The chemical hemostatic agent that should be available for a femoral-popliteal bypass is:
A. heparinized saline
B. warfarin.
C. gelatin sponge.
D. propylene oxide.

Answer:

The answer to the question: There are neurotransmitters that can be both excitatory and inhibitory. Explain how this is possible, would be, Yes, there are some neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine and dopamine, who have both an excitatory and inhibitory effect in other neurons and in cells, and this happens because of the type of receptors they bind to, and the type of cell where they bind.

Explanation:

Neurotransmitters are the messengers, or communication system that the nervous system in general has with itself and with other systems. There are several types of these, and some work both as neurotransmitters and as hormones as well. How they act, where they act, and what kind of response they elicit, depends entirely on the receptors to which they bind, when they are released by a pre-synaptic neuron. Most neurotransmitters are either excitatory, or inhibitory, and some are known as neuromodulators. However, there are two types known today that work as both excitatory and inhibitory: dopamine and acetylcholine. How can either of these act as each of these? Depends on the receptors present on the post-synaptic neuron, or cell, and depends on the type of cell as well. As soon as these two bind to their appropriate receptors, in a specific kind of cell, they will produce the specific response from the cell, either starting an action potential, ir inhibiting it from happening.

Answer:

The orbit is the socket or cavity of the skull in which the eye and its appendages are located. This bony socket is made up of 7 different bones. The seven bones are as follows-

Frontal bone : the bone located in front of the skull in that forms eye socket.

Zygomatic bone : it is cheekbone which articulates with the maxilla, sphenoid bone, and frontal bone.

Maxillary bone : The 2 maxillary bones are joined together at the intermaxillary suture, creating the anterior nasal spine.

Sphenoid bone : is an unpaired bone of the neurocranium.

Ethmoid bone : is a bone in the skull that distinguishes the nasal cavity and the brain. It is situated at the roof of the nasal cavity.

Palatine bone : These are 2 irregular bones of the nasal cavity.  

Lacrimal bone: a small bone forming part of the eye socket.

Answer:

C. Fluid Retention

Explanation:

Pioglitazone belongs to the family of Thiazolidinediones, they act as ligands of the PPARgamma receptor, a pair of nuclear hormone receptors that participate in the regulation of genes related to the metabolism of glucose and lipids. They are used for patients with DM2, specially those with renal disease, since they do not metabolize in the kidney. Among their therapeutical effects they increase secretion of adiponectine, lower liver fat and redistributes it to the subcutaneal layer of the skin. Their side effects include:

-Hepatotoxicity with increased liver enzymes

- Increase risk of long-term fractures

-Weight gain, due to fluid retention with edema. The edema is formed by intracellular effects by the stimulation of Na + pumps which stimulates the hydrosaline retention.

Answer:

There have been great nursing theorists and nursing theories throughout history, and all of them, have played a major role in developing the profession. However, there is one in particular that had a very big impact, as it led the nursing profession to view patients, not as simple organisms with an ailment that needed to be treated, and where nurses played a very small part, but rather, transformed the vision into a whole, something much bigger, and suddenly, the role of the nurse jumped into the forefront. This theory, is Callista Roy´s Adaptation Model.

The Adaptation Model of Roy, takes a human being, or a group of beings, as a system of adaptation, a whole that is influenced by several factors, and his/her, or their, response to a stimuli, which affects the whole, creates a response from all the factors within the person, or group. In some cases, the responses are adaptative, but in others, the balance is damaged. Roy was one of the first nursing theorists to realize that the human being was composed of interconnected factors: physical-physiological, the self-concept, the role function and the interdependence. She also saw that all systems receive stimulus, and these stimuli will activate one, two, or several of the modes. This generates a response. And because people are always looking to adapt to their environment, they will produce responses to achieve this goal. However, these responses may sometimes be inefficient, inadequate, or simply wrong.

In all aspects of nursing, this theory plays a role because it leads the nurse to realize her own job is not simply to deal with a physical-physiological aspect of care; she is also in charge of organizing the resources and tools that will be needed to reinforce, ensure, or correct, adaptive, or maladaptive, behaviors in patients and their social groups. It also leads students to understand patients in a different way, and see that the work of a nurse is vital to re-establish balance in an adaptive system through nursing care plans and programs that seek to return balance to not just one, but all the interconnected modes.

Answer:

A sensory modality that adapts quickly is touch and smell, whereas pain adapts slowly or not at all.

Sensory modality is the specific type of sensation like touch and smell, it used in detection of a change in the environment. As, sensory modality is the property where one sensation is distinguished from another and individual sensory modality represented the sensation of specific type of stimulus.

Pain adapts slowly or not at all because of the lack of adaptation which is important to survival.

Pacinian corpuscles are rapidly adapting receptors that respond to changes in pressure and vibration, while Merkel cells are slowly adapting receptors that continue to respond to constant light touch stimuli.

A sensory modality that adapts quickly is the Pacinian corpuscle, which is specialized for detecting transient pressure and high-frequency vibration. On the other hand, a sensory modality that adapts slowly, if at all, is the Merkel cell, which is involved in sensing light touch and is found in the fingertips and lips.

The adaptation rate of sensory receptors is crucial for determining their response to stimuli. Rapidly adapting receptors like Pacinian corpuscles quickly respond to changes in stimulus, such as the start or stop of pressure, making them adept at detecting movement and vibration. Conversely, slowly adapting receptors like Merkel cells continue to respond to a constant stimulus, providing detailed information about the shape and pressure applied to the skin.

☛ Colostrum is different from true milk because it contains less lactose and virtually no FAT, hence answer b is correct.

✎ In a nutshell, human colostrum (in other words - first milk) is a lactiferous gland produced liquid which contains proteins, lactose, anitbodies, iron, sodium, and other components - but a little amount of fat. Colostrum is only produced for a few days after the delivery and is then replaced with true milk.

A.

So the correct answer is option b. fat.

The first milk is a dark lemon-colored liquid that is secreted by the breast in the first few days of life. Compared to mature milk, mature milk is richer in minerals and protein, but with less sugar and fat. Antibodies can be detected in the first milk. Immunoglobulin A can protect newborns from intestinal pathogens.

The first milk is more than the first milk a baby eats after giving birth. High levels of nutrients and antibodies to fight infections and protect your baby. It provides a powerful and unique immunity that only it can provide.

It develops during pregnancy and lasts for several days after birth. The first milk may be the yellow and viscous, or clear and runny nose. The baby needs a small amount of food, and the mother's first milk is perfect in composition and quantity.

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Answer:

The correct option is d. All of the above contribute to the pinal gland being called the body's timekeeper.

Explanation:

The pineal gland is a reddish-grey pine-cone shape gland present in the brain. It is responsible for the production of melatonin. The melatonin is a hormone which controls the body's sleep cycle and the circadian rhythm.

The melatonin production is stimulated by darkness. Therefore, the melatonin levels are low during the days and increases at night. This helps in regulating the body's sleep cycle and the circadian rhythm.

Thus, the pineal gland is referred to as the body's timekeeper.

The pineal gland is called the body's 'timekeeper' due to its role in regulating melatonin levels based on light levels, thereby controlling the body's internal clock and sleep cycle.

The pineal gland is often referred to as the body's 'timekeeper' due to its role in regulating various biological processes related to time. This small, pinecone-shaped gland is primarily responsible for the production of the hormone melatonin. Melatonin levels typically increase during the night and decrease during the day, which in turn regulates our internal clock and sleep cycle.

The pineal gland adjusts its output of melatonin using information about the changing light levels in the environment. Therefore, all the options given - (a), (b), and (c) - contribute to why the pineal gland is called the body's 'timekeeper'.

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Answer:

The urate crystal has white nodules known as tophi. The precipitation of urate causes renal failure.

Explanation:

Gout may be defined as a condition of inflammatory arthritis due to the deposition of excess uric acid in the blood. Pain, swelling and tenderness are the common symptoms of gout.

Tophi are the white nodules of urate crystal that may get deposit under subcutaneous tissue due to the excess formation of uric acid in gout disease. Severe gout condition may also causes renal failure due to the precipitation of urate in the kidney in an individual.

Thus, the white nodules is tophi. Urate precipitation in kidney causes renal failure.

Answer:

The best answer to the question: Which of the following findings indicates a therapeutic effect of the medication? would be: A: Absence of hand tremors.

Explanation:

Cyanocobalamin, also known as vitamin B-12, is vital for the correct functioning and formation of the central nervous system, and the correct functioning of all the nerves in the human body. Absence of it due to a disease like pernicious anemia, or infection by bacteria, or other parasites, as well as lack of intake from dietary customs, will lead to malformation, malfunctioning, and damage of the nervous system since this vitaming is central to formation of myelin, and other substances. In order to correct the lack of normal levels of B-12, people receive this medication, which is most commonly used as subcutaneous, or intramuscular injections, and one of the therapeutic effects it will have, and which will be visible, will be the absence, or diminishing of hand, and other body part tremors, as well as the feeling of numbness, or tickling, in body extremeties. So A, would be the best choice.

Final answer:

A hematocrit of 45% indicates that cyanocobalamin injections are effectively treating vitamin B12 deficiency by restoring normal red blood cell levels, which is a therapeutic effect of the medication.

Explanation:

Cyanocobalamin is a synthetic form of vitamin B12 used to treat or prevent deficiencies and related medical conditions, such as pernicious anemia. When assessing a client who receives monthly injections of cyanocobalamin, the nurse should look for signs that indicate effective treatment of B12 deficiency. Among the answer choices provided, hematocrit 45% reflects a normal range and indicates that the medication is having a therapeutic effect by restoring normal red blood cell volume and thus treating the anemia commonly associated with vitamin B12 deficiency.

Answer:

The correct answer is immunoglobulin E (IgE).

Explanation:

Immunoglobulin E are the antibodies that produced by the immune system in response of allergens.  These antibodies travels to cells that cause allergic reaction by releasing chemicals. Allergic response generally takes place in nose, chest ear and skin and other.

IgE can be specific for one type of allergen or more than one type of allergens based on the individual immune response and different type of antibodies they produce.

Thus, the correct answer is immunoglobulin E.

Answer:

B. False

Explanation:

Nitric oxide is not a powerful vasoconstrictor, it is a vasodilator. It acts on smooth muscle,  phosphorylation of the myosin light chain is reduced , and cytolic calcium and relaxation is decreased.

Answer and Explanation:

calcium is not required in the process of glycerinated method because glycerination process intrrupt the troponin- tropomyosin complex due to this interruption the bindings are exposed. So the glycerin makes the membrane suitable for the small molecules including ATP. Addition of ATP is highly required by the glycerinated muscle so that the myosin head actually binds the binding site so the ATP can easily available so we do not  need  the calcium for glycerinated muscle contraction

Calcium is not required in glycerinated muscle contraction because the process of glycerination removes most cellular components, including ions like calcium. Glycerinated muscles enable the study of muscle contraction in a controlled environment by bypassing the natural ionic regulation mechanisms, relying instead on the addition of ATP and other necessary ions.

The question "Why is calcium not required in the process of glycerinated muscle contraction?" touches on an important aspect of muscle physiology concerning glycerinated muscle fibers. Glycerinated muscle fibers are muscle cells that have been treated with glycerol, a process which extracts much of their cellular components, including many ions and soluble proteins, leaving behind the basic structures necessary for contraction, such as actin, myosin, and the regulatory proteins troponin and tropomyosin. In a normal living muscle, the contraction process is heavily dependent on calcium ions (Ca2+), which bind to troponin, leading to a series of events that result in muscle contraction.

However, in glycerinated muscles, the standard internal regulation and signaling mechanisms are disrupted due to the extraction process. This means that while the basic contractile machinery remains, the role of calcium in initiating contraction is bypassed. Instead of relying on internal calcium ions to trigger contraction, the process is directly initiated by the addition of ATP and other necessary ions in an experimental setup. This allows researchers to study muscle contraction in a simplified and controlled environment, where the complexity of ionic regulation can be minimized or specifically controlled.

Answer:

   The motor cortex is the pre central gyrus of the cerebral cortex and the sensory cortex is the post central gyrus.

As, the pre motor cortex appears in the selection of motor plans for the voluntary movements, on the other hand the primary motor cortex is in the execution of these voluntary movements. Pre motor cortex neurons signal are used for the preparation for the movement.

The motor cortex, situated in the precentral gyrus of the cerebral cortex, is responsible for movement control. The sensory cortex, located in the postcentral gyrus of the cerebral cortex, is responsible for processing and perceiving various sensory information.

The motor cortex is the precentral gyrus of the cerebral cortex. It is responsible for planning and executing movements. Walter Penfield, a neurosurgeon mapped the motor cortex's functional regions by electrically stimulating the cerebral cortex. He verified that different areas of the precentral gyrus were associated with various muscle movements.

The sensory cortex, on the other hand, is the postcentral gyrus of the cerebral cortex, playing a crucial role in processing sensory information. It includes areas that process somatosensory, visual, auditory, and gustatory senses. The sensory cortex allows us to consciously perceive these different sensory modalities.

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Answer:

The answer is C zygote

Explanation:

The zygote is the first cell that is formed after fertilization of the sperm to the ovule, which will subsequently give rise to the fetus.

In fertilization of Egg, a single cell known as Zygote is created.

Explanation:

The process called fertilization happens during the combination of Sperm and an egg which is also called as an oocyte.  

This will result in the generation of a single new cell which is known as Zygote. This zygote has the generic material that is essential for the formation of Human.

The generic material are obtained half from the male and half from the female. A zygote is a diploid cell, formed as a result of fertilization of haploid gametes that are from male and female lines.

Answer:

Immune modulators are the chemical agent that alters the immune system by stimulation or inhibition of the white blood cell activity.

Explanation:

A chemical agent that alters the immune response known as immune modulators. Immune modulators can stimulate or inhibit white cell activity or immune response, It is generally suggested in the poor immune systems because of disease like AIDS or rheumatoid arthritis.

The immune-suppressants use in the case of organ transplant to inhibit the white cell activity because it is a chemical agent that inhibits the white cell activity or immune response.

Thus, the immune suppressants are the agent that only inhibit the immune response whereas the immune modulator can stimulate or inhibit the immune response.

Answer:

The answer is B: Primary bronchus, secondary bronchus, tertiary bronchus, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveoli.

The correct order of the parts of the bronchial tree is: Primary bronchus, Secondary bronchus, Tertiary bronchus, Respiratory bronchioles, Terminal bronchioles, Alveoli.

The correct order of the parts of the bronchial tree from largest to smallest in diameter is:

So, the correct choice is c) Primary bronchus, Secondary bronchus, Tertiary bronchus, Respiratory bronchioles, Terminal bronchioles, Alveoli.

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Answer:

The glands that are associated with the hair follicle are the glandulas cebaseas, which secrete a waxy liquid that keeps the hair lubricated.

They do not enter the classification of endocrines or exocrines since these are other types of glands that have functions of a purely hormonal type in the body.

Answer:

The finding that suggests to the nurse that the lesion is in the right cerebral hemisphere is the Left-sided facial droop

Explanation:

At the level of the spinal bulb there is a point that is known as the decussation of the pyramid, where 80% of the axons that come from the right side of the brain intersect to the left side, and those that come from the left side, intersect to the right side, so the movements of one side of the body are controlled by the opposite side of the brain.

Answer:

The best answer for the question: Which of the following positions is used during the immediate post-operative recovery of pediatric tonsillectomy, would be, B: lateral, with a slight head-down tilt.

Explanation:

Tonsillectomy, is the surgical procedure through which the tonsils, a lymphatic tissue, very important and central in responses of the immune system to invading infections through the nose and mouth, are removed from a child´s throat, given very specific indications. Because research has shown that there are more possible complications, than benefits to this procedure, it is now done only under very strict conditions and the post-operative nursing care is very strict. One thing the nurse must always be aware of, is the position in which the child is placed; it should be lateral, and with a slight head tilt, so that, if there is bleeding, or release of fluids, they may come out of the throat. Since bleeding is one of the most recurrent complications in post-operative time, this position is very important until the child regains full conciousness.

Answer:

A. frontal

Explanation:

it controls personality, decision making, and reasoning.

Answer:

C. Positive

Explanation:

Depolarization occurs when Na channels open, and the inward flow of Na ions increases the concentration of positive cations in the cells. At this moment the potential of the cell is higher than the cell's resting potential.

Answer:

(A). high plasma Na+.

Explanation:

Aldosterone is a steroid hormone, synthesized by adrenal gland.  It plays role in homeostatic regulation of sodium ions, potassium ions and blood pressure.

Aldosterone is responsible for increase reabsorption of sodium ions (Na⁺) and secretion of potassium ions (K⁺). Angiotensin II is a hormone that stimulates production of aldosterone

Low Na⁺ level, High plasma K⁺ level, angiotensin II, and high plasma H⁺ stimulates production of aldosterone from cortex of adrenal gland.

Thus, the correct answer is option (A).

Answer: b. secrete progesterone binding protein  

Explanation:

Sertoli cells regulate spermatogenesis and perform various functions in sperm production. Sertoli cells have the function of controlling the maturation and migration of germ cells; are involved in protein and steroid synthesis; phagocyte degenerating germ cells as well as residual cytoplasmic bodies left by adult spermatids in spermatogenesis; form the blood-testicular barrier. Sertoli cells secrete the antimüllerian hormone (antimüllerian hormone - AMH), a glycoprotein from the growth factor family, which suppresses the development of the Müller ducts, precursors of the female reproductive tract. Among the various substances produced by Sertoli cells, the protein binding to androgen-binding protein (ABP), the activin and inhibin.

Sertoli cells in the testes perform multiple functions related to sperm development and maturation, but they do not secrete progesterone binding protein.

Testicular Sertoli cells play a fundamental role in the development and maturation of sperm, a process known as spermatogenesis. They exhibit numerous functions, including the secretion of the Mullerian inhibiting factor which suppresses the development of female reproductive structures, the coordination of spermiogenesis (the final stage of spermatogenesis), supporting meiosis (the process that leads to the formation of sperm), and serving as the blood-testes barrier which prevents passage of certain substances between the bloodstream and testicular tissue.

However, the function that Sertoli cells do not undertake according to the options provided is b. secrete progesterone binding protein. Progesterone binding protein is involved in female reproductive physiology, but it is not a role carried out by the testicular Sertoli cells.

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Answer:

The correct answer is option D- oligodendrites and Schwann cells.

Explanation:

Neuroglia or glial cells are the cells in the nervous system which support, protect and maintain the neurons.  These neuroglia cells protect the neurons as they insulate the axons and dendrite by forming a sheath around the neurons called the 'myelin sheath".

Two different types of glial cells form this myelin sheath in CNS and PNS: Schwann cells in PNS while oligodendrocytes in CNS.  These myelin sheaths provide insulation as they are formed by the spiral wrapping of the plasma membrane which is made up of hydrophobic molecule.

Thus, option D- oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells are the correct answer.

d. oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells

Oligodendrocytes can be said to have a function similar to Schwann cells that can be found in the peripheral nervous system.

Neuroglia are the cells most commonly found in the nervous system. These cells do not play a direct role in information processing and transmission and function to support the needs of neuron cells.

Microglia are a type of glial cell that is part of the immune system for the central nervous system. Microglia are small cells that act as phagocytes, cleaning components that can threaten the nervous system.

Oligodendrocytes are cells that play a role in forming the myelin sheath for the central nervous system. These oligodendrocytes can be said to have a function similar to Schwann cells found in the peripheral nervous system.

Astrocytes

"Astrocytes" comes from two words "Astro" which means stars and "sit" which means cell. As the name implies, erythrocytes are glia cells that have a star-like shape. Astrocytes are the most numerous cells in the central nervous system. This cell has several important functions, namely:

There are two types of astrocytes

Ependymal Cell

Ependymal cells line the interior of the fluid-filled cavity in the CNS. Ependymal cells are cells that have cilia, the movement of these cilia play a role in flowing cerebrospinal fluid throughout the ventricles of the brain.

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Details

Class: College

Subject: Medicine

Keywords: neuron, neuroglia, cell

Answer:

Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD), also known as Peripheral Arterial Disease is defined as a dicrease in blood flow towards the limbs, especially lower limbs, due to an atherosclerotical event that hinders the normal passage of blood through the arteries to these regions.

There is one particular cause for this disease, and the most common of them, and it is the formation of fat plaques, known as atheromas, which adhere to the walls of the arteries, preventing correct blood flow. Although many times asymptomatic in its initial stages, it can develop into a very serious condition in patients.

Symptoms usually come in the form of pain in the affected region, especially during exercise, known as claudication, and which is releaved once the person lays down to rest. There are other symptoms like leg weakness, numbness in the region affected, tingling in the hip where the atheroma has settled, among others.

Usually this condition is treated with diet, exercise and some medication, but it can lead up to surgery, when the affection is too great.

Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) is a slow-progressing circulatory condition, categorized as a form of arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis. It's characterized by a buildup of plaque in the vessels, making it hard for arteries to oxygenate cells. The treatment options include lifestyle changes, medication, and procedures like angioplasty, stent insertion, or coronary bypass.

Peripheral Artery Disease, often referred to as PAD, is a circulatory condition where narrowed blood vessels reduce blood flow to the limbs. It's a form of Arteriosclerosis - a generalized loss of compliance or 'hardening of the arteries', and Atherosclerosis - a specific type of arteriosclerosis involving the build-up of plaque in the walls of the vessels.

The disease progresses slowly and could begin in children; visible as fatty 'streaks' in the vessels. Risk factors include smoking, family history, hypertension, obesity, diabetes, high alcohol consumption, lack of exercise, stress, and hyperlipidemia. The restriction of the vasa vasorum to the outer layers of arteries makes arterial diseases more common than venous diseases, as its location makes it more difficult to nourish the cells of the arteries and remove waste products.

Treatment options may include medication, changes to diet and exercise, angioplasty with a balloon catheter, insertion of a stent, and coronary bypass procedures. Untreated cases can eventually restrict the flow of blood to tissues and result in ischemia, leading to the cells receiving insufficient amounts of oxygen, resulting in hypoxia and potential tissue death.

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Answer:

The correct answer is option A- true.

Explanation:

Primary sensory afferentS are a part of the somatosensory neuron pathway which transmits the neurons from the stimulus to the CNS. These neurons are divided into three types: primary, secondary and tertiary afferent neurons.

The primary neurons are the neurons which transmit the stimulus generated impulse form the organ to dorsal root ganglion where they transmit the signals to the secondary neurons. These secondary neurons decussate at the midline medulla through medial lemniscus.

Since it is the secondary neurons which decussate at midline, therefore, the option A- true is the correct answer.

Answer:

The answer is A promote an increase in blood pressure

Explanation:

Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid hormone produced in the renal cortex and acts by retaining sodium and eliminating potassium which leads to an increase in blood pressure.

The submucosa is composed mostly of connective tissue, nerves, and vessels, which help to nourish surrounding tissues.

Hope this helps!

Answer:

The layers of the epidermis depending on the region of the skin will be composed of the following layers from the outermost to the innermost:

- cornea layer (outermost layer)

- translucent layer

- granular layer

- spiny layer

- basal layer (innermost layer, contains melanocytes)

Answer:

stratum corneum

stratum lucidum (only found in palms and soles)

stratum granulosum

stratum spinosum

stratum Basale

Explanation:

i like to remember it "Cornell graduates spin basil" because the first part of the word sounds like the fist part of the epidermal layer.  

Answer:

d. Both a and b are correct

Explanation:

Blood is pumped into aorta and pulmonary arteries vessels during ventricular systole.

Blood is pumped into which of these vessels during ventricular systole?

a. aorta

b. pulmonary arteries

c. pulmonary vein

d. Both a and b are correct