Answer: Option B. "False"
Explanation:
Nephron can be defined as the functional unit of the kidney.
Descending limb and ascending limb are the combinly called loop of nephron or henle and are the part of renal tubule in the nephron.
Descending limbs and ascending limbs have different permeabilities to water and salt that causes high osmolarity in the Medulla.
The thin descending limb is having high permeability to water as they have low permeability to ions and urea while the thick ascending limb has impermeablity to water as there is active reabsorption of ions.
Hence, the correct option is B.
The statement is false. The descending limb of the nephron loop is permeable to water and the ascending limb of the nephron loop is impermeable to water.
Explanation:The statement 'The descending limb of the nephron loop is impermeable to water while the ascending limb of the nephron is permeable to water' is false. In reality, the opposite is true. The descending limb of the nephron loop, part of the kidney’s urine-forming apparatus, is permeable to water and impermeable to solutes. Contrarily, the ascending limb of the nephron loop is impermeable to water, but it allows for the passage of ions and sodium chloride.
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Which of the following incisions is appropriate for a radical orchiectomy?
A. perineal
B. inguinal
C. Gibson
D. suprapubic
Answer:
B. Inguinal.
Explanation:
An orchiectomy is a surgical procedure in which one or both testicles are removed. It is a typical procedure for testicular cancer.
A radical it is also known as inguinal and is performed when an onset of testicular cancer is suspected, to prevent a possible spread.
I hope this answer helps you.
Who should not take vitamin supplements?
Answer:
Children, pregnant and nursing women, people with health conditions.
Explanation:
Dietary supplement are very popular today but they are not a replacement for a balanced diet. Many supplements contain active ingredients that may be harmful to the body, especially if bought without consulting a health care provider first.
Children that eat a healthy, balanced diet don't need vitamin supplements as the food they eat contains all the nutrients they need to grow and develop properly. Pregnant and nursing women must ask their doctor before taking any kind of supplements as they can interfere with the embryo's development and even cause some birth defects, nursing women may find that some vitamins effect the quality of breast milk.
People with health conditions, awaiting a surgery or recovering from one should always take vitamins under supervision, the same applies to people taking any kind of medicine on a regular basis.
What is the purpose of the Tenth Amendment?
a. to establish the electoral college
b. to give each state constitution the same protection as the federal constitution
c. to grant to the citizens of each state access to the federal court system powers
d. to limit the power of the central government by establishing reserved powers for states and individuals
Answer:
Choice D
Explanation:
The tenth amendment states that "the powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people."
Answer choice D best summarizes that powers not given to the federal government, is given to the states or the people.
What are some examples of dishonest behaviors on the job?
Answer:
Copying the work of others, gossip, telling lies about co-workers, info sharing
Explanation:
Dishonest behaviors on the job can be seen in many different forms. The most common one is copying or even stealing the work of others and passing it on as one's own. It is not only dishonest, it breaks the trust between co-workers and may be considered theft and a reason to be fired. Spreading gossip, telling others facts about a person's personal life or simply inventing things to make somebody be seen in a bad light, all these are also dishonorable, dishonest behaviors. Complaining about a person's behavior to the boss without confronting the person in question first can be another example of it. Selling confidential, internal information to a rival company is one of the biggest dishonest behaviors ever, as it goes completely against the company's trust policy.
During an asthma attack the:
a. all of these answers and correct
b. Bronchiole smooth muscle contracts which reduces the diameter of the airways
c. Alveoli collapse and air no longer travels into them
d. Bronchioles dilate resulting in not enough air pressure in the air passageway
Answer:
The correct option is : b. Bronchiole smooth muscle contracts which reduces the diameter of the airways
Explanation:
Asthma is an incurable inflammatory disease which affects the airways that carry the oxygen in and out of the lungs. It can be caused by various genetic and environmental factors. Asthma is characterized by breath shortness, coughing, chest tightness and wheezing.
It is caused due to the inflammation of the passage that conducts air into the lungs, especially the bronchi and the bronchioles. Asthma does not affect the alveoli. The inflammation of the bronchioles causes the contraction of the smooth muscles and results in narrowing of the airways. Therefore, causing wheezing.
During an asthma attack, the bronchiole smooth muscle contracts, reducing the diameter of the airways which causes symptoms such as shortness of breath. The Alveoli don't collapse, rather air gets trapped in them due to the bronchioles' inflammation and contraction.
Explanation:During an asthma attack, the answer, b. Bronchiole smooth muscle contracts which reduces the diameter of the airways, is accurate. Asthma is a chronic upper respiratory condition where the bronchioles, or small airways in the lungs, overreact to certain stimuli such as allergens or exercise. The walls of the bronchioles contain smooth muscles which, when they contract due to an asthma attack, reduce the diameter of the airways.
This causes shortness of breath, coughing, and wheezing. Answer c. alveoli collapse and air no longer travels into them, is incorrect because in asthma, the alveoli don't collapse but rather air gets trapped in them due to the contraction and inflammation of the bronchioles. Answer d. bronchioles dilate resulting in not enough air pressure, is also incorrect. In fact, bronchodilation, or opening of the airways, is what medicines for asthma aim to achieve.
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Harmony is a 4-year-old female who has been through several evaluations for behavioral abnormalities that have become increasingly disruptive, and the family is concerned for the safety of both Harmony and her 2-year-old brother. Comprehensive assessment of Harmony includes neuropsychiatric testing. The PMHNP documents the presence of neurological hard signs. These suggest:
A. Brain lesions
B. Early-onset schizophrenia
C. Low intelligence
D. Learning disability
Answer:
the answer is A brain lesions
Explanation:
Hard neurological signs are a manifestation of an organic or functional disease of the central nervous system. In this way, whenever these signs become manifest, it is necessary to carry out deeper studies to confirm any organic pathology.
The bone that connects the manubrium to the scapula.
Answer:
Clavicle.
Explanation:
Which statement about CO2 is incorrect?
a. CO2 concentrations are greater in venous blood than arterial blood
b. More CO2 dissolves in the blood plasma than is carried in the RBCs.
c. Its accumulation in the blood is associated with a decrease in pH.
d. Its concentration in the blood is decreased by hyperventilation.
Answer:
The option which is incorrect is B) more CO 2 dissolves in blood plasma than is carried in the red blood cells.
Explanation:
All the options here except B) are correct, as CO 2 which is also know as carbon dioxide, it is know to be more soluble than oxygen in the blood as it is said that almost 5% - 7% of CO 2 gets dissolved in the plasma . Carbon dioxide is found in greater concentrations in venous blood than the arterial blood. Through the bicarbonate buffer system, which allows a less change to the pH of the body system ,and through this it allows a person to live at high altitude places by regulating the amount of carbon dioxide. So we can say that its accumulation in the blood is linked with a decrease in pH. But more of the CO 2 doesn't dissolve in the plasma than is carried in the plasma as only 5-7 % of CO 2 is dissolved in plasma.
The correct answer is option b. The incorrect statement about CO₂ is that more CO₂ dissolves in the blood plasma than is carried in the RBCs.
- CO₂ is transported in the blood in three forms: dissolved in plasma (about 5-7%), bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells (RBCs) (about 20-30%), and as bicarbonate ions [tex](HCO_3^-)[/tex] (about 60-70%).
- When CO₂ diffuses into the RBCs, it reacts with water to form carbonic acid (H₂CO3), which quickly dissociates into bicarbonate ions [tex](HCO_3^-)[/tex] and protons [tex](H^+)[/tex]. This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase, which is present in high concentrations in RBCs.
- The bicarbonate ions then move out of the RBCs into the plasma in exchange for chloride ions [tex](Cl^-)[/tex], a process known as the chloride shift. This means that the majority of CO₂ is transported as bicarbonate ions in the plasma, not dissolved in the plasma.
- The hemoglobin in RBCs also binds to CO₂, forming carbaminohemoglobin, which is another form of CO₂ transport within RBCs.
Now, let's address the other options:
a. CO₂ concentrations are greater in venous blood than arterial blood - This is correct. Venous blood has a higher concentration of CO₂ because it has picked up CO₂ from the tissues, which is then transported to the lungs for exhalation.
c. Its accumulation in the blood is associated with a decrease in pH - This is correct. As CO₂ levels increase in the blood, it leads to the formation of more carbonic acid, which dissociates into bicarbonate and protons ([tex]H^+[/tex]), thus decreasing the blood pH, leading to acidosis.
d. Its concentration in the blood is decreased by hyperventilation - This is correct. Hyperventilation increases the rate of respiration, leading to more CO₂ being exhaled than normal. This results in a decrease in the concentration of CO₂ in the blood.
Name the medications that cause tardive dyskinesia
Answer:
-Chlorpromazine
-Fluphenazine
-Haloperidol
-Thioridazine
- Trifluoperazine
Answer:
Neuroleptics, Butyrophenones , Diphenylbutylpiperdines, Indolones
Phenothiazines , Thioxanthenes , Anti-cholinergics ,Antidepressants , trazodone,
In the conversion of deoxyhemoglobin to oxyhemoglobin, O2 binds specifically to:
A. globin
B. iron
C. hydrogen ion
D. heme
E. ferritin
Answer: Option D. "Heme"
Explanation:
Deoxyhemoglobin can be defined as a form of which has no oxygen binded to the hemoglobin.
When deoxyhemoglobin is replaced with oxyhemoglobin then the oxygen binds to the heme component of the hemoglobin protein in red blood cells.
Each heme group has iron atom that has the ability to bind to oxygen (02) molecule.
Four oxygen molecules bind to a single hemoglobin protein.
Hence, the correct answer is option D "Heme".
Answer:
Explanation:
B
Amber has a kidney disease that causes a decrease in the effectiveness of ADH in the kidney.
a. What is the role of ADH in the body?
b. What are precautionary measure that Amber needs to take to prevent serious side effects?
c. What are the first signs of dehydration?
d. As a result of a decrease in ADH, what would you predict would happen to other hormonal mechanisms of the kidney to help create/maintain better fluid balance?
e. Why did you make that prediction?
Answer:
i need the answer
Explanation:
ADH regulates the body's water conservation process. Amber should stay hydrated to prevent dehydration, while other hormonal mechanisms may step in to compensate the decreased ADH. First signs of dehydration include thirst, dark urine, dry mouth, fatigue, lightheadedness.
Explanation:ADH, or antidiuretic hormone, plays a crucial role in maintaining the body's water balance. Released by the pituitary gland, it increases the water permeability of kidney's collecting ducts, promoting water reabsorption back into the bloodstream and thus limiting its loss in urine.
Amber, with decreased ADH effectiveness, would likely produce larger amounts of urine, possibly leading to dehydration. To prevent serious side effects, Amber must stay adequately hydrated, monitor her urine output and consistency, and seek medical help if signs of dehydration occur. First signs of dehydration often include thirst, darker than normal urine, dry mouth, fatigue, and lightheadedness.
With decreased ADH function, other hormonal mechanisms in the kidney, like the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, may be stimulated to maintain fluid balance. This system can conserve sodium, which in turn retains water, decreasing the likelihood of dehydration.
This prediction was made because the body has numerous systems in place to maintain homeostasis, if one fails, others often step in to compensate.
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Describe the types of sympathetic and parasympathetic receptors and their associated neurotransmitters.
Answer:
Describe the types of sympathetic and parasympathetic receptors and their associated neurotransmitters.
Explanation:
1. Sympathetic or Adrenergic System. Preganglionic fibers emerge from the thoracic and lumbar areas of the spinal cord. The type function is to put the organism in an alert attitude.
2. Parasympathetic or Cholinergic System. Preganglionic fibers emerge from the cranial and sacral areas of the spinal cord. The type function is to establish a rest and recovery behavior. It links each of the body systems and organs with the brain, which interprets and activates responses.
3. Neurotransmission systems: all sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic fibers have as specific or primary neurotransmitter Acetylcholine, which executes the transition by interaction with nicotic cholinergic receptors.
4. Norepinephrine or norepinephrine is a substance used primarily by the sympathetic or ortho sympathetic nervous system. It is part of the neurotransmitters: its function is to transmit messages through the nerves to the different components of the body through numerous physiological processes.
5. Adrenaline, also known as epinephrine, is one of those polyvalent substances that our body uses to regulate different body processes. It is a hormone, but it is also a neurotransmitter, which means that it acts as an intermediary in the communication between neurons that is established in synaptic spaces.
6. Dopamine is the most important catecholaminergic neurotransmitter of the Central Nervous System of mammals and participates in the regulation of various functions such as motor behavior, emotionality and affectivity as well as in neuroendocrine communication.
What is the basic defect of a disease that causes intrapulmonary shunting?
Answer:
Intrapulmonary shunting can be defined as the pathological condition which results when there is an imbalance between the perfusion of air reaching the alveoli to blood.
In other words, Intrapulmonary shunting takes place when the alveoli of lungs perfused normally with blood, but ventilation or the supply of air become unable to supply the perfused region.
Intrapulmonary shunting can result into hypoxemia in pulmonary edema and can cause pneumonia in which lungs become consolidated.
_________ conduct impulses away from the CNS towards the skeletal muscles under voluntary control in the periphery.
a. Somatic neurons
b. Sensory neurons
Answer:
The answer is A: Somatic neurons
Explanation:
The somatic neurons that leave the central nervous system (CNS) are responsible for carrying impulses to the musculoskeletal system; They have to do more than anything with the locomotion. Somatic neurons are part of the somatic nervous system (SNS), where we also find sensory neurons that are responsible for carrying the information.
Syphilis can only be spread during stages one and two.
a) True b) False
Answer:
The correct answer to the question: Syphilis can only be spread during stages 1 and 2, would be: false.
Explanation:
Syphilis is a sexually transmittable disease caused by a bacteria. I can only be gotten through sexual activity, or contact with the body fluids or lessions of someone infected, but in order for this contagion to be possible, the person must either be in the initial, or stage 1 of the infection, stage 2 of the infection, or if they are in a stage called the latent stage. This latter, the latent stage, is usually the more dangerous because people don´t tend to show signs, or symptoms of it, which does not mean that the infection is not there. So, in general, there would be really three, out of the four, stages, during which syphilis can be spread to others, and not just the two initial ones. This is why the statement is false.
All of the following characteristics are found in all herpes viruses, except?
a) They are chronic
b) They are enveloped
c) They are all DNA based
d) They are all primarily acquired in childhood
e) All of the above are true
Answer:
D. they are all primarily acquired in childhood
Arrange these structures in decreasing order of size:
a. sarcomere
b. fibril
c. filaments
d. fiber
Answer:
The correct answer will be Fiber → fibril → sarcomere → filaments.
Explanation:
Skeletal muscle is made up of long and cylindrical skeletal cell with a diameter up to 100 μm which are known as muscle fibres.
These muscle fibre encloses the smaller fibrils of 1.2 μm diameter which runs along the length of a muscle fiber.
Within each myofibril is enclosed the functional unit of muscle called sarcomere which is composed of contractile myofilaments- actin (thin filament) and myosin (thick filament).
Thus, Fiber → fibril → sarcomere → filaments are the correct answer.
Peripheral resistance (PR) to the blood flow is the resistance of:
a. Capillary system
b. Venous system
c. Arterial system
Answer: C) Arterial system
Explanation:
Peripheral resistance to the blood flow is the resistance of arterial system as, peripheral resistance is exerted by the artery to the flow of blood . Among all vascular bed artery, capillary and vein, arteries are the vessel which has the property of recoiling due to smooth muscles to exert resistance. As, increase in peripheral resistance and blood volume result in higher blood pressure. It is the resistance of the arteries to the blood flow.
What is the only type of receptor on the effector tissue of the SNS?
a) Muscarinic
b) Adrenergic
c) Cholinergic
d) Nicotinic
e) Autonomic
Answer:
B. Adrenergic
Explanation:
The sympathetic nervous system uses noradrenaline as the main neurotransmitter. Noradrenaline acts in alfa and beta adrenergic receptors and has effects over smooth muscle, cardiac tissue, and secretory glands.
Name the structure/function/components of osteon.
An osteon consists of the Haversian canal, concentric lamellae, lacunae, osteocytes, and canaliculi. It is the essential structural and functional unit of compact bone, offering support, and protection and playing a role in important metabolic functions.
Explanation:The osteon, also known as the Haversian system, is the fundamental functional unit of compact bone. The major components of an osteon are the Haversian canal, concentric lamellae, lacunae, osteocytes, and canaliculi.
Haversian canal: This centrally located canal contains small blood vessels and nerve fibers. It supplies the osteon cells with nutrients and oxygen. Concentric lamellae: These are layers of calcified matrix around the Haversian canal, taking a ring-like shape. Lacunae: These are spaces within the concentric lamellae where the osteocytes, or bone cells, reside. Osteocytes: These are mature bone cells responsible for maintaining the bone matrix. Canaliculi: These are tiny channels that provide routes for nutrients to travel from the Haversian canal to the osteocytes.Overall, the
function of osteons
is to provide support and protection, whilst facilitating bone's metabolic functions, including mineral storage and blood cell production.
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An osteon, or Haversian system, is the basic structural unit of compact bone. It contains concentric lamellae around a central Haversian canal, which houses blood vessels and nerves. Within the osteon, living osteocytes reside in cavities called lacunae and are connected by canaliculi.
Explanation:The Osteon, also known as the Haversian system, forms the basic structural unit of a compact bone. It's a cylindrical structure that includes concentric layers called lamellae, which surround a central canal known as the Haversian canal. This Haversian canal contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymph vessels that are essential for bone health and function.
Osteons also house living cells called osteocytes which reside in small cavities known as lacunae. These osteocytes are connected by tiny channel-like structures referred to as canaliculi, which facilitate the transport of nutrients and waste products. Essential to bone structure, Osteons align parallel to the long axis of the bone, aiding in the bone's ability to resist bending or fracturing, especially when stresses are applied in only a few directions.
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According to Boyle's law, as volume increases, the pressure of contained gases would:
a. increase
b. decrease
c. be unchanged
As volume increases, the pressure decreases since both are inversely proportional with respect to Boyle’s law.
Explanation:
An inverse proportionality exists between the volume and the pressure, this law will hold true if there are no changes in the molecules number and the temperature.
At an initial state of fixed quantity of gas, this law helps to determine changes in the pressure and volume. This law was introduced in the year 1662. According to this law, when the volume increases then the pressure in the contained gas would decrease. This is because of the reason that there exists an opposite relationship between the pressure and the volume.
Why can we use colon to administer drugs in case of an emergency?
Answer and Explanation :
When the patient is unconscious and not able to take medicine in form of tablets or capsule then colon comes into action, colon is a good way of administration of drugs when the patient is ill and can not take the medicine.
the colon is present bellow the liver so the drugs can effect more easily before the metabolism.lymphatic circulation is used for draining of colonwhen colon is present there is a less chance of degradation of drugsWhich of the following is a neuromuscular blocking agent?
A. neostigmine
B. ephedrine
C. dantrolene
D. succinylcholine
Answer:
(D). succinylcholine.
Explanation:
Neuromuscular blocking agents are drugs block myoneural junctions (also known as neuromuscular junctions) by inhibiting neuromuscular transmission.
Succinylcholine or suxamethonium is an example of neuromuscular blocking agents, which is used as general anesthetic agent to induce short-term paralysis or muscle relaxation.
Thus, the correct answer is option (D).
The event which removes the regulatory proteins from the binding site of actin is which of the following?
A) action potential along the sarcolemma
B) binding of Ca2+ by the regulatory proteins
C) binding of neurotransmitter at the motor end-plate
D) depolarization of the T-tubules.
Answer:
The correct answer will be option-B.
Explanation:
The contraction of the muscle is caused by the slipping of thick filament myosin and thin filament called the action. The myosin is a motor element which causes the sliding by binding to the myosin-binding sites present in the actin.
The binding site is covered by the regulatory protein called tropomyosin and troponin. The Ca⁺² ions produced by the sarcolemma binds to the troponin which shifts the tropomyosin to another side from myosin binding site. This shift allows the myosin to bind at the actin.
Thus, Option-B is the correct answer.
Sympathetic stimulation causes:
A. relaxation of the bronchial smooth muscie
B. increases resistance to air flow
C. decreased the diameter of airways
D. release of HCO3 from goblet cells
E. release of renin from macula densa
What is the ICD 10 code for Atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular response
Factors which thicken the respiratory membrane may result in __________
a. oxygen deprivation
b. reduced pulmonary circulation
c. bronchiole constriction
d. none of the above
Answer: d. none of the above
Explanation:
The respiratory membrane is the membrane which separates the air inside the alveoli from the pulmonary capillaries. The types of respiratory membranes includes the alveoli membrane, the capillary membrane and the basement membrane. The respiratory membrane is usually very thin. But it becomes thick due to the increase in the fluid content, which actually forces the gases to diffuse through the membrane and the fluid. Also the pulmonary diseases can also cause the membrane to become thick.
Answer: Oxygen Deprivation
Explanation:
The thickening of the respiratory membranes may result in the oxygen deprivation. The function of membrane is to help in gaseous exchange.
The carbon dioxide is removed out of the body and oxygen is inhaled inside. Thickening of the membrane will reduce the ability to exchange gas which will make the body deprive of oxygen.
There are may diseases in which the thickening of the respiratory membranes takes place.Example: pulmonary fibrosis.
The structure that prevents food or water from entering the trachea.
Answer:
The answer is epiglottis
Explanation:
The epiglottis is a cartilaginous structure that is part of the larynx, which rises at the time of swallowing while closing the airway, thus preventing food and water from entering the trachea.
The epiglottis is the structure that prevents food or water from entering the trachea. It covers the glottis during swallowing, with assistance from the movement of the larynx and tongue, to protect the respiratory tract. A functional pharynx is essential for maintaining the processes of both digestion and respiration.
Explanation:The Structure Preventing Food or Water from Entering the TracheaThe structure that prevents food or water from entering the trachea is known as the epiglottis. During swallowing, the larynx is pulled upwards and the epiglottis folds down to cover the glottis, which is the opening to the trachea, thus blocking access to the respiratory tract. The backward motion of the tongue aids in this protective action. If material accidentally enters the larynx, it can stimulate a cough reflex, helping to expel the content back into the pharynx, away from the respiratory pathway. The trachea, which leads air to the bronchi and lungs, is protected by this mechanism from the aspiration of food and liquids.
The pharynx simultaneously plays a role in both digestion and respiration. It guides air from the nasal cavity to the larynx and food from the oral cavity to the esophagus. Its function in protecting the airway during swallowing ensures that inhaled air is second in priority to swallowed material. The coordination of these mechanisms is essential for safe eating and breathing.
Icd 10 code for diverticulitis of sigmoid colon
Answer:
K57.3
Explanation:
K or XI chapter are diseases of digestive system, from K55-63 are the other diseases of intestines and the K57 is the diverticular disease of the intestine
Describe the mechanisms of calcium homeostasis: hormones that regulate hypo and hypercalcemia.
Answer:
The hormones involved in the calcium homeostasis are parathyroid hormone, cholecalciferol and calcitonin.
Explanation:
The maintenance of calcium level in the body is important for the proper functioning of body. The increased level of calcium is known as hypercalcemia and low level of calcium in body is known as hypocalcemia.
Hormones that regulate the level of calcium in blood are as follows:
Parathyroid hormone: The parathyroid hormone stimulate the calcium reabsorption in case of hypocalcemia. The osteoclast bone activity increases and calcium reabsorption from renal tubule, increases the calcium level of the body. This maintains calcium homeostasis in the body.
Calcitonin: An increase in the calcium ion concentration stimulates the secretion of calcitonin. The calcitonin hormone inhibits the osteoclast bone reabsorption, decreases the blood level in the body.
Cholecalciferol: This is also known as vitamin D metabolites. This hormone is stimulated in case of low calcium levels. The calcium level can be increased in the body by increasing the phosphate and calcium absorption from the gastro intestinal tract.