the complex ion NidppeCl2 can either have a tetrahedral geometry or a square planar geometry around the interior Ni2 ion. When tested, NidppeCl2 proved to be diamagnetic. Based on crystal field theory, what is the geometry around the central Ni ion

Answer:

0.345 mol

Explanation:

We can solve this problem by using the equation of state for an ideal gas, which is

[tex]pV=nRT[/tex]

where

p is the pressure of the gas

V is its volume

n is the number of moles

R is the gas constant

T is the absolute temperature of the gas

For the oxygen in this problem we have:

V = 10.0 L is the volume

p = 0.844 atm is the pressure

[tex]R=0.082 atm\cdot L/(mol \cdot K)[/tex] is the gas constant

[tex]T=25.0C+273=298 K[/tex] is the absolute temperature of the gas

Solving for n, we find the number of moles:

[tex]n=\frac{pV}{RT}=\frac{(0.844)(10.0)}{(0.082)(298)}=0.345 mol[/tex]

Answer : The required bond energy per mole for breaking all the bonds in methane is, 1656 kJ/mol

Explanation :

The given compound is, [tex]CH_4[/tex].

Methane compound breakdown into 4 C-H bonds.

Given:

[tex]B.E_{C-H}[/tex] = 414 kJ/mol

The expression will be:

[tex]\Delta H_{CH_4}=4\times (B.E_{C-H})[/tex]

[tex]\Delta H_{CH_4}=4\times (414kJ/mol)[/tex]

[tex]\Delta H_{CH_4}=1656kJ/mol[/tex]

Therefore, the required bond energy per mole for breaking all the bonds in methane is, 1656 kJ/mol

Answer:

Chlorine bleach is strongly basic. We actually make it by dissolving chlorine gas in a concentrated solution of sodium hydroxide, which forms sodium hypochlorite and sodium chloride, in the following equilibrium.

Explanation:

Answer:

20468J / mol

Explanation:

The dissolution in water of NaNO₃(s) is:

NaNO₃(s) →  Na⁺(aq) + NO₃⁻(aq)

Now, the equation of a calorimeter is:

Q = -C × ΔT

Where Q is heat, C is heat capacity (1071 J/°C) and ΔT is change in temperature (21.56°C - 25.00°C = -3.44°C)

Replacing:

Q = -1071 J/°C × -3.44°C

Q = 3684.24 J is change in enthalpy per 15.3g of sodium nitrate.

Moles of sodium nitrate are:

15.3g × (1mol / 85g) = 0.18 moles

Thus, enthalpy change per mole of sodium nitrate is:

3684.24J / 0.18mol = 20468J / mol

Answer:

ΔH = 20468 J/mol = 20.5 kJ/mol

Explanation:

Step 1 : Data given

Mass of sodium nitrate NaNO3 = 15.3 grams

The temperature fell from 25.00 °Celsius to 21.56 °Celsius

The heat capacity of the solution and the calorimeter is 1071 J/°C

Step 2: Calculate Q

Q = Cp * ΔT

⇒with Q = the heat transfer = TO BE DETERMINED

⇒with Cp = The heat capacity of the solution and the calorimeter is 1071 J/°C

⇒with ΔT = the change of temperature = 25.00 - 21.56 = 3.44 °C

Q= 1071 J/°C * 3.44 °C

Q = 3684.24 J

Step 3: Calculate moles NaNO3

Moles NaNO3 = mass / molar mass NaNO3

Moles NaNO3 = 15.3 grams / 84.99 g/mol

Moles NaNO3 = 0.180 moles

Step 4: Calculate the enthalpy change when 1 mol of sodium nitrate dissolves in water.

ΔH = Q / moles

ΔH = 3684.24 J/ 0.180 moles

ΔH = 20468 J/mol = 20.5 kJ/mol

Since the temperature decreases, this is an endothermic process.

For an endothermic process, the enthalpy change is positive.

Answer:

1.88 L

Explanation:

We can solve this problem by using Boyle's law, which states that:

"For a fixed mass of an ideal gas at constant temperature, the pressure of the gas is inversely proportional to its volume"

In formula:

[tex]pV=const.[/tex]

where

p is the gas pressure

V is the gas volume

We can write the formula as

[tex]p_1 V_1=p_2 V_2[/tex]

For the gas in this problem we have:

[tex]p_1=1.21 atm[/tex] is the initial pressure

[tex]V_1=1.04 L[/tex] is the initial volume

[tex]p_2=0.671 atm[/tex] is the final pressure

Therefore, the new volume is

[tex]V_2=\frac{p_1 V_1}{p_2}=\frac{(1.21)(1.04)}{0.671}=1.88 L[/tex]

Answer:

the compounds are:

Chlorine Trifluoride (CLF3)

Substance N (another way to call CLF3)

Azido Azide Azide (C2N14)

Explanation:

The instability of the C2N14 is beyond our handling capabilities. Minor tests of load and friction led to explosive decomposition.

This is the most explosive compound known, ironically two nitrogen atoms linked with a triple covalent bond is the most stable molecule, but in the case of Azido Azide Azide none of its 14 nitrogen atoms is linked by a triple bond, which makes it very unstable.

Substance N in 1930 was a new compound was discovered by Ruff and Krug in Germany. It was too volatile, so it was ignored, until a few years after it sparked interest in Nazi scientists. They named the compound substance n and it showed very particular properties:

· Boils at room temperature and produces toxic gas

· If the gas is ignited it burns at more than 2,400 degrees Celsius

· Explodes on contact with water

· If combined with coal it forms an explosive that detonates on contact with anything else

Seeing these properties and that substance n was so good at setting fire to things that were not flammable like glass or sand the Germans decided to use it.

It is a colorless gas or a highly reactive white solid with a sweet, suffocating odor. It is transported as a greenish-yellow liquid.

It is used in rocket boosters and in the processing of fuels for atomic reactors.

Answer:

Explanation:

solution is stated in the attached document

Answer:

Linear electron geometry.

Explanation:

There is classification of the geometrical shapes of the molecule or electrons according to the hybridization status of the central atom. If the central atom is 'sp hybridized' then the molecular geometry should be linear. All the other options are for sp2 and sp3 hybridization.

Translation: List at least 5 objects that were formerly made from another material and are now made from a polymer. Identify what polymer it is

Answer:

Five object now replaced with polymers

1) automobile body parts. (polypropylene, polyurethane and PVC)

2)TV cabinets. (polystyrene polymer)

3) composites for golf clubs. (carbon fibre reinforced polymer CFRP)

4) fibers for clothing and carpet. (acrylic and nylon)

5) foams for coffee cups (polystyrene)

Answer:

.71atm

Explanation:

Divide 540 by 760

Answer:

.7105263158 atm

Explanation:

540/760 = 27/38 atm = answer above

Divide the given amount by the conversion to get the converted number.

Answer:

The answer to your question is below

Explanation:

I will write the answers assigning numbers to each column

Isotope           Nuclear form         1       2       3        4      5

Boron-10              ¹⁰B                   5      10      5        5      5

Potassium-37      ³⁷K                   19     37      19      18     19

Boron-11                ¹¹B                   5      11       5       6      5

Silver-107            ¹⁰⁷Ag               47     107    47      60    47

Uranium-238     ²³⁸U                 92   238    92    146   92

Oxygen-17            ¹⁷O                  8      17       8        9       8

Silver-108           ¹⁰⁸Ag               47    108    47       61    47

Final answer:

Gravity causes asteroids, meteoroids, and comets to orbit the Sun. Comets, made of ice and dust, become visible near the Sun when ices evaporate, forming a coma and tail. Asteroids and meteoroids mostly remain in stable orbits unless they collide or are influenced by larger celestial bodies.

Explanation:

The force that causes asteroids, meteoroids, and comets to orbit the Sun is gravity. These celestial bodies are remnants from the processes that formed the solar system, mostly found in regions such as the asteroid belt or coming from the far reaches of the solar system, where they have long periods of orbit due to their massive distances from the Sun.

Comets are particularly notable because, as they get closer to the Sun, they display dramatic brightening. This is due to the evaporation of icy materials, forming a temporary atmosphere called the coma and a tail that always points away from the Sun because of the Sun's radiation pressure and solar wind.

For comets, when they approach the inner Solar System, the evaporation of ices, such as water, leads to the release of gas and dust, producing a visible tail and coma. Heavy solar radiation and solar wind create outward pressure that shapes these features. For asteroids and meteoroids, their movements are primarily governed by gravitational forces which dictate stable orbits around the Sun. As debris, they may collide and break apart, contributing to the material found in our solar system, including that which enters Earth's atmosphere as meteors.

Answer:

23.14 L

Explanation:

P1(V1)=P2(V2)

98kPa(v1)=(235kPa)(9.65L)

V1=23.14 L

Answer:

∆G=13.68kj

Explanation:

Free energy=?

Quotient q=3.58*10^9

Also ∆G signs-40.8

T=25°c ie 298°c.

Using this formula

∆Gf=∆G+RTinq

We're R =8.314= 0.008314kj

∆Gf= -40.8+0.008314*298in3.58*20^9

∆Gf=13.68kj

To calculate the free energy change δG under nonstandard conditions, one can use the formula δG = δG° + RTlnQ. Input the provided values for δG°, R, T, and Q into the formula.

The free energy change δG for nonstandard conditions can be calculated using the formula δG = δG° + RTlnQ, where:

Given that δG° is 58.45 kJ/mol (or 58.45 x 10³ J/mol to match units with R) and Q is 3.58 x 10^9, we substitute these values into the equation and calculate δG.

https://brainly.com/question/31170437

#SPJ11

Answer: The pH of given solution is 3.74.

Explanation:

The given data is as follows.

 Mass of lactic acid = 8.52 g,    Formula weight of lactic acid = 90.08 g/mol

So, number of moles of lactic acid will be calculated as follows.

   No. of moles = [tex]\frac{mass}{\text{molar mass}}[/tex]

                        = [tex]\frac{8.52 g}{90.08 g/mol}[/tex]

                        = 0.094 moles

   Mass of sodium lactate = 7.93 g,    Formula weight of sodium lactate = 112.06 g/mol

Hence, number of moles of sodium lactate is as follows.

    No. of moles = [tex]\frac{mass}{\text{molar mass}}[/tex]

                        = [tex]\frac{7.93 g}{112.06 g/mol}[/tex]

                         = 0.071 moles

As we know that relation between [tex]K_{a}[/tex] and [tex]pK_{a}[/tex] is as follows.

    [tex]pK_{a} = -log K_{a}[/tex]

                 = -log(0.000137)

                 = 3.86

Using Henderson equation, we will calculate the pH as follows.

      pH = [tex]pK_{a} + log (\frac{\text{Conjugate base}}{\text{Acid}})[/tex]

      pH = [tex]3.86 + log (\frac{\text{sodium lactate}}{\text{lactic acid}})[/tex]

           = [tex]3.86 + log (\frac{0.071}{0.094})[/tex]

            = 3.86 + log (0.755)

            = 3.86 - 0.121

           = 3.74

Therefore, we can conclude that pH of given solution is 3.74.

Answer:

Indoplasmic reticulum:Trasport nutriens from one part of the cell to the other.

Golgi body:Collect simple chemicals in the cell and assembles them into large,complex structures such as proteins.

Mitochondrion:Responsible for generating energy for the cell using a variety of substances.

Ribosome:Act as a site for protein synthesis.

Answer:

Explanation:

combustion

Answer :  The partial pressure of X and Y gases are, 0.525 and 1.575 atm respectively.

Explanation : Given,

Moles of X = 2.0 mole

Moles of Y = 6.0 mole

Total pressure = 2.1 atm

Now we have to calculate the mole fraction of X and Y.

[tex]\text{Mole fraction of }X=\frac{\text{Moles of }X}{\text{Moles of }X+\text{Moles of }Y}[/tex]

[tex]\text{Mole fraction of }X=\frac{2.0}{2.0+6.0}=0.25[/tex]

and,

[tex]\text{Mole fraction of }Y=\frac{\text{Moles of }Y}{\text{Moles of }X+\text{Moles of }Y}[/tex]

[tex]\text{Mole fraction of }Y=\frac{6.0}{2.0+6.0}=0.75[/tex]

Now we have to calculate the partial pressure of X and Y.

According to the Raoult's law,

[tex]p_i=X_i\times p_T[/tex]

where,

[tex]p_i[/tex] = partial pressure of gas

[tex]p_T[/tex] = total pressure of gas  = 2.1 atm

[tex]X_i[/tex] = mole fraction of gas

[tex]p_{X}=X_{(X)}\times p_T[/tex]

[tex]p_{X}=0.25\times 2.1atm=0.525atm[/tex]

and,

[tex]p_{Y}=X_{(Y)}\times p_T[/tex]

[tex]p_{Y}=0.75\times 2.1atm=1.575atm[/tex]

Thus, the partial pressure of X and Y gases are, 0.525 and 1.575 atm respectively.

Answer:

1.6 is the answer

Explanation:

Answer: The volume of hydrogen gas produced will be, 12.4 L

Explanation : Given,

Mass of [tex]H_3PO_4[/tex] = 54.219 g

Number of atoms of [tex]Mg[/tex] = [tex]7.179\times 10^{23}[/tex]

Molar mass of [tex]H_3PO_4[/tex] = 98 g/mol

First we have to calculate the moles of [tex]H_3PO_4[/tex] and [tex]Mg[/tex].

[tex]\text{Moles of }H_3PO_4=\frac{\text{Given mass }H_3PO_4}{\text{Molar mass }H_3PO_4}[/tex]

[tex]\text{Moles of }H_3PO_4=\frac{54.219g}{98g/mol}=0.553mol[/tex]

and,

[tex]\text{Moles of }Mg=\frac{7.179\times 10^{23}}{6.022\times 10^{23}}=1.19mol[/tex]

Now we have to calculate the limiting and excess reagent.

The balanced chemical equation is:

[tex]3Mg+2H_3PO_4\rightarrow Mg(PO_4)_2+3H_2[/tex]

From the balanced reaction we conclude that

As, 3 mole of [tex]Mg[/tex] react with 2 mole of [tex]H_3PO_4[/tex]

So, 0.553 moles of [tex]Mg[/tex] react with [tex]\frac{2}{3}\times 0.553=0.369[/tex] moles of [tex]H_3PO_4[/tex]

From this we conclude that, [tex]H_3PO_4[/tex] is an excess reagent because the given moles are greater than the required moles and [tex]Mg[/tex] is a limiting reagent and it limits the formation of product.

Now we have to calculate the moles of [tex]H_2[/tex]

From the reaction, we conclude that

As, 3 mole of [tex]Mg[/tex] react to give 3 mole of [tex]H_2[/tex]

So, 0.553 mole of [tex]Mg[/tex] react to give 0.553 mole of [tex]H_2[/tex]

Now we have to calculate the volume of [tex]H_2[/tex]  gas at STP.

As we know that, 1 mole of substance occupies 22.4 L volume of gas.

As, 1 mole of hydrogen gas occupies 22.4 L volume of hydrogen gas

So, 0.553 mole of hydrogen gas occupies [tex]0.553\times 22.4=12.4L[/tex] volume of hydrogen gas

Therefore, the volume of hydrogen gas produced will be, 12.4 L

Answer:

.

Explanation:

Aluminium is a silvery-white, lightweight metal. It is soft and malleable. Aluminium is used in a huge variety of products including cans, foils, kitchen utensils, window frames, beer kegs and aeroplane parts. This is because of its particular properties.

A geographically distant species is a green gopher snake that dwells in the grass and a brown rat snake that dwells in the desert.

These species don't have any viable progeny.

https://brainly.com/question/16643188?referrer=searchResults

The green and brown rat snakes demonstrate camouflage, a biological adaptation for survival. Camouflage helps them blend into their respective environments, thus evading predators. Anyone considering a snake as a pet must provide an appropriate diet, remembering the potential ecological impact snakes can have when introduced into non-native environments.

A green rat snake that lives in the grass and a brown rat snake that lives in the desert is an example of camouflage, which is a form of adaptation where an organism has evolved to blend in with its environment to increase its chances of survival and reproduction. This can be a result of natural selection, where those that can avoid being seen by predators are more likely to survive and pass on their genes. The brown rat snake in the desert is camouflaged against the sandy environment, while the green rat snake blends with the greenery in the grasslands.

Knowing that snakes are carnivorous and some species such as the rat snake are beneficial to humans for controlling pest populations, it's important for anyone considering a snake as a pet to be prepared to feed it a diet consisting of appropriate live or raw prey. It is also noteworthy that in some instances, snakes like the brown tree snake have caused ecological issues when introduced to new environments without natural predators, such as on the island of Guam.

To calculate the mole-fraction of Neon and Argon in a mixture, divide the partial pressure of each gas by the total pressure.

The mole-fraction can be calculated using the equation:

mole-fraction = partial pressure of the component / total pressure

For Neon (Ne):

mole-fraction of Ne = PNe / total pressure = 3.78 / 9.78

For Argon (Ar):

mole-fraction of Ar = PAr / total pressure = 6 / 9.78

https://brainly.com/question/32831131

#SPJ3

A vessel containing Ne(g) and Ar(g) has a total pressure of 9.78. If the partial pressure of the Neon (PNe) is 3.78 and the partial pressure of the Argon (PAr) is 6, then the mole-fraction of Ne(g) is 0.3865 and the mole-fraction of Ar(g) is 0.6135.

The mole fraction of a gas in a mixture can be calculated using the ratio of its partial pressure to the total pressure.

Given data:

- Total pressure, [tex]\( P_{\text{total}} \)[/tex] = 9.78 atm

- Partial pressure of Neon, [tex]\( P_{\text{Ne}} \)[/tex] = 3.78 atm

- Partial pressure of Argon, [tex]\( P_{\text{Ar}} \)[/tex] = 6.00 atm

Mole fraction of Neon [tex](\( X_{\text{Ne}} \))[/tex]:

[tex]\[X_{\text{Ne}} = \frac{P_{\text{Ne}}}{P_{\text{total}}}\][/tex]

[tex]\[X_{\text{Ne}} = \frac{3.78 \, \text{atm}}{9.78 \, \text{atm}}\][/tex]

[tex]\[X_{\text{Ne}} = 0.3865\][/tex]

Mole fraction of Argon [tex](\( X_{\text{Ar}} \))[/tex]:

[tex]\[X_{\text{Ar}} = \frac{P_{\text{Ar}}}{P_{\text{total}}}\][/tex]

[tex]\[X_{\text{Ar}} = \frac{6.00 \, \text{atm}}{9.78 \, \text{atm}}\][/tex]

[tex]\[X_{\text{Ar}} = 0.6135\][/tex]

Answer:

Varying frequency between both waves accounts for difference in speed.

Explanation:

The speed of a wave is dependent on four major factors:

Assuming equal temperature and medium of travel of these sound waves, and given that the wavelength (that is distance of travel) is equal, the only varying factor would be their frequency.

Wave speed is calculated by multiplying the wavelength times the frequency

⇒ Speed = λ * f

Answer:

Faster one has a lower frequency and higher wavelength.

Explanation:

The waves have properties such as frequency and wavelength. If the distance they travel is the same but one wave is faster than the other one, the faster wave must have a lower frequency and higher wavelength as it can be seen in this graph from Encyclopedia Britannica.

I hope this answer helps.

Answer:

77.248 L

Explanation:

From the question,

Work done on the gas mixture is given as,

W = PΔV.................. Equation 1

Where W = work done, P = pressure of the the gas, ΔV = Change in volume of the gas.

make ΔV the subject of the equation

ΔV = W/P..................... Equation 2

Given: W = 28.2 J, P = 0.37 atm = (0.37×101325) N/m² = 37490.25 N/m²

Substitute into equation 2

ΔV = 28.2/37490.25

ΔV = 0.000752 m³

ΔV = 0.752 L

But,

ΔV = V₂-V₁................. Equation 3

Where V₂ = Final volume of the helium gas, V₁ = Initial volume of the helium gas

make V₁ the subject of the equation

V₁ = V₂-ΔV................ Equation 4

Given: V₂ = 78 L.

Substitute into equation 4

V₁ = 78-0.752

V₁ = 77.248 L

Answer:

The initial volume of the helium gas balloon was 1.78 L

Explanation:

Step 1: Data given

Volume of the balloon is expanded to 78.0 L

The pressure is held constant at 0.37 atm

If the work done on the gas mixture was 28.2 J

Step 2: Calculate the initial volume

W = pΔV

⇒W = the work done on the gas = 28.2 J

⇒p = the pressure = 0.37 atm

⇒ΔV = the change in volume = V2 - V1 = 78.0 L - V1

W = 0.37 * ( 78.0 - V1)

28.2 J = 0.37 * ( 78.0 - V1)

28.2 J = 28.86 - 0.37V1

-0.66 = -0.37V1

V1 = 1.78 L

The initial volume of the helium gas balloon was 1.78 L

Answer:

The answer is Global warming occurs naturally on Earth and is enhanced by human activities.

Explanation:

let me know if you need any other help:)

Answer:

C) They have 12-20 carbon atoms and an even number of carbon atoms.

Explanation:

Fatty acid is described as Carboxylic acid that contains the structural component of lipids

fats and oils. Fatty acids are unbranched and usually have 12-20 carbon atoms evenly. They are known by their number of carbon-to-carbon double bonds present.

For saturated fatty acids, they don't have any carbon-to-carbon double bonds. Fatty acid can be classified based on the number of carbon-to-carbon, such as; monounsaturated fatty acids which have one carbon-to-carbon double bond and also polyunsaturated fatty acids which have contain more than carbon-to-carbon double bonds

Some natural fatty acid

1.)Lauric acid (C11H23COOH)

2.)Palmitic acid (C15H31COOH)

3.)Myristic acid (C13H27COOH)

4.) Linoleic acid (C17H31COOH)

5.) Arachidonic acid(C19H31COOH)

Answer: The difference in pressure between methane and an ideal gas is 4 atm

Explanation: Please see the attachments below

Final answer:

The question involves comparing pressure differences between methane and an ideal gas, utilizing the van der Waals equation for methane and the ideal gas law, emphasizing real versus ideal gas behavior.

Explanation:

The question asks for the calculation of the difference in pressure between methane and an ideal gas under the given conditions, considering van der Waals deviations for methane. While the question doesn't directly provide all necessary parameters (like the use of temperature in Kelvin) or the specific method to calculate the pressures (ideal gas law for the ideal gas and van der Waals equation for methane), the comparison aims to show how real gas behavior (represented by methane with specific van der Waals constants) deviates from the ideal gas law predictions due to the interactions between gas molecules and the volume they occupy.

The ideal gas law is given by PV=nRT, where P is pressure, V is volume, n is the number of moles, R is the ideal gas constant, and T is the temperature in Kelvin. For a real gas like methane, the pressure is calculated using the van der Waals equation: [P+a(n/V)²](V-nb)=nRT, where a and b are the van der Waals constants for methane.

Given the complexity and the specificity of the calculations, including transformations of units and potential adjustments for temperatures, this question illustrates the important distinction between ideal and real gases. It emphasizes the practical considerations when predicting the behavior of gases under different conditions, especially for those like methane which have significant applications in various industries.

Answer:

it has 3 valence electrons

Explanation:

2+2+1 is 5, boron is 5 and its in the 3rd group

Answer:

The answer to your question is 160 g of Calcium

Explanation:

Data

mass of Calcium = ?

mass of Hydrogen = 8 g

reactant = HCl

Process

1.- Write the balanced chemical reaction

             Ca  + 2HCl   ⇒   CaCl₂  +  H₂

2.- Look for the atomic number of Calcium and hydrogen

Calcium = 40 g

Hydrogen = 1 x 2 = 2 g

3.- Use proportions to calculate the mass of calcium needed.

            40 g of Calcium ---------------- 2 g of hydrogen

               x                      ----------------- 8 g of hydrogen

                         x = (8 x 40) / 2

                         x = 320/2

                         x = 160 g of Calcium

Final answer:

Approximately 158.72 grams of calcium are needed to free 8 grams of hydrogen gas from hydrochloric acid, based on the balanced chemical equation for the reaction and the molar masses of calcium and hydrogen gas.

Explanation:

To determine how many grams of calcium are required to free 8 grams of hydrogen gas from hydrochloric acid (HCl), we must first write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction between calcium and hydrochloric acid to produce hydrogen gas and calcium chloride: Ca(s) + 2HCl(aq) → CaCl₂(aq) + H₂(g)
From the equation, we see that one mole of calcium reacts with two moles of hydrochloric acid to produce one mole of hydrogen gas. The atomic mass of calcium (Ca) is approximately 40.08 grams per mole, and the molecular mass of hydrogen gas (H₂) is approximately 2.02 grams per mole.

We have been asked to free 8 grams of hydrogen gas. As there are 2.02 grams per mole for hydrogen gas, this corresponds to:

8 grams H₂ ÷ 2.02 grams/mol H₂
= 3.96 moles H₂

Since the molar ratio of calcium to hydrogen gas in the reaction is 1:1, the moles of calcium required is also 3.96 moles. Thus, the mass of calcium required is:

3.96 moles Ca × 40.08 grams/mol Ca
= 158.717 grams Ca
Therefore, approximately 158.72 grams of calcium are required to free 8 grams of hydrogen gas from hydrochloric acid.

Answer : The partial pressure of both oxygen and nitrogen is, 61.8 atm and 117.8 atm respectively.

Explanation :

First we have to calculate the moles of [tex]O_2[/tex] and [tex]N_2[/tex]

[tex]\text{Moles of }O_2=\frac{\text{Given mass }O_2}{\text{Molar mass }O_2}=\frac{5.00g}{32g/mol}=0.156mol[/tex]

and,

[tex]\text{Moles of }N_2=\frac{\text{Given mass }N_2}{\text{Molar mass }N_2}=\frac{8.31g}{28g/mol}=0.297mol[/tex]

Now we have to calculate the mole fraction of [tex]O_2[/tex] and [tex]N_2[/tex]

[tex]\text{Mole fraction of }O_2=\frac{\text{Moles of }O_2}{\text{Moles of }O_2+\text{Moles of }N_2}[/tex]

[tex]\text{Mole fraction of }O_2=\frac{0.156}{0.156+0.297}=0.344[/tex]

and,

[tex]\text{Mole fraction of }N_2=\frac{\text{Moles of }N_2}{\text{Moles of }O_2+\text{Moles of }N_2}[/tex]

[tex]\text{Mole fraction of }O_2=\frac{0.297}{0.156+0.297}=0.656[/tex]

Now we have to calculate the partial pressure of both oxygen and nitrogen.

According to the Raoult's law,

[tex]p_i=X_i\times p_T[/tex]

where,

[tex]p_i[/tex] = partial pressure of gas

[tex]p_T[/tex] = total pressure of gas  = 179.6 atm

[tex]X_i[/tex] = mole fraction of gas

[tex]p_{O_2}=X_{O_2}\times p_T[/tex]

[tex]p_{O_2}=0.344\times 179.6atm=61.8atm[/tex]

and,

[tex]p_{N_2}=X_{N_2}\times p_T[/tex]

[tex]p_{N_2}=0.656\times 179.6atm=117.8atm[/tex]

Thus, the partial pressure of both oxygen and nitrogen is, 61.8 atm and 117.8 atm respectively.

Answer:

1. Effective nuclear charge (Zeff)

2. Less

3. Shield

Explanation:

The effective nuclear charge (Zeff) is defined as the nuclear charge that is experienced by an electron of an atom having atomic number > 1.

The effective nuclear charge experienced by a given electron is always less than the actual nuclear charge of the nucleus of the atom. This is because of the shielding effect of the inner electrons of the atom.

The shielding effect is defined as the shielding of an electron from the positive nuclear charge of the nucleus by the inner electrons of an atom.  

Therefore, the outer electrons of an polyelectronic atom are shielded by the inner electrons from the nuclear charge of the nucleus.

The nuclear charge an electron actually experiences is called the effective nuclear charge [tex](Z_{eff})[/tex]. This charge is always less than the actual nuclear charge since in many-electron systems the electrons shield each other from the nucleus.

In atomic theory, the effective nuclear charge, often denoted as [tex]Z_{eff}[/tex], is the net positive charge experienced by an electron in an atom. The actual nuclear charge, Z, is simply the number of protons in the nucleus of the atom. However, in atoms with more than one electron, the inner electrons provide a shielding effect that reduces the nuclear charge felt by the outer electrons. This is because the negatively charged electrons are attracted to the positively charged nucleus, and they tend to congregate between the nucleus and the outer electrons, thus reducing the nuclear charge experienced by the outer electrons.

The degree of shielding depends on the electron configuration of the atom. Electrons in the same shell do not shield each other effectively, but electrons in inner shells can significantly reduce the effective nuclear charge for electrons in outer shells. This is why [tex]Z_{eff}[/tex] is always less than Z for atoms with more than one electron.

The relationship between [tex]Z_{eff}[/tex] and Z can be expressed as:

[tex]\[ Z_{\text{eff}} = Z - \sigma \][/tex]

where [tex]\(\sigma\)[/tex] represents the shielding constant, which accounts for the reduction in nuclear charge due to electron-electron shielding

In summary, the effective nuclear charge [tex](Z_{eff})[/tex] is the actual nuclear charge (Z) minus the shielding by the inner electrons, and it is a crucial factor in determining the size, energy, and reactivity of atoms and ions.