Answer:
Option c. Attach amino acids to tRNAs
Explanation:
The aminoacylation is the process of charging a tRNA molecule. The reaction is catalyzed by enzymes called AARSs (Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases).
The reaction occurs during the process of translation. The first step is involved in using a ATP molecule amino acid activation, thus forming AARSs-aminoacyl adenylate complex. The amino acid (active) is transferred to tRNA in the second step of aminoacylation process. Thus, the function of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases is to attach amino acids to tRNAs
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases link tRNA molecules to amino acids, enabling the correct amino acid to be added to the growing polypeptide chain. They first bind and hydrolyze ATP to form a high-energy bond between the amino acid and adenosine monophosphate (AMP), which is transferred to the tRNA. Charged tRNA molecules can then match their anticodons with the mRNA codons at the ribosome.
Explanation:Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are enzymes that link tRNA molecules to their corresponding amino acids, a process known as 'charging' the tRNA. Each of the 20 amino acids is linked to a specific synthetase. These enzymes first bind and hydrolyze ATP to form a high-energy bond between an amino acid and adenosine monophosphate (AMP), which is then transferred to the tRNA. This charged tRNA molecule is then able to match the tRNA anticodons with the mRNA codons at the ribosome, ensuring the correct amino acid is added to the growing polypeptide chain.
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Non-disjunction involving the X-chromosome may occur during oogenesis and produce two kinds of eggs. If normal sperm fertilize these two types, which of the following pairs of genotypes are possible?
a. XX and XY
b. XXY and XO
c. XYY and XO
d. XYY and YO
Answer:
The correct answer will be option-B
Explanation:
Non-disjunction is the process of the failure of the separation of the homologous chromosomes during cell division which could be observed during the meiosis I, meiosis II or mitosis.
If Non-disjunction takes place during the oogenesis then the resultant cells will be formed with XX and O gametes.
When a normal male sperm with XY fertilizes the cells then they will form four combinations:
1. XX + X = XXX
2. XX + Y = XXY
3. O + X = XO
4. O + Y = YO
Thus, in the given question option-B is the correct answer.
Non-disjunction involving the X-chromosome during oogenesis can produce two types of eggs: XX and O. When these are fertilized by normal sperm, the viable genotypes that can result are XXY and XO. YO is not a viable genotype and will not develop.
Explanation:The term non-disjunction in biology refers to the failure of chromosome pairs to separate properly during cell division, which can result in aneuploidy. Aneuploidy is a condition in which a cell has an abnormal number of chromosomes. Specifically in the context of this question, non-disjunction involving the X-chromosome during oogenesis (egg production) can produce two types of eggs: one with two X chromosomes (XX) and one without an X chromosome (O). When normal sperm (either X or Y) fertilize these two types of eggs, four combinations are possible: XX, XY, XO, or YO.
The viable combinations, however, are XX and XO. This is because an embryo with the genotype YO (having only a Y chromosome and no X chromosome) is not viable and won't develop. Thus, the correct answer is option 'b. XXY and XO'.
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You are confronted with a box of preserved grasshoppers of various species that are new to science and have
not been described. Your assignment is to separate them into species. There is no accompanying information as
to where or when they were collected. Which species concept will you have to use?
A) biological
B) phylogenetic
C) ecological
D) morphological
Answer:
The correct answer will be option-D
Explanation:
The morphological species concept is the concept which defines the species based on the morphological characters.
The species which can be grouped or organised on the basis of the morphological traits including the anatomy of the organisms arr called morphospecies and the concept is known as a morphological concept.
In the given question, since there is no information available for the collected grasshoppers, therefore, the biologist will classify the grasshopper species by studying the morphological characters of the species.
Thus, option-D is the correct answer.
A recessive allele on the x chromosome is responsible for red-green color blindness in humans. Alleles are C = normal and c = color blind. A woman with normal vision whose father is color blind marries a color-blind male. What is the probability that this couple's first son will be color-blind? A) 1/4 B) 1/2 C) 2/3 D) 3/4
Answer:
1/2
Explanation:
The allele for the red-green color blindness is X-linked recessive. The father of the woman was colorblind (X^cY) which means that the woman is a carrier for the allele and has genotype (X^cX). The genotype of the colorblind male would be X^cY. A cross between a carrier woman and a color-blind man would produce progeny in following ratio= 1/2 colorblind daughter: 1/2 normal daughter: 1/2 colorblind son: 1/2 normal son.
Therefore, there is a 50% probability that their first son is colorblind.
Two terms for the massive motor tracts serving voluntary movement are ________. Two terms for the massive motor tracts serving voluntary movement are ________. pyramidal and corticospinal extrapyramidal and rubrospinal supplementary and cerebellar-pontine segmental and nigrostriatal
Answer:
pyramidal and corticospinal
Explanation:
Motor pathways control body posture, reflexes and muscle tone, as well as conscious conscious movements. The best known motor route is the pira pyramid system ', which begins in the large pyramidal neurons of the motor cortex, continues along the pyramids of the brain stem and ends at or near the alpha motor neurons. This motor system is extraordinarily important in the clinic, because it is frequently affected by vascular accidents of the brain.
Iodine is a yellowish solution. A starch solution is white. A starch solution turns purplish-black in the presence of iodine. If you wait a few hours, then add iodine to the beaker, what color would the beaker solution be?
Answer:
The correct answer will be- the color change will be observed and the solution will turn purplish-black.
Explanation:
Iodine test is performed to test the presence of the carbohydrates mainly starch.
The iodine solution is chemically called potassium iodide which forms a yellow solution. The potassium iodide solution forms a complex with a starch solution which appears a purplish-black color which shows the presence of the carbohydrates.
In the given question, if we add the iodine solution to the beaker after a certain point of time then it will still form a complex with the starch and thus beaker solution will appear darker in color.
The skin pigment melanin is expressed differently according to exposure to sunlight, with a greater production of the molecule with greater exposure. However, the degree of production can never exceed the inherited genetic level. What evolutionary advantage would be gained from having this phenotypic range for skin pigmentation?
answer:
by having a high genetic level of melanin in your skin, you're skin is more protected from the ultra violet sun rays. Darker skinned races have more melanin present, these races originate from hot countries where sunlight is often present; the production of melanin in their skin allows them to reflect and inhibits they're skin from becoming extremely damaged. Light skinned races don't have a large amount of melanin due to they're native countries lacking sunlight. This is an evolutionary adaptation of the human race.
Answer:
the evolutionary advantage would be if the species became nearly extinct because their skin color was very limited so it became noticeable. Over years it could adapt to the new environment to try and blend in with their surroundings so they could survive. Basically survival rate would go up
Explanation:
Explain why predators and prey with many generations of interactions are likely to have pronounced behavioral responses to each other.
Answer:
Due to coevolution
Explanation:
Coevolution occurs when the evolution of two species (or more) is influenced by the biological relationships between those species. It is, the evolution takes place in a mutually dependent manner. A type of coevolution, is that of the type Predator-Prey , in which a selective pressure on the prey generates new features to avoid being captured, but at the same time, the predator evolves to overcome the new features adopted by the prey becoming a more effective hunter. Thus, coevolution often leads to an evolutionary arms race between prey and predator
The predator-prey relationship involves coevolution, where both species influence each other's evolution over many generations. This leads to pronounced behavioral responses and adaptations in both predator and prey, based on survival strategies such as enhanced hunting and evasion tactics. Cyclic population fluctuations are common in these relationships.
Explanation:Predators and prey with many generations of interactions are likely to have pronounced behavioral responses to each other due to coevolution. This process involves two species influencing each other's evolution over time.
An example of this is the lynx and snowshoe hare. Over generations, the lynx has evolved to become an efficient hunter of the hare while the hare has evolved in its ability to evade the lynx. The predator-prey relationship leads to a cyclical pattern where the rise and fall of predator and prey populations are interconnected. When the hare population increases, it provides more food for the lynx, which increases the lynx population. However, when the lynx population becomes too dense, it leads to a decrease in the hare population due to over-predation and in turn, the lynx population also decreases due to scarcity of food. Similar interactions result in a strong behavioral response and adaptations in both predator and prey, such as enhanced hunting skills in the predator and evasion tactics in the prey. In addition, both species undergo some form of defense mechanism evolution to reduce the impact of predation.
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The image shows part of the humerous bone in different genera of primates.
Which statement is best supported by the observable structures of the different humerus bones?
A)
The primates lived in similar environments.
B)
The primates shared a common ancestor.
C)
The primates interbreed with similar organisms in a population.
D)
The primates had diets that consisted of similar types of foods.
Answer:
B) The primates shared a common ancestry.
Explanation:
I took a test EXACTLY like this a very long time ago, and since they look similar all the way down, passed down from generation to generation, this would be the obvious answer.
I am joyous to assist you anytime.
The primates shared a common ancestry.
What is Humerus Bone?The humerus is a long bone that extends from the shoulder and scapula (shoulder blade) to the elbow.
It is sometimes referred to as the upper arm bone. Proximal humerus fractures and humerus shaft fractures are the two categories used to classify humerus fractures.
A proximal humerus fracture can occur at different levels and with either a simple or comminuted fracture pattern. It typically happens close to the shoulder joint. On the other hand, a fracture of the humerus shaft is limited to the middle of the upper arm.
Therefore, The primates shared a common ancestry.
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________, which is released from the pituitary gland, can potentially increase the height and weight of an individual to gigantic proportions, especially if administered during childhood and adolescence.
Answer:
Growth hormone
Explanation:
The growth hormone is released by somatotropic cells of the anterior pituitary gland. The growth hormone is an anabolic hormone and metabolic, tissue building and growth-promoting effects on the body. It stimulates the mobilization of fats, increases the blood levels of fatty acids to be used as flues for ATP production. It reduces glucose uptake and triggers glycogen breakdown.
In response to growth hormone, insulin-like growth factors are produced by the liver, skeletal muscle, bone, and other tissues which in turn facilitate growth by cell division, stimulated formation of collagen and deposition of bone matrix.
The growth hormone triggers cell division and cell enlargement, stimulates the growth of long bones by affecting the epiphyseal plate. It also stimulates the skeletal muscles to increase muscle mass. The overall effect is somatic growth. Its hypersecretion during childhood and adolescence can cause gigantism since the active epiphyseal plates promote excess bone growth.
During recess, children are trying to balance a seesaw. If one side is too low, a heavier child will get off and be replaced by a lighter child; if one side is too high, a lighter child will be replaced by a heavier one. The children’s behavior is similar to our biological states as they try to create:______
Answer:
Homeostasis
Explanation:
Homeostasis is a process in the body where it tries to find a state of dysmic equilibrium
Answer:
Equilibrium.
Explanation:
Our body seeks to keep its internal functions in balance, even with variations in the environment in which it finds itself. This balance is called homeostasis and can be observed when our body tries to adapt to cold, hot days, reduced food and water, physical effort, among others.
An example of this can be seen in the question above, where an individual seeks to keep the two sides of a seesaw in balance.
Marfan's syndrome is the result of inheriting a single allele. Individuals with Marfan's syndrome are tall and long-limbed, and have both cardiovascular and eye defects. The inheritance of Marfan's syndrome is an example of?
Answer:
Pleiotropy
Explanation:
Marfan syndrome is an example of pleiotropy, which can be defined as the phenomenon in which a pair of allele genes conditions the appearance of several traits in the same organism.
All of these traits occur through the action of only one pair of genes, so pleiotropy shows that the idea that each gene affects only one trait is not always valid.
In other words, a pleiotropic gene can have an effect on several phenotypes at the same time, due to the fact that the mutated gene is used by a group of cells (or targets) that have the same signaling function.
How are parasitic fungi different from other fungal symbionts?
Answer:
Explanation:
In contrast to other fungi symbionts for example: saprotrophic fungi, parasitic fungi attack living organisms, they invade them, penetrate their outer defense mechanism and take nourishment from the cytoplasm of living things and cause disease which may result to death of the host. Most disease causing or pathogenic fungi are parasitic to plants.
You cross two fruit trees. one tree produces lemons with spiky leaves and bumpy fruit. the other produces lemons with smooth leaves and smooth fruit. your f1 generation produces lemons with smooth leaves and spiky leaves and bumpy fruit. what are the genotypes of the parents?
A. l = lemons with bumpy fruit;
B. l = lemons with smooth fruit;
C. s = smooth leaf;
D. s = spiky leaf.
Answer:
Explanation:A
Current genetic research has found that bipolar disorder has a strong and complex genetic component. Perhaps one reason that the genetic component of bipolar disorder is so strong is that______.
People are more likely to develop bipolar disorder if they have a close relative with the condition.
Answer:
The answer it Is probably linked to more than one gene
Explanation:
Carbonydrate loading a. provides a competitive edge for award-winning sprinters, bodybuilders, and weight lifters b. involves manipulating dietary patterns and physical activities prior to an endurance event c. often results in short-term weight loss and positive energy balance d. is generally recommended for long-term weight control for athletes
Answer: Option B.
Carbohydrate loading involves manipulating dietary patterns and physical activities prior to an endurance event.
Explanation:
Carbohydrate loading is a method used by endurance athletes to increase their glycogen (energy level) storage in the muscles and livers by changing their diets and physical exercises. This is done a week before an endurance activity and it is my increasing the intake of Carbohydrates by 8 to 12 kilogram by weight of the body. This give you more energy to compete for physical activity with less fatigue for a long period of time as we know that physical activity requires energy.
In 2000, when then-President Clinton along with Francis Collins of the Human Genome Project and Craig Venter of Celera announced the completion of a "draft" of the human genome, the event did not, in fact, represent true completion because most of what types of sequences were not included?
The millions of sequences were not put up together from their end and had no repeating non-coding sequences.
Explanation:
Celera Venter of Gene Myers started working in collaboration with the Human Genome project which was designed as a revolutionary concept of sequencing of human genome at a large scale. Myers break through the traditional method of sequencing and proposed of an idea of sequencing in a unique way.
He suggested the method of breaking genome copies and then sequencing them together using LINEs. However, the declaration of this proposal by the Human project had certain failures at first as it lacked the non-coding repeating sequence.
The result of the following cross indicates the orange eyes are _____ black eyes. A cross between two aliens with black eyes. Their offspring have two phenotypes. 247 of them have black eyes, 86 of them are orange-eyed. The total number of the offspring is 333.
Answer:
The result of the following cross indicates the orange eyes are recessive to black eyes
Explanation:
According to Mendel, a cross involving two individuals that are heterozygous for a dominant trait will yield offspring in the phenotype ratio 3:1 with the dominant trait accounting for about 75% of the phenotype and the recessive trait accounting for the remaining 25%.
In this case, black eye colour phenotype is 247 while orange eye colour phenotype is 86.
Calculating the percentage for each trait
Black eye = 247/333 x 100% = 74.1%
Orange eye = 86/333 x 100% = 25.8%
74.1:25.8 is approximately 3:1
Hence, it is obvious that the orange eyes are recessive while the black eyes are dominant.
Answer:
recessive
Explanation:
did a punnet square
It became apparent to Watson and Crick after completion of their model that the DNA molecule could carry a vast amount of hereditary information in which of the following? Group of answer choices sequence of bases side groups of nitrogenous bases complementary pairing of bases phosphate—sugar backbones different five-carbon sugars
Final answer:
The DNA molecule carries a vast amount of hereditary information in the sequence of bases, which enables precise replication and transmission of genetic information, essential for protein synthesis and cell function.
Explanation:
The Role of DNA Base Sequence in Hereditary Information
It became apparent to Watson and Crick after completion of their model that the DNA molecule could carry a vast amount of hereditary information in the sequence of bases. Each DNA molecule consists of two strands forming a double helix, with the backbone made of phosphate and sugar groups, and nitrogenous bases inside. The base pairing is specific—adenine (A) always pairs with thymine (T), and guanine (G) pairs with cytosine (C). This complementary nature not only stabilizes the DNA structure but also allows for the precise replication of genetic information during cell division.
The information for building proteins is encoded in the sequence of these bases, often read in groups of three, known as codons, each specifying an amino acid in a protein. Thus, the sequence of bases along the length of a DNA molecule is fundamental in storing and transmitting hereditary information. This principle underlies all genetic functions, from the replication of DNA to the synthesis of proteins crucial for cellular function.
During a routine physical examination on an older female client, a nurse notes that the client is 5 feet, 3/8 inches (1.6 m) tall. The client states, "How is that possible? I was always 5 feet and 1/2? (1.7 m) tall." Which statement is the best response by the nurse?
a) "The posture begins to stoop after middle age."b) "After menopause, the body's bone density declines, resulting in a gradual loss of height."c) "After age 40, height may show a gradual decrease as a result of spinal compression"d) "There may be some slight discrepancy between the measuring tools used."
Answer:
B
Explanation:
The nurse should tell the client that after menopause, the loss of estrogen leads to a loss in bone density, resulting in a loss of height.
The primary motor cortex for control of voluntary muscles is found in the
Answer: The primary motor cortex for control of voluntary muscles is found in the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobes.
Explanations:
The primary motor cortex is one of the important brain areas involved in motor function. It is found in the precentral gyrus of frontal lobes. It control voluntary muscles and generate impulses needed for movement execution.
Voluntary muscles are muscles that we can control consciously or we can control them at will and we can choose when we want to use them. They are also refers to as skeletal muscles and are attached to bones. The are majorly use for locomotion.
Answer:
I'm terrible at explaining so here's a screenshot
- Ripper
Explanation:
The powerful survival impulse that leads infants to seek closeness to their caregivers is called
Answer: Attachment
Explanation: Infants tend to be attached to their parents. For good reason because the parents usually treat kids very well during infancy, and its the only thing the infants understand or know.
During photophosphorylation in plants, electrons flow through a series of carriers in the chloroplast. What is the ultimate donor of electrons, and what is the ultimate acceptor? What provides the energy to move those electrons?
The ultimate donor is H2O, and the acceptor, NADP+. The energy that drives this electron flow is from light.
What factor is being used to measure the rate of photosynthesis? What does this factor have to do with what is happening in the plant cells?
Explanation:
with greater TEMPERATURES, LIGHT INTENSITY, AND CO2. photosynthesis in the plant cells increase, therefore causing the plant to grow larger and stronger to survive winter or dormant months.
Final answer:
The rate of photosynthesis is measured by factors such as light, water, and carbon dioxide availability. Light powers the photosynthesis process within the chloroplasts, carbon is fixed into sugars, and water and nutrients are absorbed through roots. These factors are critical for the plant to produce energy through photosynthesis and sustain its metabolism via respiration.
Explanation:
Measuring the Rate of Photosynthesis
The rate of photosynthesis in plants can be measured by several factors, one of which is the amount of light a plant receives. Light is crucial in powering the photosynthetic process and as such, up to a certain point, an increase in light intensity results in an increased rate of photosynthesis. Light energy is used by chlorophyll within the chloroplasts to convert carbon dioxide (CO₂) from the air and water (H₂O) from the soil into glucose, a sugar used as an energy source, and oxygen (O₂).
The chloroplast is the main cellular structure involved in photosynthesis, occupying a considerable space within plant cells. Within the chloroplasts, carbon is fixed during the Calvin cycle, where CO₂ is transformed into organic compounds, essentially 'storing' it within the plant. This process is central to the generation of food not only for the plant itself but also for organisms that consume plants.
Factors such as water, carbon dioxide, and nutrients in the soil, as mentioned by the video from Britannica, are also vital for photosynthesis. Without adequate water, absorbed through the roots, or sufficient CO₂, which enters the leaves through the stomata, photosynthesis rates are significantly hindered.
Understanding the relation between photosynthesis and cellular respiration is also important. While photosynthesis stores energy by producing glucose, respiration is the process where plants utilize this stored energy to maintain metabolism. In the absence of light, plants will continue to respire but will not photosynthesize, which can eventually lead to a decrease in their mass.
In humans, a recessive allele of a gene on the X chromosome causes humans to be "colorblind." A colorblind XY man and an XX woman whose genotype is homozygous for normal color vision have children together. What percentage of their offspring are expected be colorblind?
Answer:
The answer is 0%.
Explanation:
If X⁻ represent the recessive allele that causes colorblind, and X⁺ represents the dominant allele, thus:
X⁻Y is the genotype of the colorblind man (he is carrier and he has the disease)
X⁺X⁺ is the genotype of the woman (she has normal vision and is not carrier)
When they have children together, the offspring will have the following genotypes:
X⁻Y x X⁺X⁺ = X⁻X⁺ ; X⁻X⁺ ; X⁺Y ; X⁺Y
Summarizing, they will be 50% X⁻X⁺ (women with normal vision, carrier) and 50% X⁺Y (men with normal vision, non carrier).
No child will have the disease because its expresses when the genotype is homozygous for colorblind allele (X⁻X⁻).
The human colon supports a large population of beneficial bacteria. How are these bacteria beneficial?
A match between the DNA in a sample and the genomic DNA of a particular individual for a single tandem repeat site is not sufficient to establish identity. However, a mismatch is definitive. The primary reason is that:
Answer:
The mismatch is definitive, the primary reason is that, the DNA in the sample must match the original genomic DNA.
Explanation:
Tandem repeat takes place only when 'one or more nucleotide pattern is repeated' and it is 'adjacent' to each other. Mismatch indicates that the sample DNA is not the source for that Original DNA. If the sample is the actual source of the original genomic DNA, then it must be matched exactly.The DNA is matched with the sample DNA in the process of DNA fingerprinting. The mismatch of DNA is representative that the DNA sample does not belong to the original DNA.
What is DNA fingerprinting?DNA fingerprinting is the process of matching the DNA sample with the original DNA based on the tandem repeats.
The tandem repeat is the repeated unit of the nucleotides in the genetic material. When the sample DNA did not match the original DNA strands, it is the representation of mismatch.
The mismatch in the DNA sequence describes the absence of relation between the original and sample DNA.
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What is the traditional name of the group of fungi that lack sexual reproduction?
Answer:
Deuteromycota fungi.
Explanation:
Deuteromycota which is known as imperfect fungi. It is a polyphyletic group of fungi, and they are not reproducing through the process of sexual reproduction. Most member of this phylum are leaves on land and few aquatic member are exceptions.
Reproduction in Deuteromycota are asexual means these fungi produce their spores with the help of asexual reproduction and this process is known as sporogenesis. Some example of this phylum are:
1) Penicillium camemberti.
2) Aspergillus oryzae.
3) Lecanicillium sp.
Chief cells secrete inactive pepsinogen in order to prevent acid erosion inside of the chief cells. Chief cells secrete inactive pepsinogen in order to prevent acid erosion inside of the chief cells.
a. True.
b. False
Answer:
The correct answer will be- False
Explanation:
In humans three types of chief cells are found, one of which is present in the stomach and thus are called gastric chief cells.
The gastric chief cells are involved in the digestion of proteins present in the food by producing pepsinogen enzymes in its inactive form which gets activated in the presence of acid produced by the parietal cells.
Since the pepsinogen is produced to digest the proteins and not to prevent the erosion caused by the acid inside the chief cells therefore, false is the correct answer.
Green algae differ from land plants in that many green algaeA) are heterotrophs.B) have alternation of generations.C) have cell walls containing cellulose.D) have plastids.E) are unicellular
Answer:
The correct answer is E) are unicellular
Explanation:
Most of the green algae are unicellular and most of them have two flagella for locomotion. The most common habitat of green algae in freshwater but they are also found on moist soil and marine environment.
Some species of green algae form colonies and huge filaments but mostly remain single-celled in their life. They show some similarities with higher plants as they have chlorophyll a and b like higher plants which they use to do photosynthesis and their chloroplast is double membraned like plants.
Some examples of green algae are chlorella, Chlamydomonas, volvox, spirogyra, etc. So green algae differ from land plants as they are mostly single cellular.
Green algae differ from land plants in that they are unicellular, lack true tissues and organs, and do not have a waxy cuticle to prevent desiccation.
Explanation:Due to the fact that they share the same photosynthetic pigments as plants, green algae are closely related to plants. In that, they can produce their own sustenance using nutrients and sunshine through the process of photosynthesis, green algae and plants are closely linked. They are closely related to land plants since they have the same carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b. Green algae differ from land plants in that many green algae:
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The eggs and larvae of marine animals tend to require water with more dissolved oxygen in it than the adults do. If water flows from a freshwater source into a salt water bay, what effect would this have on the population of marine animals?
Answer:The population will drop.
Explanation:
This is because the fresh water of high water potential will lower the solute potential of the salt water when they mixed up; to create a HYPOTONIC ENVIRONMENT for the larvae and the eggs.
Therefore, the higher water potential drives in water into the larva and egg membrane, down the water gradient by OSMOSIS. This made the cells and its organells to swell up until the elastic limit of the cell membrane is exceeded.
The products busted (eggs and larvae) once the elastic limit / stretching limit is exceeded leading to death of larvae and destrction of the egg, with eventual drop in population of the marine animals; since reproduction has been truncated( old animals are not replaced with young ones from the eggs and larvae.)