human consumption, including changes in size, taste, and nutritional content. An example is maize, which was developed from a wild plant called teosinte in Southern Mexico through selective breeding, fundamentally altering its genetic instructions and appearance.
While GMOs (Genetically Modified Organisms) represent a more modern aspect of genetic manipulation, involving the direct editing of a plant's DNA to achieve desired traits such as disease resistance or increased yield, the history of crop modification is much older. Both traditional breeding and genetic engineering have played crucial roles in the development of the crops we consume, enhancing food security and reducing the environmental impact of agriculture. Therefore, the correct answer to the question is 'No, because we select for certain traits that are favorable in food'.
Why are the lungs highly vascularized? Where does oxygenation of the blood take place?
The lungs are highly vascularized to facilitate efficient gas exchange between the respiratory system and the circulatory system and Oxygenation of the blood takes place in the pulmonary capillaries.
The extensive network of blood vessels in the lungs ensures that a large surface area of the lungs is in close contact with the blood. This allows for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli (tiny air sacs in the lungs) and the bloodstream.
Oxygenation of the blood takes place in the pulmonary capillaries, which are the smallest blood vessels in the lungs. As blood flows through the pulmonary capillaries, oxygen from the inhaled air diffuses across the thin walls of the alveoli and into the bloodstream. At the same time, carbon dioxide, a waste product of cellular metabolism, diffuses from the blood into the alveoli to be exhaled.
The highly vascularized nature of the lungs ensures that a continuous supply of deoxygenated blood from the heart reaches the pulmonary capillaries, where it is oxygenated. The oxygen-rich blood is then transported back to the heart to be pumped to the rest of the body, supplying oxygen to the tissues and organs.
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Shaun and Sara are studying the states of matter together in science class. Their teacher asks them to list the states of matter and determine in which state the particles move freely. Which statement is correct?
A. There are two states of matter, and particles move freely in the liquids states.
B. There are three states of matter, and particles move freely in the gaseous state.
C. There are four states of matter, and particles move freely in their solid state.
D. There are five states of matter, and particles move freely in both their solid and gaseous states.
Answer:
The B statement is correct. There are three states of matter, and particles move freely in the gaseous state.
Explanation:
State of matter can be described as the different forms in which matter can subsist. Mainly, there are three forms of matter i.e solid, liquid and gases.
Solids are the state of matter in which particles are tightly packed. Due to being tightly packed, the particles in a solid cannot move hence solids have definite shape and volume.
If a solid is heated above it's melting point, it turns into a liquid. The particles in a liquid are not as closely packed as in solids. hence, shape of liquids is not definite.
Gases can be described as state of matter in which particles are free to move. Gases do not have a definite shape or volume.
Answer:
Explanation:
B
Answer the questions that follow for each stage of the cell cycle (G1, S, G2, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase). If necessary, use an arrow to indicate a change that occurs during a particular cell cycle stage (for example, 1→ 2 or yes → no). a. How many chromatids comprise each chromosome during this stage? b. Is the nucleolus present? c. Is the mitotic spindle organized? d. Is the nuclear membrane present?
Answer: the answer is based on 46 chromosomes assuming humans.
G1.
Chromatids: 46 chromosomes/ 46 chromatid.
Nucleolus: yes. only disappears during mitosis( RNA synthesis is crucial for making proteins all the time)
Mitotic spindle: no. only appears during mitosis.
Nuclear membrane: yes. only disappears during mitosis.
S. DNA replication occurs.
Chromatids: 46 chromosome/ 92 chromatids
Nucleolus: yes
Mitotic spindle: no
Nuclear membrane: yes
G2
Chromatids: 46 chromosome/ 92 chromatids
Nucleolus: yes
Mitotic spindle: no
Nuclear membrane: yes
Prophase:
Chromatids: 46 chromosome/ 92 chromatids
Nucleolus: will disintegrate at the beginning of the phase.
Mitotic spindle: starts to arrange at the beginning of the phase.
Nuclear membrane: starts dissolving at the beginning of the phase.
metaphase, (chromosomes appear in the middle)
Chromatids: 46 chromosome/ 92 chromatids
Nucleolus: no
Mitotic spindle: arranges chromosomes in the middle.
Nuclear membrane: no
anaphase, sister chromatids split and move to either poles of the cell
Chromatids: 92 chromosome / 92 chromatids)
Nucleolus: no
Mitotic spindle: starts to disassemble during early telophase.
Nuclear membrane: no
telophase at the end of telophase when the cytoplasm finally splits
Chromatids: 46 chromosome / 46 chromatids per cell
Nucleolus: yes
Mitotic spindle: starts to disassemble during early telophase.
Nuclear membrane: will start to form at the end of telophase.
Remember that is a continuous process it has been named in 4 phases by humans to study it.
Antibiotics can be used to treat some viral infections.
a. True
b. False
Answer: False
Explanation:
Antibiotics cannot be used for the treatment of viral infections. Antibiotics can be used to treat bacterial infections only.
Antibiotics cannot be used to treat viral infections as it will not kill virus. Common illness that is caused by the bacteria like urinary tract infection, pneumonia, can be treated by antibiotics.
Antibiotics act by interfering the replication, transcription and translational machinery which could be either enzymes or complexes used during the processes. Since, viruses do not carry out these processes therefore antibiotics do not work on viral infections.
Hence, the given statement is false.
Which of the following statements correctly describes any chemical reaction that has reached equilibrium?
a. the concentration of products and reactants are equal.
b. The reaction is now irreversible.
c. Both forward and reverse reactions have halted.
d. The rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal.
Answer:
Option (d).
Explanation:
Equilibrium may be defined as the state of the equality on both the sides of the reaction. Different types of equilibrium are physical equilibrium, chemical equilibrium and dynamic equilibrium.
Chemical equilibrium may be defined as the equilibrium in which the reactants and products concentration remains constant with time. The rate of the backward reaction is equal to the rate of forward reaction.
Thus, the correct answer is option (d).
The statement that correctly describes a chemical reaction at equilibrium is that the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal. This means that the reactions are still taking place, but there is no net change in the concentrations of the reactants or products. The equilibrium does not imply that the concentrations of reactants and products are equal, or that the reaction is irreversible.
Explanation:The statement that correctly describes any chemical reaction that has reached equilibrium is: 'The rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal. When a chemical reaction is at equilibrium, it does not mean that the concentrations of the products and reactants are equal (Option A), or that the forward and reverse reactions have halted (Option C). Instead, the forward and reverse reactions continue to take place, but at equal rates, meaning there is no net change in the amounts of the reactants or products. Lastly, reaching equilibrium does not make a reaction irreversible (Option B). A reaction at equilibrium can be disturbed, and the system can shift to either make more reactants or products in response.
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How many membranes does the mitochondria have?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
Answer:
b. 2
Explanation:
The mitochondria has 2 membranes namely the outer membrane and the inner membrane , which are separated by an inter membrane space. The outer membrane is selectively permeable to ions and molecules and also holds the whole mitochondria structure .in contrast ,the inner membrane is less permeable and it is where electron transport occurs , between protein complexes found within the structure.
Below are steps performed to make an E. coli bacteria that can make human insulin protein for the health care market. List these steps in their proper order.
a. Use heat shock or electroporation to get the recombinant human insulin gene to go into a living E. coli cell.
b. Grow the E. coli in fermentation culture, extract and sell Humulin.
c. Modify the human gene and give it a promoter that will be turned on in E. coli cells.
d. Extract the DNA from a human who does not have diabetes
e. Isolate and clone (make copies of) the gene encoding the insulin protein
Answer:
The following are the steps for making the human insulin protein for the health care market:
1. Obtain the DNA from a human being who does not have diabetes.
2. Modify the human gene, and provide it a promoter, which will get turn on when placed within the E.coli cell.
3. Separate and make copies of the gene encrypting the insulin protein.
4. Application of electroporation or heat shock method in order to administer the human insulin gene within the living E.coli cell.
5. Development and growth of E.coli in the fermentation culture, and then extract and sell the humulin in the market.
What is the primary function of the light reactions of photosynthesis?
A) to produce energy-rich glucose from carbon dioxide and water
B) to produce ATP and NADPH
C) to produce NADPH used in respiration
D) to convert light energy to the chemical energy of PGAL
E) to use ATP to make glucose
Answer:
The correct answer will be option-B.
Explanation:
Photosynthesis occurs in two stages: light-dependent and light-independent reaction. The light-dependent reaction is the reaction which takes place in the sunlight and converts light energy to chemical energy.
The reaction stores chemical energy in the form of energy equivalents mainly ATP through chemiosmosis and NADPH. These molecules are used in the second phase of the photosynthesis that is light-independent reactions where glucose is synthesized.
Thus, Option-B is the correct answer.
Option B is the correct answer. The primary function of light reaction in photosynthesis to produce ATP and NADPH.
Photosynthesis:
The light reaction form Energy rich molecules like NADPH and ATP using Light energy.These molecules used in the Calvin Cycle to produce Glucose.From above discussion we can say that Option A, C, D and E can be eliminated.
Hence we can say that the primary function of light reaction in photosynthesis to produce ATP and NADPH.
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he wings of birds and butterflies have the same function—they enable the organisms to fly. Which statement can be made about the evolutionary relationship between these organisms?
Birds and butterflies are very anatomically different, so even if their wings perform the same function, they probably evolved separately. This is called convergent evolution. The bat would be another example that fits in this category in regards to flying.
In a comparison of birds and mammals, the condition of having four limbs is
a. a shared ancestral character.
b. a shared derived character.
c. a character useful for distinguishing birds from mammals.
d. an example of analogy rather than homology
Answer: a. A shared ancestral character.
Explanation:
A shared ancestral character is the character or feature that two lineages of same or distinct species have in common derived from a common ancester. The four limbs in birds and mammals is the example of this.
Having four limbs is a shared ancestral character among birds and mammals, inherited from a common ancestor. It represents homology, not analogy—meaning it's due to shared ancestry, not independent evolution.
Explanation:In a comparison of birds and mammals, the condition of having four limbs is a shared ancestral character. This character trait originated from a common ancestor and has been passed down to the executive lineages. This trait does not differentiate birds from mammals, as both groups possess it. It also represents homology rather than analogy, as it originated from shared ancestry and not independent evolution.
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The production of urine in the nephron begins at the (i) _____________, which is (ii) _______________.
a. (i) glomerulus, (ii) a network of capillaries
b. (i) Loop of Henle, (ii) a U-shaped tube
c. (i) proximal convulated tubule, (ii) a tube draining the glomerulus
d. (i) distal convulated tubule, (ii) a tube entering the collecting duct
Answer:
a. (i) glomerulus, (ii) a network of capillaries
Explanation:
A pair of the kidney is the main excretory organ in humans. Each kidney made millions of tiny units called nephrons.
Each nephron has a glomerulus. It is tuft (network) of capillaries surrounded by a cuplike structure called Bowman’s capsule.
The network of blood capillaries consists of afferent and efferent arterioles. As blood flows through the glomerulus, the fluid from the capillaries gets filtered by podocytes, a specialised layer of cells, called filtration membrane. This glomerular filtration begins the urine formation process.
A short piece of DNA or RNA onto which DNA polymerase begins to add nucleotides
a. Leading strand
b. Okazaki fragment
c. primer
d. clamp-loading complex
Answer:
Primer
Explanation:
DNA polymerase can't start adding nucleotides without having something to "hold on" to. This is why it needs a small fragment of DNA or RNA that binds the DNA template where it needs to be copied. Without this primer, DNA polymerase doesn't work.
Answer:
c. primer
Explanation:
DNA polymerases are enzymes that carry out DNA replication. This enzyme cannot initiate the synthesis of the new chain, therefore, a short fragment of RNA that is called a primer must be created and must be matched to the chain that will be used as a template. Thus, the DNA polymerase enzyme begins to add nucleotides from the first one extending the 3 'end of the existing chain.
A claim put forth by some purveyors of health foods is that vitamins obtained from natural sources are more healthful than those obtained by chemical synthesis. For example, pure L‑ascorbic acid (vitamin C) extracted from rose hips is thought to be healthier than pure L‑ascorbic acid manufactured in a chemical plant. Are the vitamins from the two sources different? Can the body distinguish a vitamin's source?
Answer:
No, the vitamins from the two sources are not different.
No, the body cannot distinguish a vitamin's source.
Explanation:
Pure L-ascorbic acid extracted from rose hips is identical in every way to pure L-ascorbic acid synthesized in a plant.
The only difference that might distinguish the two is the presence of impurities such as byproducts or solvents used in the process of extraction or synthesis. However, "pure" implies that no such impurities are present.
No, the vitamins from two different sources are not different.
Body cannot distinguish a vitamin source.
Synthetic vitamins contain a much higher dose of nutrients than found in a normal food serving. Synthetic vitamins are consumed through dietary supplements and fortified foods.Other than this there is no such difference between the two.What are the vitamins?Vitamins are substances that bodies need to develop and function normally. They include vitamins A, C, D, E, and K and the B vitamins that are thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, and folate/folic acid.Vitamin B and C are water soluble others are fat soluble.To know more about vitamins here
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Which stage of Cell respiration produces CO2:
a. Glycolysis
b. Fermentation
c. Citric Acid cycle
d. Electron transport chain
Answer:
The correct answer will be option-C.
Explanation:
Cellular respiration is a slow process which oxidises the food to release energy in the form of ATP. The process proceeds in 4 stages: glycolysis, link reaction, Citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain.
The citric acid cycle produces energy molecules ATP and reducing equivalents -NADH, and FADH₂ by the oxidizing the acetyl-CoA and releases CO₂.
Thus, Option-C is the correct answer.
Answer: C : Citric acid Cycle
Explanation: Cell respiration or Cellular respiration is term by which food energy is converted into the usable energy source Adenosin triphosphate ( ATP ). Cell respiration is a set of metabolic reactions , processess and pathways.
Citric acid cycle is set of reactions by which maximum amount of CO2 is released. In Citric acid cycle acetyl CoA undergoes releactions in presence of necessary enzymes by which CO2 is released .
Which action could produce a carbonyl group?
a. the replacement of the —OH of a carboxyl group with hydrogen
b. the addition of a thiol to a hydroxyl
c. the addition of a hydroxyl to a phosphate
d. the replacement of the nitrogen of an amine with oxygen
Answer:
a. the replacement of the —OH of a carboxyl group with hydrogen
Explanation:
By reduction methods a compound with a carboxylic acid group can be reduced. By adding H2 to said carboxylic group, some catalyst will be needed to allow this reaction to progress (in some cases metal palladium is usually used as a catalyst)
Before replacing the OH group, it is usually reacted to form an acyl chloride, which, when it is reduced with H2 and the catalyst is transformed into an acyl chloride and then rapidly reduced to form the carbonyl group and therefore the aldehyde
Replacing the -OH of a carboxyl group with hydrogen will produce a carbonyl group. Carbonyl groups consist of a carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom.
Explanation:The correct action that could produce a carbonyl group is the replacement of the —OH of a carboxyl group with hydrogen. The carbonyl group consists of a carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom. When the —OH of a carboxyl group is replaced with a hydrogen, the remaining carbon-oxygen double bond forms a carbonyl group, represented by the formula —C=O. An important aspect to remember is that carbonyl groups are common in aldehydes and ketones.
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Explain how the ozone layer forms? And the consequences of the destruction of the ozon layer.
Answer:
Explanation:
The atmospheric oxygen first combines with UV light of the sun and splits to form single atoms of oxygen.
- These single atom oxygen combines with atmospheric oxygen to form O3 molecules i.e. Ozone
O2 + UV -> O + O
O2 +O -> O3 (Ozone)
Overall reaction: 3O2 ---sunlight-----> 2O3
This forms a thin layer around earth's surface and protects the earth from harmful radiations from the sun.
Consequence of destruction of ozone layer-
Ozone layer is rapidly being depleted by the presence of pollutants in the atmosphere.
As a result there will be less protection from the harmful UV light of the sun.
UVB causes diseases like skin cancer and development of malignant meloma. In addition, UVB has been associated to the formation of cataracts, a clouding of the eye’s lens.
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Doubt clarification - use comment section.
Cyclic electron flow in the chloroplast produces
A) ATP
B) NADPH.
C) glucose
D) A and B.
E) A, B, and C
Final answer:
Cyclic electron flow in the chloroplast produces ATP by utilizing a created proton gradient, and it does not directly produce NADPH or glucose.
Explanation:
Cyclic electron flow in the chloroplast is involved in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. During this process, electrons are transferred in a cycle within the chloroplast and this flow is used to create a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane. This proton gradient is then utilized by the ATP synthase enzyme to produce ATP. Cyclic electron flow does not produce NADPH or glucose directly; NADPH is typically produced in the non-cyclic flow where electrons eventually reduce NADP+ to NADPH. Glucose is synthesized during the light-independent reactions, also known as the Calvin cycle, which uses ATP and NADPH produced by the light-dependent reactions.
This process occurs during the light reactions of photosynthesis. Cyclic electron flow generates ATP by creating a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane. It also produces NADPH, which is used in the Calvin cycle to convert carbon dioxide into glucose.
Which of the following statements does not highlight a difference in eukaryotic and prokaryotic translation?
a. the first methionine in eukaryotic translation contains a formyl group
b. in eukaryotes, mRNA is made in the nucleus but translated in the cytoplasm
c. prokaryotes often couple transcription and translation, forming a polysome
d. eukaryotic mRNA does not have Shine-Dalgarno sequence, but prokaryotic mRNA does
e. many eukaryotic proteins are chemically modified after translation, which is a much rarer phenomenon in prokaryotes
Answer:
The correct answer is a and e.
Explanation:
Translation is the process by which mRNA is translated into proteins. It occurs in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In prokaryotes, transcription and translation occur simultaneously while in eukaryotes translation is a separate process occurs in the cytoplasm after transcription.
The first amino acid incorporated in the polypeptide is methionine in eukaryotes and formyl methionine in prokaryotes. After protein synthesis in both eukaryotes in prokaryotes, post-translational takes place like glycosylation, acetylation, alkylation, etc.
Post translation is important for proteins to provide them heterogeneity and functional activity. Thus, the correct answer is a. the first methionine in eukaryotic translation contains a formyl group and e. many eukaryotic proteins are chemically modified after translation, which is a much rarer phenomenon in prokaryotes.
Gene conversion of Neurospora requires recombination and which of the following events?
a. reversion
b. suppression
c. photoreactivation
d. heteroduplex formation
e. inversion
Answer: d. heteroduplex formation
Explanation:
A heteroduplex is a double stranded molecule of the nucleic acid that is originated by the recombination of the only single complementary strand that can be derived from different sources, that is from the different homologous chromosomes or can develop from different organisms.
Thus hetroduplex formation is the gene conversion event that requires recombination.
Answer:
d
Explanation:A heteroduplex is a double-stranded (duplex) molecule of nucleic acid originated through the genetic recombination of single complementary strands derived from different sources, such as from different homologous chromosomes or even from different organisms.
What are the major diseases affecting this circulatory system? Are any related to lifestyle or behavioral causes? Can anything be done to minimize the risk of these diseases?
Answer:
Some of the major circulatory system disease are given below
1) High blood pressure
2) Atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease
3) Heart attack
4) Heart failure
5) strokes
6) Peripheral artery disease
Explanation:
Some of the major circulatory system disease are given below
1) High blood pressure
2) Atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease
3) Heart attack
4) Heart failure
5) strokes
6) Peripheral artery disease
disease which caused due to lifestyle and behavioral are
1) Atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease
2) High blood pressure
3 Heart attack
4) Heart failure
5) stroke
some key point to remember to diminished the chances of circulatory disease are
1) try to avoid overweight.
2) Don’t smoke.
3) Exercise daily for minimum 30 minutes per day.
4) Maintain a healthy diet consist of low-fat, low-cholesterol and more fruits, green vegetables.
5 ) Limit salt & alcohol
Assuming no involvement of the Bombay phenotype: a. If e girl has blood type O, whet could be the genotypes and corresponding phenotypes of her parents? b. If e girl has blood type B end her mother has blood type A, what genotype(s) and corresponding phenotype(s) could the other parent have? c. If a girl has blood type Aa and her mother is also AB, what ere the genotype(s) end corresponding phenotype(s) of any male who could not be her father?
Answer:
a) OO/OO (phenotype O) ; OA (ph A)/OB (ph B) ; OO(phO)/ OA(ph A); OO(ph O)/OB (ph B).
b) OB (ph B) or BB (phB) or AB (ph AB).
c) OO(ph O)
Explanation:
a) Blood type 0 is recessive. This girls genotype is OO.
Then, parents need to have at least one allele O each in their genotype. Possibilities genotypes and phenotypes (ph): OO/OO (phenotype O) ; OA (ph A)/OB (ph B) ; OO(phO)/ OA(ph A); OO(ph O)/OB (ph B).
b) Blood type B is co-dominant with A. If the girl is B, it means her genotype can be OB or BB.
But we are told that the mother has blood type A. Also co-dominant. This means the girls genotype cannot be BB.
If the girl is OB, it means she got the O allele from her mother.
The other parent then has to be responsible for the B allele. This means the father could have been OB (ph B) or BB (phB) or AB (ph AB).
c) If the girl is AB (I assume misspelling) and her mother ALSO is AB, then the father cannot be OO(phO). Because he has to give the allele A or B to the girl.
Any other genotype is possible.
Energy can be carried by______ but matter cannot
Final answer:
Energy, such as light or heat, can be transferred through electromagnetic radiation, which includes visible light and other forms of energy like radio waves, without carrying matter.
Explanation:
Energy can be carried by electromagnetic radiation, but matter cannot. Unlike matter, energy can be transferred without transferring mass and can travel through a vacuum without any medium. For instance, light, which is a form of electromagnetic radiation, has no mass, always carries energy, and can move through empty space, enabling it to transport energy over vast distances. This is demonstrated by light's ability to pass through transparent materials, such as glass, without requiring physical matter to be moved. The unique nature of energy allows it to affect and rearrange matter, transfer as heat, or perform work, without being tangible in the way that matter—with its atoms and mass—is.
Explain how mutations in the photoreceptor genes result in different vision defects.
Answer:
The human eye is the prime organ of the body, which associates with the photons of light and allows one to see various things. The unique cells found in retina, which does activity of seeing are cones and rods cells. Rods help to see in dim light vision, while on the other hand, cone cells are unique in recognizing different colors.
These cells comprise photoreceptor proteins that help in trapping photons at particular wavelength. Mutation in the gene encrypting for these proteins results in permanent or temporary vision issues. The extremity of defects relies upon the degree to which mutation takes place.
The mutation in rod cells photoreceptor proteins leads to night blindness and retinitis pigmentosa. Retinitis pigmentosa refers to an inherited disorder that takes place because of early loss of rod cell, which destructs retina. On the other hand, night blindness does not mean complete blindness night, however, inadequate tendency to see in low light.
Identically, the mutation in the cone cell also results in vision issues, known as red color blindness and tritanopia. Tritanopia refers to a kind of color blindness, which originates because of insensitivity of blue receiving protein gene towards blue light. On the other hand, red color blindness refers to insensitivity of red receiving cone cells in captivating long-wavelength photons.
Which of the following is important for gel electrophoresis to work?
a. negatively charged nucleic acids to migrate through the gel
b. ethidium bromide to provide a means to visualize the DNA in the gel
c. Agarose or polyacrylamide to separate the DNA based on size
d. known molecular weight standards
e. all of the above are important for gel electrophoresis
Answer:
e. all of the above are important for gel electrophoresis
Explanation:
Gel electrophoresis is the process of separating nucleic acids like DNA on the basis of their molecular size.
DNA is negatively charged due to its phosphate component so it is loaded at the negative pole( cathode ) and it migrates to the positive pole ( anode ). The fragments separate on the basis of their size. Smaller fragments run faster while heavier ones run slower. Hence, it is also important to load a molecular weight standard so that we can find out the size of the sample bands by matching them with the standard bands size.
Ethidium bromide is a dye commonly used to visualize DNA bands. It is mixed with electrophoresis gel making solution. It intercalates within DNA and fluoresces when exposed to UV light so that the DNA bands are visible. Hence, all of these things are important for gel electrophoresis to work.
Studying the same group of individuals from age 2 to age 40 is an example of which of the following research methods?
a. Cross-Sectional
b. Longitudinal
c. Archival
d. None Of The Above
Answer:
a. Cross sectional
Explanation:
Longitudinal research is a method in with data is recollected repeatedly over a period of time from the same subjects. Archival method is gathering information from archival records. Cross-sectional studies analyze data from a population at a specific period of time, this population can be integrated by people with different characteristics (in this case, age) but with another characteristics in common, for example, ethnicity, gender, etc)
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If you mixed the mRNA of a human gene with the genomic DNA for the same gene and allowed the RNA and DNA to form a hybrid, what would you be likely to see in the electron microscope? Your figure should include hybridization involving both DNA strands (template and RNA-Iike) as well as the mRNA.
Answer:
Explanation:
A gene in the DNA has both exons and introns. Exons are the coding sequences that will remain in the mature mRNA, and introns are non-coding sequences that are spliced out and are not a part of the mature mRNA.
If you hybridize genomic DNA with a mature mRNA, in a microscope you'll probably see something like the figure I'm attaching. In A you can see a schematic diagram of the mRNA-DNA hybrid; the loops are single stranded DNA containing introns, that are not present in the mRNA and therefore remain unpaired.
In figure B you can see a real image of a mRNA-DNA hybrid and its interpertation below.
The hybridization involving both DNA strands would look like a perfect pairing, because both DNA strands contain complementary sequences of exons and introns.
By mixing the mRNA of a human gene with the genomic DNA for the same gene and allowing them to hybridize, you would likely see the formation of hybrid RNA-DNA molecules under the electron microscope. The hybridization would occur specifically between the mRNA molecule and the template or antisense strand of the genomic DNA. The non-template or sense strand does not hybridize with the mRNA.
Explanation:If you mixed the mRNA of a human gene with the genomic DNA for the same gene and allowed the RNA and DNA to form a hybrid, you would likely see a formation of hybrid RNA-DNA molecules under the electron microscope. This is due to the fact that the mRNA and the template strand (antisense strand) of the genomic DNA are fully complementary.
In the process of transcription, a strand of mRNA is synthesized that is complementary to the gene of interest within the genomic DNA. This complementary nature makes it possible for the mRNA and DNA to hybridize and form a complex under suitable conditions. A gene on the DNA molecule is transcribed into a complementary mRNA molecule, forming a transcription bubble that is visible under the electron microscope.
When you consider both strands of the genomic DNA, the hybridization would occur between the mRNA molecule and the template strand of the genomic DNA. The non-template strand or RNA-like strand which is identical to the mRNA, with the exception of thymine (T) in DNA being replaced by uracil (U) in RNA, does not hybridize with the mRNA. The hydrogen bond formation between the two strands can be observed under an electron microscope.
Learn more about DNA-RNA Hybridization here:https://brainly.com/question/7336659
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Explain the function of receptors and their location(s) in the cell.
Answer:
Function: Cell signalling; Location: Cell membranes
Explanation:
Receptors are usually trans-membrane proteins located on cell membranes. Their extracellular part transmits chemical signals from outside the cell into the intracellular where a response is induced.