Answer: The connective tissue that covers a bundle of muscle fibers is called perimysium.
Explanation: There are three layers of connective tissue that enclose each skeletal muscle, providing structure and separation to the muscle fibers within. This composite three-layer connective tissue is called the Mysia.
The epimysium encloses each individual muscle, which allows for a distinct separation of the muscle from other tissues and organs present. The epimysium allows for individual movement.
Within the muscle, facicle , which are muscle fibers organized into bundles, are enclosed by the perimysium. This seconds connect tissue layer allows for specific movement to occur by the triggering of the nervous system and the activation of a subset of muscle fibers within the bundle.
Within each bundle, a thin layer of reticular fibers and collagen called the endomysium encases each muscle fiber. The endomysium provides support to the muscle fibers utilizing nutrients via the blood and the extracellular fluid contained within the endomysium.
The connective tissue known as perimysium covers bundles of muscle fibers known as fascicles. The endomysium covers each muscle fiber inside the fascicle. The entire skeletal muscle is covered by a second layer called the epimysium.
Explanation:
The perimysium is the connective tissue that surrounds a bundle of muscle fibers. Muscle fibers are arranged into separate bundles, each known as a fascicle, and are covered by perimysium in each skeletal muscle.
The endomysium, a different type of connective tissue that contains the extracellular fluid and nutrients needed to sustain the muscle fiber, covers the fascicles.
Because of this arrangement, the nervous system can activate a subset of muscle fibers inside a fascicle to cause a particular muscular movement.
Other layers of connective tissue in muscles include the epimysium, a sheath of dense, irregular connective tissue that wraps the entire muscle, supporting muscle contraction and movement while maintaining structural integrity.
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glucose solution of density 1050 kg/m3 is transferred from a collapsible bag through a tube and syringe into the vein of a person's arm. The pressure in the arm exceeds the atmospheric pressure by 1400 N/m2.
How high above the arm must the top of the liquid in the bottle be so that the pressure in the glucose solution at the needle exceeds the pressure of the blood in the arm? Ignore the pressure drop across the needle and tubing due to viscous forces.
Answer:
[tex]0.136[/tex] meter
Explanation:
The following equation will be used to solve this question -
[tex]P_{atm} + \frac{1}{2} (rho)v^2 + (rho)gh = P_{inject} + \frac{1}{2}(rho)v_{inject}^2 + (rho)gh_{injec}[/tex]
[tex]P_{atm} -P_{injec} = 1400\frac{N}{m^{2} }[/tex]
Velocity is zero.
Removing out the nullified terms from the above equation, we get -
[tex](rho)gh = P_{injec}\\1050 * 9.8 * h = 1400\\h = \frac{1400}{1050*9.8} \\h = 0.136[/tex] meter
Hence, top of the liquid in the bottle must be at a height of [tex]0.136[/tex] meter.
Using the principles of pressure and fluid dynamics, the top of the liquid in the bag should be approximately 0.128 meters (or 12.8 cm) above the arm for the pressure in the glucose solution at the needle to exceed the pressure of the blood in the arm.
Explanation:The subject of this question is related to the principles of fluid dynamics and pressure in physics. To find the height above the arm at which the top of the liquid in the bag must be, we would use the fluid pressure definition P = ρgh, where P is the pressure, ρ is the fluid density, g is the gravitational acceleration and h is the height.
First, we need to equalize the pressure from the glucose solution with the blood pressure inside the arm which exceeds the atmospheric pressure by 1400 N/m². Hence, 1400 N/m² = 1050 kg/m³ * 9.8 m/s² * h.
Upon solving for h, we get h = 1400 / (1050 * 9.8) ≈ 0.128 m. So, the top of the liquid in the bag should be approximately 0.128 m (or 12.8 cm) above the arm for the pressure in the glucose solution at the needle to exceed the pressure of the blood in the arm.
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how are the carbon, nitrogen and oxygen cycles similar
Answer:
Firstly, they are all biogeochemical cycles. They cycle substances through the different systems. So this means that these substances like elements, compounds, and the like go through the hydrosphere, atmosphere, geosphere, and biosphere. It involves both the living and non-living things on Earth, all playing a role in transforming substances into something that can be used, only to be recycled again to provide for the other in a cyclic manner.
For example the oxygen cycle involves how oxygen is produced and used over and over. As we exhale Carbon Dioxide, it gets absorbed by plants which use it, along with water and light, to produce their own food in a process called photosynthesis. A by-product of this process is oxygen which we take in and use and we exhale Carbon dioxide again.
Answer: all of the above (D)
Explanation:
3)
Transcribe (transcription) the following DNA strand:
T-A-C-G-C-T-A-A-T
answer ________________
Answer:
mRNA: A-U-G-C-A-U-U-A
Explanation:
Given DNA template: T-A-C-G-C-T-A-A-T
Newly transcribed mRNA: A-U-G-C-A-U-U-A
Transcription is a process that uses DNA template strand to make RNA strands. The process occurs in nucleus. The nucleotide sequence of DNA template is always complimentary to its respective RNA sequence.
Here, thymine of DNA template strand pairs with adenine of newly formed RNA. Adenine of DNA template would pair with uracil of RNA. Guanine of DNA template pairs with cytosine.
Describe the three layers of meninges covering the brain.
Answer:
Brain is covered with three meninges namely dura mater, arachnoid mater and pia mater. The tough dura mater, avascular arachnoid mater and delicate pia mater together protect the brain from any injury.
Explanation:
The three layers of meninges covering the brain are dura mater, arachnoid mater and pia mater.
Dura mater: The outer most meninx of the brain is called dura mater. It is a tough and fibrous covering of the brain. Dura mater is made of dense irregular connective tissue and is continuous with epineurium.
Arachnoid mater: The middle meninx present between pia mater and dura mater is the arachnoid mater. Arachnoid mater is avascular layer and is rich in collagen and elastic fibers.
Pia mater: The deepest meninx is called pia mater. It is the delicate layer of connective tissue. Pia mater is rich in the blood vessels that deliver nutrients and oxygen to the spinal cord.
Final answer:
The brain is protected by three meningeal layers: the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater. The dura mater is the tough outer layer, the arachnoid mater is a web-like middle layer, and the pia mater is the delicate inner layer that adheres closely to the brain. These layers, along with cerebrospinal fluid, serve to protect the central nervous system.
Explanation:
Layers of Meninges Covering the Brain
The brain and spinal cord are sheltered by three layers of protective coverings known as the meninges. These layers, each with distinct roles and characteristics, ensure the safety and functionality of the central nervous system (CNS).
Arachnoid Mater: The middle layer is named the arachnoid mater, resembling a spider web, hence 'arachnoid'. This web-like membrane forms a loose sac around the CNS, beneath which lies a thin mesh known as the arachnoid trabeculae.
Pia Mater: The innermost layer, touching the brain and spinal cord, is the pia mater or 'soft mother'. It is a filmy membrane that intimately follows the brain's contours, reaching into the crevices and indentations.
Between the arachnoid and pia maters is the subarachnoid space, filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The CSF, produced by the choroid plexus within the CNS's ventricles, serves as a cushioning fluid, making the brain neutrally buoyant, protecting it from injury, and allowing for the distribution of nutrients and removal of waste.
Which of the following statements about the cerebellum is NOT correct?
a. The cerebellum plays a role maintaining your balance.
b. Damage to the cerebellum could affect posture.
c. The cerebellum has a cortex and homunculus, just like the motor cortex.
d. The cerebellum generates conscious motor commands.
Answer: C
Explanation:
There are only two types of homunculus. These are the motor homunculus and sensory homunculus.
Answer:
The incorrect statement is : option D.
Explanation:
The cerebellum is the part of the brain that is related to the receiving information from the various sensory organs and neurons, regions of the brain and spinal cord.
This region is also responsible for maintaining motor movements. It is play major role in balancing and posture and homunculus just like the motor cortex.
Thus, the correct answer is : option D.
Why do you think older people have a smaller total lung capacity than younger people?
Blood in urine can be a sign of kidney damage. Why is blood not usually found in the urine of a healthy person?
Answer:
Blood is not present in the urine of healthy person since the blood cells, platlets and plasma proteins are large enough to prevent their glomerular filtration. These components of blood are not present in the glomerular filtrate and hence, are absent in urine as well.
Explanation:
The first step in urine formation is glomerular filtration which filters the nitrogenous wastes and other compounds and forms glomerular filtrate. Glomerular filtrate undergoes tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion to form urine.
The components of blood such as blood cells, platelets, proteins of plasma are not added to the glomerular filtrate. They exit the glomerulus of nephrons via efferent arteriole. Since blood components are not filtered to become part of glomerular filtrate, blood is absent in the urine of a healthy person.
All of the following protect the skin and mucous membranes from infection EXCEPT
A) multiple layers of cells.
B) tears.
C) saliva.
D) HCl.
E) the "ciliary escalator."
Answer: C-Saliva
Explanation: Saliva only lubricate and moisturises food, aiding in food digestion employing its digestive enzyme, the salivary amylase, to break down chunks of food. All the other options; tears, hydrochloric acid, multiple layers of cells, are used as defensive mechanism from infections by the skin and mucous membranes.
You confirmed the above in steps 1 through 3, in which you changed the of the
parents and predicted the fur color, or , of the offspring.
Answer:
Genotype (first blank)
Phenotype (second blank)
Explanation:
A genotype shows the combbination of alleles in an organism. It is represented by uppercase letters (shows the dominant allele) and lowercase letters (shows the recessive allele).
The phenotype is the physical manifestation or expression of the trait, which will depend on the combination of the genotype.
Answer:
Genotype Phenotype
Explanation:
Give an example and a brief description of a pathological condition that affects the skeleton
Answer:
An example of a pathological condition that affects the skeleton is Osteoporosis .
Explanation:
Osteoporosis is a disease that affects the skeleton in which the quality and density of bone are reduced. In this condition, the chances are high for easy bone fracture as they become fragile. Bone density takes place in very silently but progressively.
Osteoporosis condition leads to higher bone loss (osteoblast) than the growth of new bone (osteoclast). Bones become like a honeycomb, fragile and easy to fracture. This pathological condition generally occurs due to the imbalance of hormones that are a parathyroid hormone, estrogen, and to a lesser extent of testosterone.
This condition can be prevented by proper diet and appropriate amount of protein and vitamin D.
Most organisms use DNA as their genetic material. RNA viruses are able to use RNA instead.What molecular mechanisms allow these viruses to use RNA as their genetic material instead of DNA?
Answer:
Reverse transcription
Explanation:
Some viruses such as HIV have RNA as genetic material. In them RNA stores genetic information. These viruses are called retroviruses. They are known as retroviruses because they have the enzyme reverse transcriptase. During protein synthesis, they use RNA as a template to synthesise complimentary DNA with the help of reverse transcriptase. Thus central dogma is as follows:
RNA ⇒ DNA ⇒ mRNA ⇒ protein
Reverse transcription ⇒ Transcription ⇒ translation
What are melanocytes? What do they do?
Answer:
Melanocytes are a specialized type of skin cell, present in humans and other animals. These cells, which are vital for the protection of the skin against the damaging effects of exposure to U.V light, are the ones responsible for the production of melanin, a pigment that will give the skin, and hair, their characteristic color.
Melanocytes originate germinally from the neural crest and they can be easily found on the matrix of hair an also on the basal portion of the skin layers, on the epidermis.
A person´s darkened skin color can be the result of prolongued exposure to sun radiation, which will lead melanocytes to produce melanin in increased amounts, or it can also be because of an uncharacteristic reproduction of melanocytes themselves, for various reasons.
g If a person takes a prescribed dose of 10 milligrams of Valium, the amount of Valium in that person's bloodstream at any time can be modeled with the exponential decay function A ( t ) = 10 e − 0.0173 t where t is in hours. a . How much Valium remains in the person's bloodstream 12 hours after taking a 10 -mg dose? Round to the nearest tenth of a milligram. mg b . How long will it take 10 mg to decay to 5 mg in a person's bloodstream? Round to two decimal places. hours c . At what rate is the amount of Valium in a person's bloodstream decaying 7 hours after a 10 -mg dose is taken. Round the rate to three decimal places. A ' ( 7 ) =
Answer:
a. 8.1 milligrams
b. 40.07 hours
c. 8.859 milligrams
Explanation:
If a person takes a prescribed dose of 10 milligrams of Valium, the amount of Valium in that person's bloodstream at any time can be modeled by
[tex]A_{t}=10e^{-0.0173t}[/tex]
Where A(t) = amount of Valium remaining in the blood after t hours
t = time or duration after the drug is taken
a. we have to calculate the amount of drug remaining in the bloodstream after 12 hours
[tex]A_{12}=10e^{-0.0173\times12}[/tex]
[tex]A_{12}=10e^{-0.2076}[/tex]
= 10×0.81253
= 8.1 milligrams
b. In this part we have to calculate the time when A(t) = 5 milligrams
[tex]5=10e^{-0.0173\timest}[/tex]
[tex]\frac{5}{10}=e^{-0.0173t}[/tex]
0.5 = [tex]e^{-0.0173t}[/tex]
Now we take natural log on both the sides of the equation.
ln(0.5) = ln([tex]e^{-0.0173t})[/tex]
-0.69314 = -0.0173t
t = [tex]\frac{0.69314}{0.0173}[/tex]
t = 40.0658
≈ 40.07 hours
c. In this part we have to calculate the rate, by which amount of drug will decay in the bloodstream after 7 hours.
[tex]A_{7}=10e^{-0.0173\times7}[/tex]
[tex]A_{7}=10e^{-0.1211}[/tex]
= 10×0.8859
= 8.859 milligrams
12 hours after taking a 10-mg dose of Valium, approximately 2.3 mg remains in the person's bloodstream. It takes around 39.98 hours for the dose to decay to 5 mg. The rate of decay 7 hours after taking the dose is approximately -0.158 mg/hr.
Explanation:To answer these questions, we will use the exponential decay function A(t) = 10e−0.0173t, where A(t) represents the amount of Valium in the bloodstream at time t.
For part a, to calculate how much Valium remains in the bloodstream after 12 hours, plug in t = 12 into the function: A(12) = 10e−0.0173(12) = 2.30 mg.
For part b, to find how long it will take for the 10 mg dose to decay to 5 mg, you will solve 5 = 10e−0.0173t. Solving this, we find t ≈ 39.98 hours.
For part c, to find the rate of decay 7 hours after a 10-mg dose is taken, we should first compute the derivative of A(t) with respect to t, which is A'(t) = -0.0173 * 10e-0.0173t. Plugging in t = 7, we get A'(7) ≈ -0.158 mg/hr.
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1. Possible gamete genotypes produced by an individual of genotype PpDd are
a) Pp and Dd
b) all PpDd
c) PD and pd
d) PD, Pd, pD, and pd
Answer:
D) PD, Pd, pD, and pd
Explanation:
You need to draw a Punnet chart and put P (represent a dominant character) and p (represent a recesive character) abobe. Then D (represent a dominant character diferent than P) and d (represent a recesive character different tan d).
When you do the cross over, you will end with four possibles gamete genotypes and those are PD, Pd, pD and pd.
The possible gamete genotypes produced by an individual with genotype PpDd are PD, Pd, pD, and pd.
Explanation:The correct answer is d) PD, Pd, pD, and pd.
Genotypes refer to the combination of alleles (alternative forms of a gene) that an individual possesses for a particular trait. In this case, the genotype PpDd represents two traits, with Pp indicating the presence of dominant allele P and recessive allele p, and Dd indicating the presence of dominant allele D and recessive allele d.
When forming gametes (reproductive cells), each homologous chromosome separates during meiosis, resulting in the formation of four haploid cells. These haploid cells will contain a single allele for each trait. Therefore, the possible combinations of alleles for an individual with genotype PpDd are PD, Pd, pD, and pd.
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Tallness (T) in snapdragons is dominant to dwarfness (t), while red (R) flower color is dominant to white (r). The heterozygous condition results in pink (Rr) flower color. A dwarf, red snapdragon is crossed with a plant homozygous for tallness and white flowers. What are the genotype and phenotype of the F1 individuals?
In the F1 generation, all offsprings will have the genotype 'TRr' leading to a phenotype of Tall, Pink Snapdragons.
Explanation:In this cross, the dwarf, red snapdragon plant can be represented as 'ttRr' and the tall, white snapdragon plant as 'TTRr'. A Punnett square can be used to predict the outcomes of this cross for the F1 generation.
The results would be as follows:
Genotype: TRr (100%)Phenotype: Tall, Pink Snapdragons (100%)The capital T represents the dominant allele for 'tallness', and therefore overpowers the recessive 't' allele, resulting in all tall plants. The heterozygous Rr indicates incomplete dominance, so instead of red or white flowers, we see pink ones.
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(Q018) While studying with you for an exam, a classmate claims that the only difference between australopithecines and early Homo species is that the latter had a bigger brain. What example could you give to demonstrate that there are other differences?
Answer:
Homo species have differences in brachial index, face and teeth size as compared with australopithecines.
Explanation:
Australopithecines were found in pleistoocene era and adapted to the bipedal locomotion but shows differences in walking style as compared to early homo species. They have large brachial index. The postcanines were large but incisors and canines were small.
Early homo species were found around 2 million years ago. They shows bipedal locomotion with different walking styles. The brachial index of early homo species was small as compared with the australopithecines. The post canines were small but incisors and canines were large.
Match the items: a. Heart b. Blood Vessels c. Capillaries d. Lungs e. Kidney 1. Regulates blood volume 2. Can decrease blood pH by increasing respiratory rate 3. Can lower blood presure by dialating 4. Can increase blood pressure by beating faster 5. Exchange oxygen/carbon dioxide with tissues and aveoli
I believe the correct answer is:
a: 4
b: 3
c: 5
d: 2
e: 1
Explanation:a: Heart - Can increase blood pressure by beating faster
b: Blood vessels - Can lower blood pressure by dilating
c: Capillaries - Exchange oxygen/carbon dioxide with tissues and alveoli
d: Lungs - Can decrease blood pH by increasing respiratory rate
e: Kidney - Regulates blood volume
Further Explanation:a: Heart - Can increase blood pressure by beating fasterThe heart is a fist sized organ in the center of the chest cavity and is lying on a wider base that is longer than its height and an apex that elongates to the left side of the chest. It functions to circulate and distribute blood to different regions of the body using blood vessels. The heart has several baroreceptors that sense a decrease in the volume of blood or pressure and it adjusts by beating faster. It also is controlled autonomously by the autonomic nervous system that will also adjust its pace when it recieves signals to do so in the case of low bloo pressure or in cases of high demand such as in a scary activity.
b: Blood vessels - Can lower blood pressure by dilatingBlood vessels are hollow tissues that have elastic walls which control the size of its luen. They function to supply blood to tissues in every region of the body. In cases when the blood pressure is too high, it recieves signals from the brain to its muscles that have beta cholinergic receptors that instruct it to dilate/relax so that blood will have inimal resistance hence less pressure as it is passing through it.
c: Capillaries - Exchange oxygen/carbon dioxide with tissues and alveoliThese are the smallest of all blood vessels and they are distributed in every region of the body. They have elastic and permeable walls which allow red blood cells carrying oxygen to move into the tissues they are moving through and also nutrients while at the same time they pick up waste and red cells that have collected carbon dioxide from the tissues. They also are densely populated in alveoli to perform the same function during respiration.
d: Lungs - Can decrease blood pH by increasing respiratory rateCO2 is acidic while O2 is a Lewis base. In cases where the blood has a pH that is more basic than the required pH of 7.3, the body either undergoes a metabolic compensation through retaining more bases such as chloride ions. In case there is a problem with the kidney, the body triggers the respiratory system to increase the respiratory rate so that oxygen is not exposed to the alveoli for a longer time to be absored fully hence it will be in blood at a lesser percentage compared to acidic CO2 which will have a higher percentage making the blood more acidic. To understand how these work using a diagram, look at the table below for arterial blood gas.
e: Kidney - Regulates blood volumeThe kidney filters blood to remove and balance fluids. In the afferent arteriole that supplies the kidney with the blood to be ultrafiltrated there are specific baroreceptrs that sense a rise or a fall in blood volume. The kidney if the volume is low will retain more ions so that it can draw water back into the vasa recta and increasing the blood volume. If the volume is too high, it will lose more ions into urine and so water will be lost as part of urination until the volume stabilizes to the correct volume.
Level: College
Which of the following are examples of sensory input. Select all that apply.
a. vision
b. glands
c. hearing
d. voluntary movement
Answer:
The correct answers are options a. "vision" and c. "hearing".
Explanation:
Sensory input is defined as anything that could be perceived by your senses, such as smell, sight, touch, taste, and hearing. Sensory input is the response of a sensory organ to the stimuli received from the outside. Vision and hearing are two examples of sensory input, where the eyes and the ears receive the stimuli from the light and the sound waves received from the outside.
Final answer:
The examples of sensory input from the given list are vision and hearing. These involve the processes of sensory transduction, where stimuli are converted into electrical signals for the brain to process, differentiating them from the other options which relate to physiological functions not related to sensory input.
Explanation:
The question asks to identify examples of sensory input from a given list. Sensory inputs are the stimuli that are perceived by our senses and sent to the brain for processing. These inputs are essential for our interaction with the environment.
Vision
Hearing
Options a (vision) and c (hearing) are examples of sensory inputs. Vision involves the detection of light by the eyes, which is then processed by the brain. Hearing involves the detection of sound waves, which are processed by the brain. These senses undergo sensory transduction, a process by which a stimulus (light for vision, sound waves for hearing) is converted into an electrical signal that the brain can understand. This process is crucial for interpreting our surroundings and responding accordingly. Options b (glands) and d (voluntary movement) do not represent sensory inputs but rather involve other physiological functions, with glands generally associated with the endocrine system and voluntary movement controlled by the muscular system, not sensory input.
The white portion of the tough outer coat of the eye is called the ________.
Select one:
a. sclera
b. choroid
c. ciliary body
d. retina
Answer:
Sclera
Explanation:
Sclera is also known as the white of the eye. Sclera is the tough white portion of the outer coat of the eye.
Sclera protects the eye from the inside and helps in maintaining the eye structure. Sclera mainly consists of collagen and elastic fibers. Sclera increases the nonverbal communication in an organism.
Thus, the correct answer is option (a).
The white portion of the tough outer coat of the eye is called the sclera.
Protein synthesis occurs in the
a. cell body
b. axon
c. dendrites
d. axon terminal
Answer:
A. Cell body
Explanation:
The cell body of a neuron is also called soma and have a nucleus and cytoplasm. The cytoplasm of the cell body contains organelles such as mitochondria, lysosomes, etc.
Nissl bodies are the structures present in the cytoplasm of the cell body. The Nissl bodies consist of ribosomes and RER (rough endoplasmic reticulum). Since the cell body has RER and ribosomes, it serves as a site for protein synthesis in neurons.
Match each of the following terms
gene a) The loss or addition of a nucleotide pair in a DNA strand
Nucleotide b) The physical and biochemical expression of the genotype
Chromosome c) The substitution of one nucleotide pair for another in DNA strand
Frameshift mutation d) The building blocks of nucleic acids, includes a phosphate, sugar and organic base
Point mutation e) The structure that carries the DNA sequences
Genotype f) A sequence of nucleotides in DNA that codes for a functional product such as a protein
Phenotype g) The entire genetic make up of an organism
Answer:
The correct match for the terms with their description is given below:
Explanation:
Gene: f) A sequence of nucleotides in DNA that codes for a functional product such as a protein. Nucleotide: d) The building blocks of nucleic acids, includes a phosphate, sugar and organic base. Chromosome: e) The structure that carries the DNA sequences Frameshift mutation a) The loss or addition of a nucleotide pair in a DNA strand. Point mutation: c) The substitution of one nucleotide pair for another in DNA strand. Genotype: g) The entire genetic makeup of an organismPhenotype: b) The physical and biochemical expression of the genotype.What is the function of brown adipose tissue?
The brown adipose tissue is located in fatty interscapular, supraclavicular, pericardial, para-aortic deposits, around the pancreas, kidneys and trachea, mainly.
Its main function is to regulate thermogenesis (heat production) and this is due to the fact that the highest percentage of brown tissue can be found in the thorax and abdomen. The mechanism by which it produces heat is because it dissipates the energy thus producing heat.
The adipose tissue, on the one hand, fulfills mechanical functions: one of them is to serve as a buffer, protecting and keeping in place the internal organs as well as other more external structures of the body, and also has metabolic or energy reserve functions since it is responsible for generating fats for the body. In addition we must also name the functions of thermal insulation (to maintain the proper body temperature of each individual)
The brown adipose tissue occupies a percentage in newborns since they need to fight the external temperature. In them it constitutes 2-5% of the body weight and is found between the scapulae, in the armpits, in the neck area and along the blood vessels. This percentage decreases as we grow.
The brown adipose is also an endocrine organ that secretes signaling factors that activate the metabolism of fats and carbohydrates.
A breeder wants to set up a program to produce zebrafish with long fins. Having long fins is a dominant trait compared to the short fin wild type. Before she can market her zebrafish, she needs to perform a test cross on the long-finned fish she plans to use as a breeder. How can she tell whether her fish are homozygous or heterozygous for the long-finned trait?
Answer:
The breeder needs to perform a cross test and observe the offspring. If she finds zebrafish with short fins in the offspring, then her fish is heterozygous, while if all the offspring have long fins, then her fish is homozygous.
Explanation:
The phenotype (observable trait) is determined by the combination of two alleles. Individuals are homozygous if both alleles are the same, while heterozygous if both alleles are different. Alleles can be dominant or recessive. Dominant alleles determine the phenotype when they are present while recessive alleles determine the phenotype only in a homozygous individual. For example, if A represents the dominant alleles (long fins) and a represent the recessive alleles (short fins):
An individual with AA will have long fins.
An individual with Aa will have long fins.
An individual with aa will have short fins.
A test cross is performed to determine the zygosity for a specific trait. The test consists of breeding the interested individuals (that have long fins; AA or Aa) with homozygous recessive individuals (that have short fins; aa) and compare their offspring.
If the recessive trait is observed in the offspring, then the individual was heterozygous (Aa). On the other hand, if the recessive trait is not observed in the offspring, then the individual was homozygous (AA)
The probabilities of the cross are;
Heterozygous with recessive homozygous
Aa with aa = Aa, Aa, aa, aa. This means that half of the offspring will have long fins (Aa), and the other half will have short fins (aa).
Dominant homozygous with recessive homozygous
AA with aa = Aa, Aa, Aa, Aa. This means that all of the offspring will have long fins (Aa).
The pH of a solution containing 0.1 mM H+ is _______ ( 1mM = 10-3M)
Answer:
The pH of a solution containing 0.1 mM H+ is 4
Explanation:
The pH of any solution is given by the following mathematical equation -
[tex]pH = -log[H_{+}]\\[/tex]----------- Equation (A)
Where,
[tex]H_{+}[/tex] = the concentration of hydrogen ion in the solution.
Given
[tex]H_{+}[/tex]
= [tex]0.1mM\\=0.1 * 10^{-3}\\= 10^{-4}\\[/tex]
Substituting the given value in equation (A) , we get -
[tex]pH = -log[10^{-4}][/tex]
[tex]= -(-4)\\= 4[/tex]
Hence, The pH of a solution containing 0.1 mM H+ is 4
List all the places where there are sphincters in the digestive system.
Answer:
Upper Esophageal Sphincter, Lower Esophageal Sphincter, Sphincter of Oddi, Pyloric Sphincter, Ileocecal Sphincter and Ana.l Sphincter are the sphincter of the digestive system.
Explanation:
Upper Esophageal Sphincter: This sphincter is located near the pharynx and prevent the entry into the esophagus.
Lower Esophageal Sphincter: This is also known as cardiac sphincter and allows the passage of food from the esophagus into the stomach.
Pyloric Sphincter: Pyloric Sphincter is present in stomach and duodenum and regulates the entry of food from stomach to duodenum.
Sphincter of Oddi: This sphincter allows the entry of bile into the small intestine and located at the meeting point of large and small intestine.
Ileocecal Sphincter: Ileocecal Sphincter regulates the entry of chyme into large intestine from the small intestine.
Ana.l Sphincter: This sphincter is present at the end of rectum and helps in evacuation of waste material.
Describe the relative locations of the following bacterial cell components:
A. outside plasma membrane
B. outside cell wall
C. in cytoplasm
selectABC 1. cell wall
selectABC 2. nucleoid
selectABC 3. ribosome
selectABC 4. fimbriae
selectABC 5. pilus
selectABC 6. flagella
Answer:
A. outside plasma membrane:
1. cell wall 6. flagella
B. outside of the cell
4. fimbriae 5. pilus
C. in cytoplasm
2. nucleoid 3. ribosome
Explanation:
Bacteria is one of the three domains of cellular organisms. Bacteria are prokaryotes, cells that lack a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelle.
The plasma membrane is the outer membrane that enclosed the cytoplasm and cytoplasmic substance. The cell wall is covering the present out of the cell membrane or plasma membrane. Flagella are attached to the plasma membrane but it is present outside of the plasma membrane.
Fimbriae and pilus are the structure present outside of the cell wall and help to attach it to other cells or any surface. Nucleoid and ribosomes are present in the cytoplasm of the bacterial cell.
Define the following terms in regards to the brain: ventricles, hemispheres, gyri, sulci, fissures, lobes, cerebral cortex.
Answer:
ventricules.-The ventricles of the brain are a communicating network of cavities filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and located within the brain parenchyma. The ventricular system is composed of 2 lateral ventricles, the third ventricle, the cerebral aqueduct, and the fourth ventricle.
Hemispheres.-The left side of the brain is responsible for controlling the right side of the body. It also performs tasks that have to do with logic, such as in science and mathematics. On the other hand, the right hemisphere coordinates the left side of the body, and performs tasks that have do with creativity and the arts.
Gyri and Sulci.- Sulci, the grooves, and gyri, the folds or ridges, make up the folded surface of the cerebral cortex. A sulcus is a shallower groove that surrounds a gyrus.
Fissures.- A fissure is a large furrow that divides the brain into lobes and also into the two hemispheres as the longitudinal fissure.
Lobes.- Each side of your brain contains four lobes. The frontal lobe is important for cognitive functions and control of voluntary movement or activity. The parietal lobe processes information about temperature, taste, touch and movement, while the occipital lobe is primarily responsible for vision.
Cerebral cortex.- the furrowed outer layer of gray matter in the cerebrum of the brain, associated with the higher brain functions, as voluntary movement, coordination of sensory information, learning and memory, and the expression of individuality.
The thin filament is:
a. a bundle of myosin molecules
b. an actin filament
c. an actin filament with its associated troponin complex and tropomyosin
d. a bundle of tropomyosin molecules
Answer:
The correct answer is option c. "an actin filament with its associated troponin complex and tropomyosin".
Explanation:
Thin filament are a structural component of the muscle comprised mainly of the protein actin, but also it contains the proteins troponin and tropomyosin. The thin filament is approximately 7-9 nm in diameter and are attached to the z discs of the striated muscle. Each component of the thin filament participates in different processes to allow for muscle contraction.
Which of the following is NOT a function of hormones?
a.initiate behavior and reproduction
b.coordinate the production and use of energy
c.maintain nutrition and metabolism
d.react to stimuli from outside the body
I believe the correct answer is D. React to stimuli from outside the body.
Explanation:Hormones are types of proteins that produce responses hand in hand with neurons but they are much slower and longer lasting. They can act on the same cells and in that instance they will be called autocrine hormones. Those that act on neighbouring cells are called paracrine hormones while those that act on far away cells are called endocrine hormones.
Further Explanation:a. Initiate behavior and reproduction:This is a function of hormone(s). Hormones such as testosterone can initiate both behavior of an organism and also stimulate reproduction. Testosterone causes maturation of sex features and sperms in males to initiate reproduction. Other hormones with such functions include: Estrogen and adrenaline.
b. Coordinate the production and use of energy:Some hormones conduct this function by regulation metabolism in the body. These include: Insulin in intake of glucose for energy and glucagon in maintaining blood glucose levels. Corticosterone also responds in stress to maintain energy.
c. Maintain nutrition and metabolism:Nutrition can be maintained by hormones such as ghrelin that stimulates appetite, insulin in intake of glucose, leptin and glucagon.
d. React to stimuli from outside the bodyThis is not a function of a hormone but rather the function of a neuron. Neurons have specific structures called denrites that recieve signals/stimuli from outside the body then convert them to nerve impulses that are transmitted to the brain which produces another impulse to be taken to a specific site to produce a desired response.
Level: High Schoo;
One method used by newborn mammals to generate heat is referred to as nonshivering thermogenesis. This method utilizes a protein channel called ________ which is present in high levels inside the mitochondria of _____tissue.
Answer:
One method used by newborn mammals to generate heat is referred to as nonshivering thermogenesis. This method utilizes a protein channel called thermogenin which is present in high levels inside the mitochondria of brown adipose tissue.
Explanation:
Thermogenin forms a proton channel in the inner mitochondrial membrane in the brown adipose tissues. Most of the newborn mammals have these brown adipose tissues. In these tissues, the oxidation of nutrients do not produce ATP but generate heat. The heat is used by the newborn to maintain the warmer body temperature. The process is called nonshivering thermogenesis.