Answer:
The correct answer will be option- B.
Explanation:
Glomerular filtration rate or GFR is the rate of the volume of filtrate formed by all renal corpuscles of both kidneys per unit time that is 120 ml/ min. The GFR depends on the pressure gradient in the glomerulus mainly its hydrostatic pressure.
The GFR is directly proportional to the glomerular blood pressure as the blood pressure increases, the hydrostatic pressure also increases which increases the GFR as more water and solutes enter the bowman's capsule. With the decrease in the blood vessels, the GFR decreases.
Thus, option- B is the correct answer.
Factors which thicken the respiratory membrane may result in __________
a. oxygen deprivation
b. reduced pulmonary circulation
c. bronchiole constriction
d. none of the above
Answer: d. none of the above
Explanation:
The respiratory membrane is the membrane which separates the air inside the alveoli from the pulmonary capillaries. The types of respiratory membranes includes the alveoli membrane, the capillary membrane and the basement membrane. The respiratory membrane is usually very thin. But it becomes thick due to the increase in the fluid content, which actually forces the gases to diffuse through the membrane and the fluid. Also the pulmonary diseases can also cause the membrane to become thick.
Answer: Oxygen Deprivation
Explanation:
The thickening of the respiratory membranes may result in the oxygen deprivation. The function of membrane is to help in gaseous exchange.
The carbon dioxide is removed out of the body and oxygen is inhaled inside. Thickening of the membrane will reduce the ability to exchange gas which will make the body deprive of oxygen.
There are may diseases in which the thickening of the respiratory membranes takes place.Example: pulmonary fibrosis.
During an asthma attack the:
a. all of these answers and correct
b. Bronchiole smooth muscle contracts which reduces the diameter of the airways
c. Alveoli collapse and air no longer travels into them
d. Bronchioles dilate resulting in not enough air pressure in the air passageway
Answer:
The correct option is : b. Bronchiole smooth muscle contracts which reduces the diameter of the airways
Explanation:
Asthma is an incurable inflammatory disease which affects the airways that carry the oxygen in and out of the lungs. It can be caused by various genetic and environmental factors. Asthma is characterized by breath shortness, coughing, chest tightness and wheezing.
It is caused due to the inflammation of the passage that conducts air into the lungs, especially the bronchi and the bronchioles. Asthma does not affect the alveoli. The inflammation of the bronchioles causes the contraction of the smooth muscles and results in narrowing of the airways. Therefore, causing wheezing.
During an asthma attack, the bronchiole smooth muscle contracts, reducing the diameter of the airways which causes symptoms such as shortness of breath. The Alveoli don't collapse, rather air gets trapped in them due to the bronchioles' inflammation and contraction.
Explanation:During an asthma attack, the answer, b. Bronchiole smooth muscle contracts which reduces the diameter of the airways, is accurate. Asthma is a chronic upper respiratory condition where the bronchioles, or small airways in the lungs, overreact to certain stimuli such as allergens or exercise. The walls of the bronchioles contain smooth muscles which, when they contract due to an asthma attack, reduce the diameter of the airways.
This causes shortness of breath, coughing, and wheezing. Answer c. alveoli collapse and air no longer travels into them, is incorrect because in asthma, the alveoli don't collapse but rather air gets trapped in them due to the contraction and inflammation of the bronchioles. Answer d. bronchioles dilate resulting in not enough air pressure, is also incorrect. In fact, bronchodilation, or opening of the airways, is what medicines for asthma aim to achieve.
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The pancreas releases alkaline, enzyme-rich pancreatic juice into the ____________ of the small intestine. What is the function of this juice?
Answer:
The correct answer is the duodenum.
Explanation:
Pancreatic juice is an alkaline fluid which contains important enzymes for the digestion of proteins, carbohydrates and fats.
Pancreatic juice is secreted by the pancreas when food enters the stomach which is released into the "duodenum" of the small intestine. The pancreatic juice enters duodenum through a pancreatic duct which joins with the bile duct coming from the liver and form "ampulla of Vater" in the duodenum.
Pancreatic juice helps in digestion of carbohydrates, proteins and fats as it contains pro-enzymes and enzymes like trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, lipase and many more. It also makes the acidic stomach solution alkaline due to the presence of HCO₃.
Thus, the duodenum is the correct answer.
The structure that prevents food or water from entering the trachea.
Answer:
The answer is epiglottis
Explanation:
The epiglottis is a cartilaginous structure that is part of the larynx, which rises at the time of swallowing while closing the airway, thus preventing food and water from entering the trachea.
The epiglottis is the structure that prevents food or water from entering the trachea. It covers the glottis during swallowing, with assistance from the movement of the larynx and tongue, to protect the respiratory tract. A functional pharynx is essential for maintaining the processes of both digestion and respiration.
Explanation:The Structure Preventing Food or Water from Entering the TracheaThe structure that prevents food or water from entering the trachea is known as the epiglottis. During swallowing, the larynx is pulled upwards and the epiglottis folds down to cover the glottis, which is the opening to the trachea, thus blocking access to the respiratory tract. The backward motion of the tongue aids in this protective action. If material accidentally enters the larynx, it can stimulate a cough reflex, helping to expel the content back into the pharynx, away from the respiratory pathway. The trachea, which leads air to the bronchi and lungs, is protected by this mechanism from the aspiration of food and liquids.
The pharynx simultaneously plays a role in both digestion and respiration. It guides air from the nasal cavity to the larynx and food from the oral cavity to the esophagus. Its function in protecting the airway during swallowing ensures that inhaled air is second in priority to swallowed material. The coordination of these mechanisms is essential for safe eating and breathing.
What is the only type of receptor on the effector tissue of the SNS?
a) Muscarinic
b) Adrenergic
c) Cholinergic
d) Nicotinic
e) Autonomic
Answer:
B. Adrenergic
Explanation:
The sympathetic nervous system uses noradrenaline as the main neurotransmitter. Noradrenaline acts in alfa and beta adrenergic receptors and has effects over smooth muscle, cardiac tissue, and secretory glands.
Which of the following is a neuromuscular blocking agent?
A. neostigmine
B. ephedrine
C. dantrolene
D. succinylcholine
Answer:
(D). succinylcholine.
Explanation:
Neuromuscular blocking agents are drugs block myoneural junctions (also known as neuromuscular junctions) by inhibiting neuromuscular transmission.
Succinylcholine or suxamethonium is an example of neuromuscular blocking agents, which is used as general anesthetic agent to induce short-term paralysis or muscle relaxation.
Thus, the correct answer is option (D).
Peripheral resistance (PR) to the blood flow is the resistance of:
a. Capillary system
b. Venous system
c. Arterial system
Answer: C) Arterial system
Explanation:
Peripheral resistance to the blood flow is the resistance of arterial system as, peripheral resistance is exerted by the artery to the flow of blood . Among all vascular bed artery, capillary and vein, arteries are the vessel which has the property of recoiling due to smooth muscles to exert resistance. As, increase in peripheral resistance and blood volume result in higher blood pressure. It is the resistance of the arteries to the blood flow.
Sympathetic stimulation causes:
A. relaxation of the bronchial smooth muscie
B. increases resistance to air flow
C. decreased the diameter of airways
D. release of HCO3 from goblet cells
E. release of renin from macula densa
According to Boyle's law, as volume increases, the pressure of contained gases would:
a. increase
b. decrease
c. be unchanged
As volume increases, the pressure decreases since both are inversely proportional with respect to Boyle’s law.
Explanation:
An inverse proportionality exists between the volume and the pressure, this law will hold true if there are no changes in the molecules number and the temperature.
At an initial state of fixed quantity of gas, this law helps to determine changes in the pressure and volume. This law was introduced in the year 1662. According to this law, when the volume increases then the pressure in the contained gas would decrease. This is because of the reason that there exists an opposite relationship between the pressure and the volume.
Describe the types of sympathetic and parasympathetic receptors and their associated neurotransmitters.
Answer:
Describe the types of sympathetic and parasympathetic receptors and their associated neurotransmitters.
Explanation:
1. Sympathetic or Adrenergic System. Preganglionic fibers emerge from the thoracic and lumbar areas of the spinal cord. The type function is to put the organism in an alert attitude.
2. Parasympathetic or Cholinergic System. Preganglionic fibers emerge from the cranial and sacral areas of the spinal cord. The type function is to establish a rest and recovery behavior. It links each of the body systems and organs with the brain, which interprets and activates responses.
3. Neurotransmission systems: all sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic fibers have as specific or primary neurotransmitter Acetylcholine, which executes the transition by interaction with nicotic cholinergic receptors.
4. Norepinephrine or norepinephrine is a substance used primarily by the sympathetic or ortho sympathetic nervous system. It is part of the neurotransmitters: its function is to transmit messages through the nerves to the different components of the body through numerous physiological processes.
5. Adrenaline, also known as epinephrine, is one of those polyvalent substances that our body uses to regulate different body processes. It is a hormone, but it is also a neurotransmitter, which means that it acts as an intermediary in the communication between neurons that is established in synaptic spaces.
6. Dopamine is the most important catecholaminergic neurotransmitter of the Central Nervous System of mammals and participates in the regulation of various functions such as motor behavior, emotionality and affectivity as well as in neuroendocrine communication.
The exchange of nutrients and respiratory gases occurs between these small, one-cell wide vessels, ______, and the blood and tissue fluid around the cells.
a. arteries
b. veins
c. capillaries
d. arterioles
Answer:
( C ) Capillaries
Explanation:
Capillary is the smallest blood vessels of the body , of 5 to 10 micrometres diameter.
These blood vessels forms a large network in the body.
The function of the capillaries is to exchange nutrients , oxygen , waste in between the blood and the tissues.
The blood flow in the body is as follows-
The blood flows from the heart via arteries , which further branches into arteriols , which further branches into capillaries , where the nutrients get exchanged .
After the exchange process is done , then the capillaries merge to become wide, venules , these venules further widen to become veins , and the blood is returned back to the heart by the vein , venae cavae.
Deprived of nutrition, osteocytes at the fracture site die.
a. True
b. False
Answer:
True
Explanation:
Any living thing will die if it is lacking the proper nutrition.
Who should not take vitamin supplements?
Answer:
Children, pregnant and nursing women, people with health conditions.
Explanation:
Dietary supplement are very popular today but they are not a replacement for a balanced diet. Many supplements contain active ingredients that may be harmful to the body, especially if bought without consulting a health care provider first.
Children that eat a healthy, balanced diet don't need vitamin supplements as the food they eat contains all the nutrients they need to grow and develop properly. Pregnant and nursing women must ask their doctor before taking any kind of supplements as they can interfere with the embryo's development and even cause some birth defects, nursing women may find that some vitamins effect the quality of breast milk.
People with health conditions, awaiting a surgery or recovering from one should always take vitamins under supervision, the same applies to people taking any kind of medicine on a regular basis.
Name the medications that cause tardive dyskinesia
Answer:
-Chlorpromazine
-Fluphenazine
-Haloperidol
-Thioridazine
- Trifluoperazine
Answer:
Neuroleptics, Butyrophenones , Diphenylbutylpiperdines, Indolones
Phenothiazines , Thioxanthenes , Anti-cholinergics ,Antidepressants , trazodone,
The higher the coefficient of friction, the greater the tendency to slide. (higher coefficient of friction indicates less friction)
a. True
b. False
Answer:
True.
Explanation:
Friction may be defined as the force that oppose the motion of the one object moving relative to the another object. Friction is a type of non conservative force.
Higher coefficient of friction means that friction is less. Less friction has the higher tendency to slide. Oiling and greasing reduces the friction of object and makes it more slippery.
Thus, the answer is true.
What is the purpose of the Tenth Amendment?
a. to establish the electoral college
b. to give each state constitution the same protection as the federal constitution
c. to grant to the citizens of each state access to the federal court system powers
d. to limit the power of the central government by establishing reserved powers for states and individuals
Answer:
Choice D
Explanation:
The tenth amendment states that "the powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people."
Answer choice D best summarizes that powers not given to the federal government, is given to the states or the people.
Masseter:
a. originates on the zygomatic arch and the maxilla
b. inserts on the angle and ramus of the mandible
c. is innervated by the trigeminal (V) nerve
d. all of the above statements are true
Answer:
The correct option is : d. all of the above statements are true
Explanation:
The masseter is a quadrilateral-shaped thick muscle, found only in the mammals. It is one of the muscles of mastication and is particularly very strong in the herbivores, as it used to facilitate chewing plant matter.
This muscle is composed of- superficial head and deep head.
The masseter muscle arises on the zygomatic arch and on the maxillary process of the zygomatic bone.
Whereas, the muscle inserts on the angle and ramus of the mandible.
The anterior division of mandibular division (V3) of the trigeminal nerve innervates the masseter muscle.
Therefore, all of the statements given are true.
The Masseter originates on the zygomatic arch and the maxilla, inserts on the angle and ramus of the mandible and is innervated by the trigeminal (V) nerve. Therefore, all of the statements are true.
Explanation:The Masseter is a facial muscle that plays a crucial role in the movement of the jaw. Options a, b, and c are all correct. The Masseter originates on the zygomatic arch and the maxilla, as stated in option a. It inserts on the angle and ramus of the mandible, as stated in option b. Finally, it is innervated by the trigeminal (V) nerve, as stated in option c. Therefore, the correct answer is d: all of the statements are true.
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Why can we use colon to administer drugs in case of an emergency?
Answer and Explanation :
When the patient is unconscious and not able to take medicine in form of tablets or capsule then colon comes into action, colon is a good way of administration of drugs when the patient is ill and can not take the medicine.
the colon is present bellow the liver so the drugs can effect more easily before the metabolism.lymphatic circulation is used for draining of colonwhen colon is present there is a less chance of degradation of drugsBone is continually resorbed.
a. True
b. False
Answer:
The answer is A True
Explanation:
Bone remodeling is a process that take places annually throughout the bone tissue to be able to renew, they are enzymes that adhere and destroy the old bone to give rise to osteoblasts forming new tissue, since the bone is a tissue in constant process of physiological resorption and remodeling. This process is positive until the third decade of life, then it could become pathological.
A neurotransmitter of the sympathetic division of the nervous system that increases the heart rate and constricts smooth muscle in blood vessels to raise blood pressure in the "fight or flight" response is called:
a. epinephrine.
b. aldosterone.
c. melatonin.
d. prolactin.
Answer:
a. epinephrine.
Explanation:
Discovered in 1895, epinephrine, the hormone of "fight or flight" is a key neurotransmitter as man evolved.
Produced by the adrenal glands, it s main function is to trigger a quick response to potenital threats, seen an increased blood pressure to muscles, heart rate, pupils dilatation and increased metabolyizing of suger.
The incorrect levels of epinephrine will characterize a person suffering an anxiety disorder. If a situation requieres a stress response, epinephrine will help a living organism like mammals to answer quickly and surive.
The neurotransmitter that increases the heart rate and constricts blood vessels to raise blood pressure in the 'fight or flight' response is epinephrine (adrenaline).
Explanation:The neurotransmitter associated with the 'fight or flight' response within the sympathetic division of the nervous system is a. epinephrine. Also known as adrenaline, epinephrine is responsible for increasing heart rate and constricting smooth muscle in blood vessels, which elevates blood pressure. This neurological reaction prepares the body to react in stressful or potentially dangerous situations.
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Which statement about CO2 is incorrect?
a. CO2 concentrations are greater in venous blood than arterial blood
b. More CO2 dissolves in the blood plasma than is carried in the RBCs.
c. Its accumulation in the blood is associated with a decrease in pH.
d. Its concentration in the blood is decreased by hyperventilation.
Answer:
The option which is incorrect is B) more CO 2 dissolves in blood plasma than is carried in the red blood cells.
Explanation:
All the options here except B) are correct, as CO 2 which is also know as carbon dioxide, it is know to be more soluble than oxygen in the blood as it is said that almost 5% - 7% of CO 2 gets dissolved in the plasma . Carbon dioxide is found in greater concentrations in venous blood than the arterial blood. Through the bicarbonate buffer system, which allows a less change to the pH of the body system ,and through this it allows a person to live at high altitude places by regulating the amount of carbon dioxide. So we can say that its accumulation in the blood is linked with a decrease in pH. But more of the CO 2 doesn't dissolve in the plasma than is carried in the plasma as only 5-7 % of CO 2 is dissolved in plasma.
The correct answer is option b. The incorrect statement about CO₂ is that more CO₂ dissolves in the blood plasma than is carried in the RBCs.
- CO₂ is transported in the blood in three forms: dissolved in plasma (about 5-7%), bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells (RBCs) (about 20-30%), and as bicarbonate ions [tex](HCO_3^-)[/tex] (about 60-70%).
- When CO₂ diffuses into the RBCs, it reacts with water to form carbonic acid (H₂CO3), which quickly dissociates into bicarbonate ions [tex](HCO_3^-)[/tex] and protons [tex](H^+)[/tex]. This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase, which is present in high concentrations in RBCs.
- The bicarbonate ions then move out of the RBCs into the plasma in exchange for chloride ions [tex](Cl^-)[/tex], a process known as the chloride shift. This means that the majority of CO₂ is transported as bicarbonate ions in the plasma, not dissolved in the plasma.
- The hemoglobin in RBCs also binds to CO₂, forming carbaminohemoglobin, which is another form of CO₂ transport within RBCs.
Now, let's address the other options:
a. CO₂ concentrations are greater in venous blood than arterial blood - This is correct. Venous blood has a higher concentration of CO₂ because it has picked up CO₂ from the tissues, which is then transported to the lungs for exhalation.
c. Its accumulation in the blood is associated with a decrease in pH - This is correct. As CO₂ levels increase in the blood, it leads to the formation of more carbonic acid, which dissociates into bicarbonate and protons ([tex]H^+[/tex]), thus decreasing the blood pH, leading to acidosis.
d. Its concentration in the blood is decreased by hyperventilation - This is correct. Hyperventilation increases the rate of respiration, leading to more CO₂ being exhaled than normal. This results in a decrease in the concentration of CO₂ in the blood.
Of the four main classes of connective tissue, which has the least solid ground substance?
a) Connective tissue proper
b) Cartilage
c) Bone tissue
d) Blood
Answer:
The answer is D: Blood
Explanation:
The fundamental substance is part of the extracellular matrix and comprises a set of proteins on which mineral salts are fixed to form the connective tissue. They are always attached to the fibers (collagen, elastin, reticulin). The fundamental substance of the blood is going to be found in the blood plasma, being therefore the least solid.
Answer: Blood
Explanation:
In the fluid connective tissue the least solid ground substance is found in blood. Blood is one of the four main connective tissue which transports various materials from one place to another.
It is a fluid containing salts, nutrients and dissolved proteins. The watery fluid carrying oxygen from heart to the vital organs and then carrying carbon dioxide from vital organs to the heart.
Hence, the correct answer is blood.
All of the following characteristics are found in all herpes viruses, except?
a) They are chronic
b) They are enveloped
c) They are all DNA based
d) They are all primarily acquired in childhood
e) All of the above are true
Answer:
D. they are all primarily acquired in childhood
Amber has a kidney disease that causes a decrease in the effectiveness of ADH in the kidney.
a. What is the role of ADH in the body?
b. What are precautionary measure that Amber needs to take to prevent serious side effects?
c. What are the first signs of dehydration?
d. As a result of a decrease in ADH, what would you predict would happen to other hormonal mechanisms of the kidney to help create/maintain better fluid balance?
e. Why did you make that prediction?
Answer:
i need the answer
Explanation:
ADH regulates the body's water conservation process. Amber should stay hydrated to prevent dehydration, while other hormonal mechanisms may step in to compensate the decreased ADH. First signs of dehydration include thirst, dark urine, dry mouth, fatigue, lightheadedness.
Explanation:ADH, or antidiuretic hormone, plays a crucial role in maintaining the body's water balance. Released by the pituitary gland, it increases the water permeability of kidney's collecting ducts, promoting water reabsorption back into the bloodstream and thus limiting its loss in urine.
Amber, with decreased ADH effectiveness, would likely produce larger amounts of urine, possibly leading to dehydration. To prevent serious side effects, Amber must stay adequately hydrated, monitor her urine output and consistency, and seek medical help if signs of dehydration occur. First signs of dehydration often include thirst, darker than normal urine, dry mouth, fatigue, and lightheadedness.
With decreased ADH function, other hormonal mechanisms in the kidney, like the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, may be stimulated to maintain fluid balance. This system can conserve sodium, which in turn retains water, decreasing the likelihood of dehydration.
This prediction was made because the body has numerous systems in place to maintain homeostasis, if one fails, others often step in to compensate.
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In the conversion of deoxyhemoglobin to oxyhemoglobin, O2 binds specifically to:
A. globin
B. iron
C. hydrogen ion
D. heme
E. ferritin
Answer: Option D. "Heme"
Explanation:
Deoxyhemoglobin can be defined as a form of which has no oxygen binded to the hemoglobin.
When deoxyhemoglobin is replaced with oxyhemoglobin then the oxygen binds to the heme component of the hemoglobin protein in red blood cells.
Each heme group has iron atom that has the ability to bind to oxygen (02) molecule.
Four oxygen molecules bind to a single hemoglobin protein.
Hence, the correct answer is option D "Heme".
Answer:
Explanation:
B
_________ conduct impulses away from the CNS towards the skeletal muscles under voluntary control in the periphery.
a. Somatic neurons
b. Sensory neurons
Answer:
The answer is A: Somatic neurons
Explanation:
The somatic neurons that leave the central nervous system (CNS) are responsible for carrying impulses to the musculoskeletal system; They have to do more than anything with the locomotion. Somatic neurons are part of the somatic nervous system (SNS), where we also find sensory neurons that are responsible for carrying the information.
Arrange these structures in decreasing order of size:
a. sarcomere
b. fibril
c. filaments
d. fiber
Answer:
The correct answer will be Fiber → fibril → sarcomere → filaments.
Explanation:
Skeletal muscle is made up of long and cylindrical skeletal cell with a diameter up to 100 μm which are known as muscle fibres.
These muscle fibre encloses the smaller fibrils of 1.2 μm diameter which runs along the length of a muscle fiber.
Within each myofibril is enclosed the functional unit of muscle called sarcomere which is composed of contractile myofilaments- actin (thin filament) and myosin (thick filament).
Thus, Fiber → fibril → sarcomere → filaments are the correct answer.
Describe the mechanisms of calcium homeostasis: hormones that regulate hypo and hypercalcemia.
Answer:
The hormones involved in the calcium homeostasis are parathyroid hormone, cholecalciferol and calcitonin.
Explanation:
The maintenance of calcium level in the body is important for the proper functioning of body. The increased level of calcium is known as hypercalcemia and low level of calcium in body is known as hypocalcemia.
Hormones that regulate the level of calcium in blood are as follows:
Parathyroid hormone: The parathyroid hormone stimulate the calcium reabsorption in case of hypocalcemia. The osteoclast bone activity increases and calcium reabsorption from renal tubule, increases the calcium level of the body. This maintains calcium homeostasis in the body.
Calcitonin: An increase in the calcium ion concentration stimulates the secretion of calcitonin. The calcitonin hormone inhibits the osteoclast bone reabsorption, decreases the blood level in the body.
Cholecalciferol: This is also known as vitamin D metabolites. This hormone is stimulated in case of low calcium levels. The calcium level can be increased in the body by increasing the phosphate and calcium absorption from the gastro intestinal tract.
Which of the following incisions is appropriate for a radical orchiectomy?
A. perineal
B. inguinal
C. Gibson
D. suprapubic
Answer:
B. Inguinal.
Explanation:
An orchiectomy is a surgical procedure in which one or both testicles are removed. It is a typical procedure for testicular cancer.
A radical it is also known as inguinal and is performed when an onset of testicular cancer is suspected, to prevent a possible spread.
I hope this answer helps you.
The event which removes the regulatory proteins from the binding site of actin is which of the following?
A) action potential along the sarcolemma
B) binding of Ca2+ by the regulatory proteins
C) binding of neurotransmitter at the motor end-plate
D) depolarization of the T-tubules.
Answer:
The correct answer will be option-B.
Explanation:
The contraction of the muscle is caused by the slipping of thick filament myosin and thin filament called the action. The myosin is a motor element which causes the sliding by binding to the myosin-binding sites present in the actin.
The binding site is covered by the regulatory protein called tropomyosin and troponin. The Ca⁺² ions produced by the sarcolemma binds to the troponin which shifts the tropomyosin to another side from myosin binding site. This shift allows the myosin to bind at the actin.
Thus, Option-B is the correct answer.