Answer:
plasma
Explanation:
it is the liquid part of the blood, that contains 70%of water
What are the functions of each layer of the skin?
Answer:
The skin is divided into three layers, which are:
- epidermis: it is the outermost part of the skin containing keratinocytes, melanocytes, lymphocytes (which are those that protect against infections) and langerhans cells. The epidermis is the body's most important barrier to the external environment of the skin. it is also the one that gives the color.
- dermis: is the layer located under the epidermis. It is the second line of defense against trauma. Another function is to nourish the epidermis.
- Hypodermis: it is also called subcutaneous tissue or superficial fascia. Its main function is to store fat; It helps maintain body temperature and gives mobility to the entire skin.
When are zoonotic diseases likely to spread?
A. when crowded, unsanitary conditions exist
B. all of these
C. when humans are exposed to fowl
D. when humans are exposed to cattle
Answer:
The answer is B all of these
Explanation:
Zoonoses are diseases transmitted by animals to humans, they occur in unhealthy conditions and poor hygiene. Children are the most exposed.
The nurse working at the senior center notices Mrs Jones, a 78-year old crying. The nurse approach Mrs Jones and asks if she needs help. Mrs Jones stars “ I am so embarrassed. I had another accident and my pants are all wet. It’s like I’m a baby. I never should have come to the senior center." Whar factors may be contributing to urinary incontinence? How should the nurse respond to Mrs Jones?
Answer:
urinary incontinence in senile people and mostly in women where they are more frequent are usually due to weakening of the pelvic floor and anatomical alterations of the internal genital organs such as prolapses.
The nurse, in addition to providing an emotional support, should induce the woman to use disposable diapers and evaluation for gynecology.
What fissure separates the hemispheres of the cerebellum? The cerebrum and cerebellum?
Answer:
Medial longitudinal fissure or Longitudinal fissure
Explanation:
The longitudinal fissure is a deep groove that separates the two hemispheres of the vertebrate brain.
The vermis separates the hemispheres of the cerebellum, while the primary fissure divides its anterior and posterior lobes.
The fissure that separates the hemispheres of the cerebellum is known as the vermis. Structurally, the cerebellum is also divided into the anterior and posterior lobes by the primary fissure. When it comes to distinguishing between the cerebrum and the cerebellum, the transverse fissure is the gap that separates these two major brain regions. Additionally, the cerebrum itself consists of two cerebral hemispheres divided by the longitudinal fissure.
The cerebellum, located behind and below the cerebrum, is integral for coordination of motor movement, balance, equilibrium, and muscle tone. Unlike the cerebrum, which is divided by the longitudinal fissure, the cerebellum's hemispheres are separated by the midline structure called the vermis, with its distinctive folia, and anterior and posterior lobes.
What is the Icd 10 code for history of myocardial infarction?
Answer:
ICD-10 I25.2
used to specify a medical diagnosis of old myocardial infarction
Which of the following would NOT be an example of a source of water output?
a. Water of metabolism
b. Water from sweat
c. Water from feces
d. Water from skin/lungs
Answer: Water of metabolism
Explanation:
The water from the body can be taken out in the form of sweat, feces and from the skin.
The water that is taken out of the body via various processes. The water from the body comes out in the form of water by the process of sweating, when the body is into hotter environment. Human feces also includes some amount of water in it.
The water that is used in metabolism does not comes out of the body as a source of water output.
Answer:
water metabolism
Explanation:
Describe the following:
Nuclear envelope
Nucleus
Plasma membrane
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Ribosomes
Golgi Apparatus
Peroxisome
Intermediate Filaments
Microtubule
Microfilament
Microvilli
Centrosome Matrix
Centrioles
Mitochondrion
Lysosome
Cytosol
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Nucleolus
Chromatin
Answer:
Nuclear Envelope: In eukaryotic cells, nuclear envelope (nuclear membrane) surrounds the nucleus and protect genetic material. it consist of two lipid bilayer membranes an outer nuclear membrane and inner nuclear membrane.
Nucleus: Nucleus is an membrane-bounded organelle that is responsible for the functions to control gene expression and DNA replication during cell cycle.
Plasma membrane: Plasma membrane (cell membrane) is a phospholipid bilayer that surrounds the cell. It is selectively permeable in nature to ions and organic molecules and that regulates movement of substances across the cell.
Rough endoplasmic reticulum: Rough endoplasmic reticulum is an organelle that is made up of tubules, vesicles and cisternae and responsible for protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells.
Ribosomes: Ribosomes found within all living cells, made up of RNA (Ribonucleic acid) and associated proteins and serves as the site of biological protein synthesis.
Golgi Apparatus: Golgi Apparatus is defind as a vesicles and folded membranes in the cytoplasm that function in sorting, modifying and packaging of proteins for secretion.
Peroxisome: Peroxisome is an organelle present in the cytoplasm and functions in breaking down fatty acids used in the formation of membrane and as fuel for respiration.
Intermediate Filaments: Intermediate Filaments are cytoskeletal structure that contribute in cell shape, and cell and organelle motility.
Microtubule: Microtubule are polymers of tubulin which forms part of the cytoskeleton and functions in supporting and give shape to the cell.
Microfilament: Microfilament are the part of cytosketal system that are made up of actin polymer and serves as the track for the movement of motor proteins called myosine.
Microvilli: Microvilli are the finger like projection on the surface of some cells that functions in the absorption and secretion of nutrients by increasing the surface area of the cell.
Centrosome Matrix: Centrosome Matrix are defined as the network of small fibers surrounding the centrioles in cells and responsible in organizing microtubules, cell division, and provide structure for the cell.
Centrioles: Centrioles are the cell organelles present in the eukaryotic cell made of protein tubulin which is surrounded by shapeless mass of dense material celled as pericentriolar material.
Mitrochondria: Mitochondria is known as the power house of the cell which is double membrane bound organelle. It stores the energy which is required by the cells of the body.
Lysosome: An organelle which is present inside the cell to store the degrated substances inside the cell.
Cytosol: The aqueous component of the the cell which has various cell organelles and particles dissolve in it.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum: It is a meshwork membrane which is found in both plant and animal cell. Its main function is to make cellular products like hormones and lipids.
Nucleolus: It is found in the nucleus of the eukaryotic cell which is found during interphase. It is the largest part of nucleus which is the site for ribosome biogenesis.
Chromatin: It is a complex structure made of DNA and protein which helps in the packing very long DNA molecules in a compact form.
A nurse is preventing teaching to a client who has a new prescription for paroxetine. The nurse should instruct the client to monitor for which of the following adverse effects?
a. Peripheral edema
b. Alopecia
c. Tinnitus
d. Drowsiness
Answer:
The best answer fromt the choices given to respond to the question: The nurse should instruct the client to monitor for which o the following adverse effects, is, D: Drowsiness.
Explanation:
Paroxetine, is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, an antidepressant, that can be used for several conditions, including mental disorders, and some other physiological problems. Because of its action mechanism, which increases the availability of serotonin in the brain, there are various responses that the body can have, which are considered side effects, or adverse effects, of this medication. However, one of the least severe adverse effects, but that must be informed about to the patient, will be drowsiness, as well as others such as vomiting, diarrhea, irregular heart beat, hallucinations, eye problems, among others.
Answer:
d. Drowsiness
Explanation:
A nurse is preventing teaching to a client who has a new prescription for paroxetine. The nurse should instruct the client to monitor for drowsiness.
Inhibin is thought to be released in response to developing sperm and is thought to:
a. inhibit FSH secretion
b. inhibit estrogen secretin
c. inhibit PRL secretion
d. inhibit progesterone secretion
e. inhibit LH secretion
Answer:
A. Inhibit FSH secretion.
Explanation:
Inhibin is a hormone secreted by the granulosa cells in the ovaries of women and the Sertolli cells in men. The main function of inhibin, as they name says, is to inhibit the secretion of FSH by the anterior pituitary gland. Inhibin is also produced by the Sertolli cells in the testes of men, and it is released in the blood when the sperm count is too high. FSH causes the Sertoli cells of the testes to begin the process of spermatogenesis in the testes. Therefore, releasing inhibin would cause a negative feedback and stop the production of sperm.
Which of the following glands are holocrine glands?
a) Pancreas
b) Sweat glands
c) Salivary glands
d) Sebaceous glands
Answer:
b) Sweat glands and d) sebaceous glands
Explanation:
They are holocrine because the plasma membrane is broken releasing the secretion. In the sebaceous glands the sebum released contain dead cells, those cells could be looked at the duct and in the sebum.
The sweat glands might be holocrine and apocrine. the holocrine are in the hands, feet and frontal face. The dead cells can be found in the sweat and in the ducts of the glands.
Which of the following is NOT a normal constituent of lymph?
a. water
b. dietary lipids
c. red blood cells
d. lymphocytes
e. ions
Answer:
Red blood cells
Explanation:
Lymph is a colorless fluid that contains white blood cells and the fluid drains into the bloodstream through the lymphatic system. The lymph provide protection from the pathogens and helps in providing immunity to the organisms.
Lymphatic system contains water, lymphocytes, ions and dietary lipids. Red blood cells are absent in lymph which makes it a colorless fluid.
Thus, the correct answer is option (c).
As blood leaves the left ventricle, it passes:
a. through the bicuspid valve.
b. through the aortic semilunar valve.
c. into the right atrium.
d. into the right ventricle.
e. into the pulmonary trunk.
The correct answer is that blood passes through the aortic semilunar valve as it leaves the left ventricle. The heart then pumps this oxygenated blood to the rest of the body.
Explanation:As blood leaves the left ventricle, it passes through the aortic semilunar valve. This is the way the heart pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body. The bicuspid valve is actually situated between the left atrium and the left ventricle and regulates blood flow from the former to the latter. Blood does not directly move into the right atrium or the right ventricle from the left ventricle. The pulmonary trunk, on the other hand, carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.
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Blood exits the left ventricle of the heart by passing through the aortic semilunar valve. It does not enter the right atrium or right ventricle directly from there nor proceed into the pulmonary trunk, as these structures are involved with other stages or circuits of the blood flow.
Explanation:When blood departs from the left ventricle, in the heart's cardiac cycle, it advances through the aortic semilunar valve (option b). Post the atrioventricular or bicuspid valve (option a), the blood enters the left ventricle. It does not flow into the right atrium (option c) or right ventricle (option d) directly from the left ventricle as each side of the heart is separated by a wall, called the septum. Furthermore, it does not propel into the pulmonary trunk (option e) directly from the left ventricle as this route is involved in the pulmonary circuit for deoxygenated blood. Therefore, the blood's next step after being in the left ventricle is to pass through the aortic semilunar valve to journey further into the systemic circulation to deliver oxygen throughout the body.
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What are the bone cell functions of osteocyte, osteoblast, osteoclast?
Answer:
Osteocyte:
Osteocyte may be defined the bone forming cell and present inside a lacuna. They are involved in the synthesis and modification of bone cells. There receptors play an important role in the functional regulation of bone marrow.
Osteoblast:
Osteoblast cells contain a single nucleus and involved in the bone synthesis. They work together with the connective tissue in the process of formation of bone. They are involved in the formation of mineralized tissue.
Osteoclast:
Osteoclast cell breaks the bone tissue. The breakdown of bone tissue is important for the process of bone remodeling and bone repair. These cells are also involved in the bone resorption process by secreting the enzyme called collagenase.
A nurse is caring for a client who has acute heart failure and is receiving furosemide via IV bolus. The nurse should identify that which of the following findings indicates a desired therapeutic effect?
a. Increased sputum production
b. Decreased weight
c. Decreased blood glucose level
d. Increased blood pressure
Answer:
I'm say d it's wild guess
No insulin is produced in this kind of diabetes.
a. Type 1
b. Both type1 and type 2
c. Type 2
Answer:
type 1
Explanation:
type 2 produces non sufficient insulin
Answer/Explanation:
i agree with type 1 because type 2 has no insulin
Anemia can be caused by a diet lacking in which nutritional substances?
a. calcium and vitamin K
b. magnesium and vitamin C
c. zinc and vitamin A
d. folic acid and vitamin B12
Answer:
The best answer to the question: Anemia can be caused by a diet lacking in which nutritional substances?, would be, D: Folic acid and vitamin B12.
Explanation:
Anemia, is usually defined as a problem in the formation of red blood cells, or, erythrocites. Usually, there are a number of nutrients, such as vitamins and minerals, that play a vital role in the formation of these erythrocites. One such mineral is iron, which is why, when it is lacking in the diet, it can cause an anemia called iron-deficiency anemia. In this case, the anemia, which is either a reduced production of red-blood cells, or, cells that are incapable of carrying out their duty as oxygen-transporters, is caused by a dietary deficiency. Another form of this can be when the body itself, through an illness, is incapable of producing these cells. However, aside from iron, there are other two nutrients that are vital in the correct formation of erythrocites, and in their being efficent transporters: folic acid, also known as folate, and vitamin B12, both necessarily supplied by the diet, as the body cannot produce them.
Describe the hepatic portal system?
Answer:
Hepatic portal system is the veins, consists of the tributaries and hepatic portal vein.
Explanation:
Hepatic portal system transfers blood from the parts of gastrointestinal tract to the liver. The components of hepatic portal system are hepatic portal vein, superior mesentric vein, inferior mesenteric vein and splenic vein.
The absorbed product of the small intestine first reach to the liver through the hepatic portal system. The lower portion of the esophagus to the upper part of ana.l canal is involved in this system.
A nurse is administering medications to a client and mistakenly gives hydroxyzine instead of hydralazine. The nurse should monitor the client for which of the following adverse effects?
a. Edema
b. Diplopia
c. Fever
d. Sedation
Answer:
The answer is D sedation.
Explanation:
hydroxyzine is a medicine that is used as an antihestaminic agent and can cause sedation, because it crosses the blood-brain barrier. In fact it is a medicine that can be used in anxiety and depression.
Hydroxyzine may cause sedation when administered accidentally instead of hydralazine, hence the patient should be closely monitored for this effect.
Explanation:If a nurse accidentally administers hydroxyzine instead of hydralazine, the client should be monitored for signs of sedation. Hydroxyzine is an antihistamine medication that is commonly used to treat allergy symptoms. However, one potential side effect of this medication is drowsiness or sedation, as it tends to suppress the central nervous system. Hydralazine, on the other hand, is a medication used to treat high blood pressure and its mistaking could lead to adverse effects that are related to blood pressure regulation.
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The moment of inertia in angular kinematics or kinetics corresponds to mass in linear kinematics or kinetics.
a. True
b. False
Answer:
True
Explanation:
Rotational and linear motions are analogous to each other.
The inertia of a body in a linear motion is its mass. This can be seen from Newton's second law of thermodynamics:
F = ma
The larger the value of the force, the larger the inertia is (m) and the slower it accelerates.
The inertia of a body in a rotational body is it moment of inertia (I). Both I and m are same but I depends on both the shape and mass of the rotating body.
For example, The inertia of a solid disk with mass M and radius R is:
[tex]I=\frac {1}{2}\times MR^2[/tex]
Hence, the statement is true.
Final answer:
The moment of inertia is indeed analogous to mass in linear motion, as it measures an object's resistance to change in angular velocity. It is calculated based on the mass distribution and distance to the axis of rotation, with the shape and center of mass being crucial determinants.
Explanation:
The statement that the moment of inertia in angular kinematics or kinetics corresponds to mass in linear kinematics or kinetics is true. The moment of inertia is a measure of an object’s resistance to change in its angular velocity about a fixed axis of rotation. Just as a more massive object will have greater resistance to changes in linear velocity, an object with a larger moment of inertia will resist changes in angular velocity. The moment of inertia depends on the distribution of mass and the distance of mass from the axis of rotation. Hence, similar to the linear momentum equation p = mv, the angular momentum L is defined as the product of moment of inertia I and angular velocity ω, where L = Iω. It is also important to note that the shape of the object and the location of the center of mass greatly influence the moment of inertia.
The moment of inertia has units of mass multiplied by distance squared (kg · m²), further emphasizing its role as the rotational counterpart to mass in linear motion. In considering the dynamics of rotational motion, the kinetic energy is distributed between linear and rotational components based on the moment of inertia. For example, a hollow cylinder with mass distributed farther from the axis will have a larger moment of inertia compared to a solid cylinder of the same mass, influencing its rotational kinetic energy and subsequent angular momentum during motion.
The last equation, summarizing the relationship between torque, moment of inertia, and angular acceleration (net τ = Iα), is analogous to Newton's law in linear motion (F = ma), further highlighting the correspondence between moment of inertia and mass in their respective domains of motion.
The dental arches includes:
a. the upper lip frenulum
b. the canines
c. the uvula
d. the incisors
e. the postmolars
Answer:
b. the canines
d. the incisors
e. the postmolars
Explanation:
Dental arches consists of two arches of teeth, one present on each jaw, that together whole constitute dentition. In the body of humans, Superior (upper or maxillary ) dental arch is slightly larger than inferior (lower or mandibular) arch.
It includes:
Each of maxillary and mandubular dental arch consists of 16 teeth which includes incisors (4), canines (2), molars (6) and premolars (4).
So option b, d and e are correct.
Which of the following does NOT involve the hypothalamic-pituitary axis of hormone function regulation?
A. prolactin
B. somatotropin
C. cortisol
D. oxytocin
E. T3
Answer:
(D). oxytocin.
Explanation:
The hypothalamic-pituitary axis can be defined a pathway that plays a central role in regulation of various endocrine glands. Hormones released from hypothalamus stimulates pituitary gland, which in turns secrete pituitary hormones to regulate release of hormones from other endocrine glands.
Regulation of growth hormone (somatotropin), cortisol (adrenal hormone), prolactin, and T3 (thyroid hormone) is done by hypothalamic-pituitary axis.
Oxytocin is a peptide hormone, which is synthesized by hypothalamus and secreted by posterior pituitary gland. However, level of oxytocin is regulated by positive feedback in loop, in which hormone itself regulates its release and does not involves regulation by hypothalamic-pituitary axis.
Thus, the correct answer is option (D).
Final answer:
D. Oxytocin does not involve the hypothalamic-pituitary axis of hormone function regulation because it is produced in the hypothalamus and directly secreted by the posterior pituitary, unlike other hormones that are regulated through the axis.
Explanation:
The student asked which of the following does NOT involve the hypothalamic-pituitary axis of hormone function regulation. The options were prolactin, somatotropin, cortisol, oxytocin, and T3. The hypothalamic-pituitary axis is a central part of the endocrine system that regulates a wide array of body functions. Prolactin, somatotropin (growth hormone), cortisol via ACTH, and T3 via thyroid-stimulating hormone are all hormones whose regulation involves the hypothalamic-pituitary axis.
However, D. oxytocin is not regulated by this axis; instead, it is produced in the hypothalamus and stored and secreted by the posterior pituitary gland without the intermediary hormone regulation that characterizes the anterior pituitary hormones. Therefore, oxytocin is the correct answer because it does not involve the hypothalamic-pituitary axis in its regulation.
Neither the participant nor the researcher knows to which group the participant is assigned.
a. Equipoise
b. Double-blind study
c. Cross-over design
d. Randomization
Answer:
The answer is B double-blind study
Explanation:
In this type of scientific study neither the experimenter nor the researcher knows the study sample, during the period that the experiment lasts, in order not to influence the results.
Why does a patient with partial gastrectomy need to receive intramuscular vitamin B12, in order not to become anemic?
Answer: Due to malabsorption of Vitamin B12
Explanation:
The patients of gasrectomy face several problems which includes anemia as a result of iron or Vitamin B12 malabsorption.
This problem takes place when the intrinsic factor is not produced by the stomach, which helps in the absorption of iron. This is because the proximal part of the stomach is cut.
In this case the iron is not properly absorbed due to this patients with partial gastrectomy face several problems.
The difference between pinocytosis and receptor-mediated endocytosis is that A) pinocytosis brings only water molecules into the cell, whereas receptor-mediated endocytosis brings in other molecules as well. B) pinocytosis increases the surface area of the plasma membrane, whereas receptor-mediated endocytosis decreases the plasma membrane surface area. C) pinocytosis is nonselective in the molecules it brings into the cell, whereas receptor-mediated endocytosis is highly selective. D) pinocytosis requires cellular energy, but receptor-mediated endocytosis does not. E) pinocytosis can concentrate substances from the extracellular fluid, but receptor-mediated endocytosis cannot.
Answer:
C) pinocytosis is nonselective in the molecules it brings into the cell, whereas receptor-mediated endocytosis is highly selective.
Explanation:
The difference between pinocytosis and receptor-mediated endocytosis is that, pinocytosis is nonselective in the molecules it brings into the cell, whereas receptor-mediated endocytosis is highly selective.
The difference between pinocytosis and receptor-mediated endocytosis is that pinocytosis is nonselective in the molecules it brings into the cell, whereas receptor-mediated endocytosis is highly selective.
Explanation:The difference between pinocytosis and receptor-mediated endocytosis is that pinocytosis is nonselective in the molecules it brings into the cell, whereas receptor-mediated endocytosis is highly selective. Pinocytosis takes in large portions of extracellular material, including water molecules, while receptor-mediated endocytosis regulates the endocytosis of specific substances via receptors that are specific for a certain substance.
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What is the percentage of amount of water found in the body?
Your body is mainly made up of water. There is more than 60% of water in a human's body. You gain water by eating and drinking, and as by-product of cell activity. The water balance in your body is controlled by the kidneys and adrenal glands.
Which of the following choices is NOT part of the central nervous system?
a. brain
b. cranial nerves
c. spinal cord
d. All are part of the central nervous system.
Answer:
The answer is B cranial nerves
Explanation:
The cranial nerves are part of the peripheral nervous system.
The correct answer is d. All are part of the central nervous system.
Explanation:The correct answer is d. All are part of the central nervous system. The central nervous system consists of the brain, cranial nerves, and spinal cord. It is responsible for processing information, coordinating body movements, and controlling bodily functions. Therefore, all the choices listed are indeed part of the central nervous system.
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To treat gastric acid reflux, one may prescribe a(an) _______ inhibitor.
A. H+ ATPase pump
B. H+/K+ ATPase pump
C. Na+/H+ antiporter
D. Na+/H+/CI- symporter
E. H+/CI- ATPase pump
Answer:
(B). H⁺/K⁺ ATPase.
Explanation:
H⁺/K⁺ ATPase (or hydrogen-potassium pump) is a proton pump, present in parietal cells of stomach. The main function of hydrogen-potassium pump is to acidify the contents of stomach and to activate pepsin (a digestive enzyme).
It helps in gastric acid formation releasing hydrogen ions to the lumen with exchange of potassium ions.
Gastric acid reflux represents a condition, in which stomach acid comes up to the esophagus from stomach. Hence, one way to treat gastric acid reflux is to inhibit H⁺/K⁺ ATPase that would decrease synthesis of gastric acid in stomach.
Thus, the correct answer is option (B).
Body Regions:
Complete the following sentences.
The shoulder is to the upper limb as the ____________ is to the lower limb.
The arm is to the upper limb as the _____________ is to the lower limb.
The elbow is to the upper limb as the _______________ is to the lower limb.
The tarsal bones are to the lower limb as the _____________ bones are to the upper limb.
The shoulder is to the upper limb as the hip is to the lower limb. The arm is to the upper limb as the thigh is to the lower limb. The elbow is to the upper limb as the knee is to the lower limb. The tarsal bones are to the lower limb as the carpal bones are to the upper limb.
Explanation:The shoulder is to the upper limb as the hip is to the lower limb. The arm is to the upper limb as the thigh is to the lower limb. The elbow is to the upper limb as the knee is to the lower limb. The tarsal bones are to the lower limb as the carpal bones are to the upper limb.
Briefly describe the biogenic amine theory of depressin. How does current drug therapy to treat depression correlate with the biogenic amine theory?
Answer:
It helps by restructuring ways of thinking, negative attributes, and attitudes someone has about himself, and ways in which faulty thinking may perpetuate depression.
Answer:
restructuring ways of thinking , bad or more like negative attitude.that he or she has about themself.
Tubular ___________ occurs when certain substances (i.e. iions, drugs) are removed from the bloodstream and placed back into the renal tubule.
a. Elimination
b. Reabsorption
c. Secretion
d. Filtration
Answer:
b. Reabsorption.
Explanation:
The three main process in the formation of urine is glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion. These three process occurs at the same or different structure.
Tubular reabsorption may be defined as the process bu which water and ions are removed from the nephrons and enters into the blood. The important chemicals and molecules are reabsorbed placed back into the renal tubule.
Thus, the correct answer is option (b).