E, Two large and four small is the correct answer
The human liver consists of four lobes: right, left, inferior quadrate, and posterior caudate. Hence the correct answer is D.
A large right lobe, a smaller left lobe, an inferior quadrate lobe, and a posterior caudate lobe. These lobes make up the structure of the liver, with each lobe containing lobules consisting of millions of hepatic cells.
The neutrophil blood cells perform phagocytic function during an inflammatory reaction.
a. True
b. False
Answer: True
Explanation:
Neutrophiles are the most numerous type of white blood cells that is found in blood.
This is one of the most important member of immune system as it has a job of eliminating the pathogens from blood during the time of inflammatory reaction.
Neutrophills kill the bacteria by the process of phagocytosis, process in which the cell engulfs, digests and destroys another cell or bacteria.
hence, the given statement is True.
The AV node is the secondary pacemaker of the heart with a rate of 40 to 60 beats per minute.
a. True
b. False
Answer: True
Explanation:
At 40-60 beats per minute the cells of Artrioventicular node normally discharge and at this rate it is known as secondary pacemaker.
The electrical conducting system after this secondary pacemaker is known as Bundle of His. The right and left branches along with the Purkinje Fibres will produce action potential at the rate of 30 to 40 per minutes.
The failure of SA and AV node both fails then the cells becomes pacemaker.
Which of the following is not a subdivision of the thoracic cavity?
a. Left pleural division
b. Right pleural division
c. Medial pleural division
d. Mediastinum
The thoracic cavity has three main subdivisions: the left pleural cavity, right pleural cavity, and the mediastinum. The medial pleural division is not a standard subdivision.
Explanation:The thoracic cavity, an important component of human body, is subdivided into three primary areas. These are: the left pleural cavity, right pleural cavity, and the mediastinum. The left and right pleural divisions house the lungs while the mediastinum contains the heart and other vital organs. However, the medial pleural division is not a recognized or standard subdivision of the thoracic cavity, thus 'c' is the correct answer to your question.
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The thoracic cavity has three main sections: the left pleural division, the right pleural division, and the mediastinum. The option 'Medial pleural division' doesn't exist in standard anatomical terms.
Explanation:The thoracic cavity, part of the human body's anatomy, consists of three main subdivisions: the left pleural division, the right pleural division, and the mediastinum. The left and right pleural divisions house the lungs, while the mediastinum contains the heart and other crucial structures. The answer to the question, 'Which of the following is not a subdivision of the thoracic cavity?', is therefore c. Medial pleural division, as this is not recognized as a standard subdivision in anatomy.
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Which of the following would be expected to alter hormonal levels?
A. Changes in mineral and nutrient plasma levels
B. Pituitary tumor
C. Transatlantic flight
D. Training for the Olympics
E. All of the above
Answer: E. All of the above
Explanation:
Hormones are called as the chemical messengers. These are secreted by the specialized cells of body and their action is on other cells of the body that are called as the target. The following can alter the hormonal levels in the body:
A. Changes in mineral and nutrient plasma levels: The minerals and nutrients can supports the amount of secretion of the hormones.
B. Pituitary tumor: The pituitary gland is a secretor of various hormones if the tumor produces over the pituitary gland then this will lead to the inhibition of hormone secretion from pituitary.
C. Transatlantic flight: The flight above the dense ocean is called as transatlantic flight. This may be responsible for increase in secretion of hormones which are responsible for increasing the stress and anxiety.
D. Training for the Olympics: In such a situation, the hormones which can increase the performance will be released such as testosterone.
Name two conditions that would result in a person having blood in the urine.
Answer:
Kidney or bladder cancer and polycystic kidney disease
Explanation:
Hematuria is a serious medical condition characterized by the presence of the red blood cells or erythrocytes in the urine. This leakage of blood into the urine can be from the urinary tract or the kidney and can be paniful or painless.
The visible red or brown discoloration of the urine is known as visible hematuria or gross hematuria.
Some of the causes of hematuria are kidney or bladder cancer, kidney stone, infection of the lower urinary tract, polycystic kidney disease.
What is the name of the medical term for an abnormal condition of artery hardening and why it is dangerous to have this disease?
Answer:
The correct answer to the questions: What is the name of the medical term for an abnormal condition of artery hardening, and why is it dangerous to have this disease? would be as follows:
1. The name of the disease in which the walls of the arteries become hardened and the lumen of the vessels through which the blood flows become constricted, is atherosclerosis, or also arteriosclerotic vascular disease. This disease speaks about the deposition of fatty and triglyceride globes on the walls of the arteries, causing an obstruction of the lumen, and therefore difficulting the passage of blood through them. Also, these deposits make the normal flexibility and resilience of the arteries much less, which is why it seems like the vessels were becoming hardened.
2. It is a very dangerous condition precisely because of what it implies. First, by reducing the blood flow through the arteries, the organs that depend on the proper arrival of oxygenated blood to them, and the removal of waste, for proper functioning, start to suffer the consequences. One such organs are the kidneys, whose cells begin to die, and the organ to be damaged, due to a lack of proper oxygenation, and because they have to work double to filter the blood that flows to them. The other reason is that the body responds to the lowering of blood flow by increasing arterial pressure on the walls. This further decreases flow due to obstruction, and also increases the suffering of the organs, like the kidneys. If atherosclerotic disease is not controlled, it can lead to permanent loss of organs, and even death.
Arteriosclerosis is the medical term for artery hardening. This disease is dangerous because it reduces or blocks blood flow, leading to serious complications like heart attacks, strokes, or heart failure.
Explanation:The medical term for an abnormal condition of artery hardening is Arteriosclerosis. This disease is dangerous because it can lead to serious complications. Arteries are blood vessels that carry oxygen and nutrients from your heart to the rest of your body. When these arteries harden and lose their elasticity, blood flow can be reduced or blocked. This can lead to heart attacks, strokes, or other serious health problems. The hardened arteries also make it harder for the heart to pump blood, which can strain the heart and potentially lead to heart failure.
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15. P.M. asks, "Is a vaginal examination done at every visit?" Select the best response and explain your answer. a. "Yes, an examination is done with each visit because it allows the examiner to note any possible infections that may be developing." b. "Yes, an examination is done with each visit because it offers vital information about the status of the pregnancy." c. "No, a vaginal examination will not be done again until you go into labor." d. "No, vaginal examinations are not routinely done until the final weeks of your pregnancy."
Answer:
The correct answer is D.
Explanation:
Pelvic examination during pregnancy is performed at early stages of the pregnancy to check for infections, a Pap smear may also be performed.
If there are no complications, the next examination will occur at around 36 weeks, to check for changes to the cervix.
If the woman is experiencing contractions, the doctor will perform an exam as often as needed to determine if the patient is in labor.
Final answer:
The correct response is d, with vaginal exams not being routine until the later stages of pregnancy, unless specific concerns or diagnostic procedures necessitate them.
Explanation:
The best response to the question, "Is a vaginal examination done at every visit?" would be d. "No, vaginal examinations are not routinely done until the final weeks of your pregnancy." Routine vaginal examinations at every prenatal visit are not standard practice. They are typically reserved for the final weeks of pregnancy to assess the progression of labor and are not performed with the same frequency during earlier stages of pregnancy. The exceptions include checks for infections or other problems when symptoms are present, or specific diagnostic procedures when needed. Amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling (CVS), for example, are invasive procedures done when an abnormality is indicated by non-invasive methods such as ultrasounds or analysis of maternal serum. Vaginal examinations may also occur during the three phases of vaginal birth, particularly in the first stage to monitor dilation.
Velocity of blood is relatively constant as blood flows from the aorta toward the capillaries.
a. True
b. False
Answer:
The answer to the question: velocity of blood is relatively constant as blood flows from the aorta towards the capillaries, would be, B: False.
Explanation:
One way to figure this one out is knowing that the velocity of the blood as it flows through the aorta, comes from the pumping strength of the heart. However, as the blood starts traversing the length of the different arteries, arterioles, and finally reached the capillaries, it encounter two things; first, the speed with which it was originally launched by the heart into the aorta, has already diminished as it moves away from the heart. Second, blood will encounter a series of barriers, not the least of which is resistance from the blood vessels themselves, that will lower the speed with which it will reach the capillares. And this is just as well, as capillaries are much more fragile than arteries themselves, their purpose actually being to serve as exchange points between the cardiovascular system and the different tissues of the body. Their structure is much thinner, and thus needs less speed, in order for exchanges to take place. This is why it is false.
The velocity of blood is not constant as it flows from the aorta toward the capillaries; it decreases dramatically due to the large cumulative diameter of the capillary beds before increasing again as blood returns to the heart.
The statement that the velocity of blood is relatively constant as blood flows from the aorta toward the capillaries is false. Blood pressure and blood velocity are closely related in the cardiovascular system and vary throughout different parts of the blood vessel network. As blood is pushed away from the heart by each rhythmic pump, entering the aorta, it travels at a high velocity of approximately 30 cm/sec. However, as blood reaches the arterioles and moves into the capillary beds, the velocity drops dramatically to about 0.026 cm/sec, which is one-thousand times slower than in the aorta. The law of continuity states that fluid should travel faster through a narrower tube, but the overwhelming cumulative diameter of the capillary beds slows the blood flow to allow for effective exchange processes. Post-capillary, blood velocity increases again as it returns to the heart through veins.
High blood and urine glucose (sugar) is characteristic of a disorder called ____________.
Answer:
Is characteristic of Diabetes.
Explanation:
Diabetes is a disorder in which blood sugar increases due to the fact that there is mechanism by which sugar enters the cell is somehow affected.
There are different types of this disorder, the most common ones are the following,
1. Diabetes type 1, is an autoimmune disorder in which the cells that are in charge of producing insulin are destroyed, as a consequence there is not enough insulin (responsible for allowing the glucose channels to open and transport glucose into the cell). Therefore, sugar remains in blood circulation. When glucose levels are too high, it starts filtering through the kidneys and ends up in the urine.
2. Diabetes type 2, is triggered by different factors, there are genetic and environmental factors that trigger this disease. In this case, cells are 'resistant' to the insulin effect, so the body reacts by secreting more insulin. As a consequence, cells in charge of secreting insulin are overworked and at the same time, the body cells keep on increasing the resistance to insulin. There is a point in which this compensation fails to work, and blood sugar rises. When the levels become high, glucose starts filtering through the kidneys and ends up in the urine.
There are more types of diabetes, such as gestational diabetes or LADA. In this cases the cause of the disease varies, but the outcome is the same, increased blood glucose levels and presence of glucose in the urine.
Gingivitis involves the gum tissue and bone loss around the tooth.
A. True
B. False
Answer: False
Explanation:
Periodontitis is a gum infection in which the soft tissues of the gums and the bone that supports your teeth are destroyed. Periodontitis can cause loss of tooth by teeth loosening. Gingivitis is a common type of periodontal disease. In gingivitis the gums become red and puffy, that bleed while brushing of teeth.
In the kidney, facultative re-uptake of water and sodium occurs at the level of _______ under the influence of ________ & __________.
a) glomerular capsule aldosterone, vasopressin
b) Loop of Henle, aldosterone, vasopressin
c) Collecting duct, oxytocin, angiotensin
d) Proximal convoluted tubule, aldosterone, vasopressin
e) Collecting duct, aldosterone, vasopressin
Answer:
The correct answer is e) Collecting duct, aldosterone, vasopressin
Explanation:
ADH( antidiuretic hormone) is called vasopressin formed by the hypothalamus gland and released when the body is under stress of shortage of water.
This hormone binds to the water channel receptors present in the collecting duct and opens them. Then the water is released in the interstitial space and returns to the blood by reabsorption.
Decrease in the blood flow results in the release of aldosterone which regulates the blood pressure by absorbing the water and sodium ions from the collecting duct increasing blood volume and osmolarity.
Describe the position of the pulmonary capillaries to the alveoli.
Answer:
The process of gas exchange, meaning the entrance of oxygen and exhalation of carbon dioxide, is a pretty complex process that depends on quite a few factors to be successful.
One such factor is the position of the capillaries that branch off from both the pulmonary veins and pulmonary arteries towards the alveoli, which is where blood and air will come into indirect contact (divided by a layer of cells only, and fluid) to be able to exchange their gases. As such, when the pulmonary arteries, and veins, branch out, they form an intricate mesh around each individual alveoli, basically surrounding it, and joining together. This means that capillaries both from the veins and the arteries come together to form a sort of net that surrounds individual alveoli in the lungs. This formation allows for maximum surface contact and increaseses the exchange capabilities.
Answer:
the process of gas exchange
Explanation:
How does sleep deprivation affect your ability to drive? A recent study measured the effects on 19 professional drivers. Each driver participated in two experimental sessions: one after normal sleep and one after 27 hours of total sleep deprivation. The treatments were assigned in random order. In each session, performance was measured on a variety of tasks including a driving simulation.
Answer:
Sleep deprivation in general, is a very serious situation because it will affect the entire human system, and it can lead to severe health conditions, and even death.
In performing activities that require high levels of focus and coordination, like driving, a person requires all of his senses to be on keen alert, and all his reflexes and movements must be under control and coordinated.
However, sleep deprivation is considered today as serious as consuming alcohol when driving, because this situation deprives the brain, and the body at large, from that much needed coordination and control that it would have if it were rested. As such, when a person is sleep deprived, depending on the severity of the deprivation, they can loose coordination, loose control of their reflexes, lose focus, have memory and judgement impairment and even go so far as to suffer from narcolepsy, a condition in which the person literally loses all control of his body due to sleep deprivation. Basically, they fall asleep in the car. This can cause accidents that lead to death.
Answer:
Due to sleep deprivation drivers are seen to be drowsy while driving.
Explanation:
According to the experiment on the drivers, it has been seen that drowsy driving is the reason behind several tragic accidents in U.S.A. Drowsy driving has the reason of sleep deprivation behind it.
If a driver drives without having sufficient sleep, it is quite obvious for him to fall asleep while driving. This hampers the concentration of the driver while driving and make him unable to drive properly. So, getting enough sleep is important for driving.
When a hormone is present in normal or increased amounts but the expected actions of the hormone are not present, this is said to be a case of ____________-.
Answer:
This case is called hormonal resistance.
Explanation:
Hormonal resistance is a situation in which a hormone is present in normal or increased amounts but there´s no biological effect. This can occur as the result of a defective receptor or decrease in the affinity of this with its specific ligand (the hormone). Hormonal resistance is caused by genetic alterations or mutations.
For example, there is a pathology called resistance to thyroideus hormones which is majorly caused by mutations in the receptors of thyroideus hormones. This situation implies an alteration to the response of the action of thyroideus hormones what leads to an increase in this hormone, but the expected effect is not seen. Thyroideus hormones play an important role in the regulation of the metabolism, brain development, and others. So, the previous situation leads to a dysregulation principally in the metabolism in the body. if is a central resistance the person will have hypothyroidism but if it is peripheric the person will present hyperthyroidism
Another example of hormonal resistance could be the insulin resistance, which is seen in so many diabetics patients in those days. The insulin regulates the metabolism of glucose, so when this situation is observed, the patients although they have levels of this hormone in normal or higher concentration, the physiological effect is not observed.
PLEASE HELP.....
The author believes we are “endangering our health by not using the metric system”. Do you agree or disagree and why? Explain....
Answer: I agree with the autor
Explanation:
When we use the metric system we have more security of everything that we are doing. For example: In health when you go to the doctor and he prescribes you some medicine you have to take the exact amount of each medicine so you can get better. If you go to another country with the prescribtion they will know the exact amount of medicine that yo are taking because the metric system its known all over the world.
The metric system is used around the world to avoid mistakes, imagine that you are going into surgery and your doctor has to make a procedure on your skin and has to cut 3 inches from a tumor that you have, but the doctor gets sick and this day another doctor from other country has to make the surgery, he will probably make a mistake because inches its unit different that the one used in many countries.
Which statement best describes clinical practice guidelines? They offer a set of recommendations for a specific area of practice, based on a distillation of available evidence. They provide general recommendations for evidence-based decision making. They are universally useful, regardless of context or country of adoption. They are designed to offer suggestions for areas in which more research is needed.
Answer: They offer a set of recommendations for a specific area of practice, based on a distillation of available evidence.
Explanation:
Clinical practice guidelines are the statements that involves the recommendations which are intended to ensure the care of patients. It is intended to provide information to the patients in a systematic manner of review of evidences which gives an in-site of the benefits and harms associated with the care options. These guidelines are measurable, feasible and achievable.
Gonadal dysgenesis that results in XY females occurs because of which of the following?
A. Duplication of the Y chromosome region containing SRY.
B. Duplication of part of chromosome 1 containing WNT4 and RSPO1.
C. Deletion of chromosome 1 in the region containing WNT4.
D. Duplication of SOX9 on chromosome 17
Answer:
The best answer for the question: Gonadal dysgenesis that results in XY females occurs because of which of the following?, would be, D: Duplication of SOX9 0n chromosome 17.
Explanation:
Sexual differentiation is a pretty complex balance between genetics that can be offset given the right circumstances. Essentially, human males should carry the chromosomal combination XY, while females should have the XX combination. And the reproductive organs that evolve from this chromosomal combination, should be accordingly (known as sexual phenotype). However, this is not always the case and there have been cases of males with XX combinations and females with XY. Essentially, what this means is that, given the mutations that are caused by these gene combinations, and the coding proteins that they produce, a person´s genetic sex may not be coherent with the phenotype. In women who present the abnormal combination of XY, and tus present with what is known as gonadal dysgenesis (organs do not express genetic sex), the reason for this comes from the presence of the SRY gene, typical in the XY combination. The presence of this gene will activate the sex-determinant SRY-box9, better known as SOX9, which has the capacity to, if present, cause sex reversal, even in XX females.
What event occurs following the luteinizing hormone (LH) surge during the female monthly cycle?
a. decline in progesterone secretion
b. ovulation
c. estrogen secretion
d. menstrual flow
Answer:
The correct answer is B.
Explanation:
During the follicular phase (first half of female cycle), follicles in the ovary begin developing under the influence of FSH. The follicle that acquires more FSH receptors will become dominant and will produce more estrogen and inhibin hormone than the others. Inhibin will reduce FSH level and as a result the other follicles will fail to keep growing. At this stage the dominant follicle will become FSH independent.
Estrogen produced by the dominant follicle will stimulate LH secretion. After approximately 24-36 hours from when LH reaches its peak level, the dominant follicle releases an ovocyte. This event is called ovulation.
The Luteinizing Hormone (LH) surge in the female monthly cycle triggers the process of ovulation, where a mature egg is released from the ovary.
Explanation:The Luteinizing Hormone (LH) plays a crucial role in the female reproductive system. A surge in this hormone, usually around midway through the menstrual cycle, triggers a process known as ovulation. In ovulation, a mature egg is released from the ovary and becomes available for fertilization if sperm are present. So, the correct answer to this multiple-choice question would be: b. ovulation
Here's a brief breakdown of the series of events: After the start of the menstrual cycle, the levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and estrogen rise, which nurture the development of several ovarian follicles. One of these follicles matures, and its growing size prompts a surge in estrogen levels. When estrogen levels peak, they stimulate a substantial release of LH, leading to the 'LH surge'. About a day or two after the LH surge, the mature follicle ruptures, releasing ovum (egg), marking the event of ovulation.
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The "zona reticularis" of the adrenal cortex produces
A. Androgens.
B. Glucocorticoids.
C. Mineralocorticoids.
D. Epinephrine.
E. Norepinephrine.
Answer:
The answer to the question: The "zona reticularis" of the adrenal cortex produces:___, would be, A: Androgens.
Explanation:
The adrenal glands, also known as suprarenal, are glands that sit atop the kidneys and are central to the production of several hormones that mediate on metabolism, sexual characteristics and reproduction activities, among many others. The two glands, one on each kidney, has a very particular shape, and both are divided into the following layers: adrenal cortex and medulla. The cortex is further divided into three layers itself: glomerulosa, fasciculata and finally, the innermost is known as the zona reticularis. This particular layer produces androgens, most important of which is androstenedione (precursor for testosterone) and DHEA. These hormones will later move on to the gonads where they will be activated.
12. After her examination, P.M. states that she is worried because her sister had an ectopic pregnancy and had to have surgery. She asks you, "What are the signs of an ectopic pregnancy?" Which of these are correct? Select all that apply. a. Fullness and tenderness in her abdomen, near the ovaries b. Pain, either unilateral, bilateral, or diffuse over the abdomen c. Nausea d. Dark red or brown vaginal bleeding e. Increased fatigue
ANSWER:
The correct options are B: Pain, unilateral, bilateral or diffuse in the abdomen and D: Dark red or brown vaginal bleeding.
EXPLANATION:
Ectopic pregnancy occurs when the embryo plants itself outside the uterus and not inside the uterus. Ectopic pregnancy is usually tough to handle and women usually experience constant abdominal pain that can be sharp, dull or in the form of cramps. In most cases, the foetus in unable to survive in this type of pregnancy.IP3 is thought to produce its biologic effects by
a) directly activating calmodulin.
b) directly stimulating protein kinase C.
c) promoting release of calcium from intracellular stores into the cytoplasm.
d) activating the alpha subunit of G proteins.
e) both b and c.
Answer:
The best answer to the question: IP3 is thought to produce its biologic effects by:___, would be, C: promoting release of calcium from intracellular stores into the cytoplasm.
Explanation:
The means by which a cell may respond to stimuli generated from the outside of it, be it by a neurotransmitter, or a hormone, or any other substance, is pretty complex, and a ball dance of chemical components. However, there is one pathway of intracellular activation that requires IP3. IP3 (Inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate) is a second messenger, found in the cytoplasm of the cell and which will be in charge of relying signals delivered to the cell through the plasma membrane towards the organelles, and especially the endoplasmic reticulum, where calcium ions are stored. IP3 will bind chemically to its own receptor (IP3R), which is bound to calcium channels in the ER. When IP3 binds to this receptor, the channels will open and the ER will release its stored calcium ions into the cytoplasm.
A group of many similar cells that work together to perform a specific function is referred to as this level of organization.
A. Cellular
B. Organ
C. Tissue
D. Chemical
Answer:
The best answer from the list of choices for the question: A group of many similar cells that work together to perform specific function is referred to as this level of organization:___, would be, C: Tissue.
Explanation:
Just like other systems, the human body is also organized in hierarchical structures. Our most basic unit is called the cell, and as the stepladder ascends, these cells join together and have similarities among them, so that all of them can perform similar functions, or the same function, all at once. When this level is reached, in which the organization of cells performs the same specific function, as a group, we are talking about tissues. Organs are the conjunction of several tissues that come together and work as a group. And, an organization of organs, whose purpose is very similar in manner, that work as a team, are known as organ systems, like the GI system, or the nervous system. In the case of the question, we have tissues first.
When the Mean Arterial Pressure is less than 10 mmHg above the diastolic blood pressure then blood will move to slowly serve the tissues and clot much more easily.
a. True
b. False
Answer:
The answer to the question: When the Mean Arterial Pressure is less than 10mmHg above the diastolic blood pressure, then blood will move too slowly to serve the tissues and clot much more easily, would be, A: True.
Explanation:
In general terms, people always tend to think about blood pressure as those two numbers that doctors usually give us: 120/80. This means that during systole, and at the end of diastole, when the heart is filling up again with blood to pump, our blood exerts pressure over our blood vessels in order to move and especially to be able to exchange nutrients and oxygen, as well as recover waste and CO2, with the tissues. However, there is another measurement called the MAP (Mean Arterial Pressure) that is much more important for healthcare professionals, as it tells them whether during a heart cycle the body´s pressure is enough to ensure proper exchange, especially in such organs as the coronaries, the brain, and other vital organs. Usually, normal ranges for MAP are between 70 and 100mmHg. If MAP goes below 70, which would already be 10mmHg below diastolic normal numbers, then it would mean that the blood being pumped is not having enough pressure to ensure exchanges with the tissues and also, because of lower flow, clotting mechanisms will initiate, especially in the distal parts, where capillaries are.
What are the functions, bacteria, enzymes, and hormonal activities
of the GI tract?
Answer:
The answer to these multiple questions is pretty broad and long because the GI tract is probably one of the most diverse, complex, and function-filled systems of the human body.
1. To begin with, the GI tract has a main purpose, which is to ingest, digest, process, absorb and excrete the unnecessary waste that comes from the processes mentioned before. All of these have to do with fulfilling the main function of the GI tract, which is, to provide nutrients to the body through food and fluid intake. In order to fulfill this purpose, the tract is packed with muscles, accessory organs, blood vessels, nerve terminals and innervation and lymphatic vessels that willl aid in this process.
2. During the passage of food through the system there are a series of chemical steps that need to be taken, in order to be able to substract the necessary nutrients from food. In order to do this, the body counts with enzymes, chemical proteinic substances produced by different GI organs to ensure proper digestion and absorption of nutrients. Among the ones that we have are: amylase, pepsin, tripsin, pancreatic lipase, deoxyribonuclease and ribonuclease. All of these work on different molecules in food, like fats and carbs, and will allow the body to use them.
3. The GI tract also has hormonal activities, mostly related with the correct functioning of the entire system when food is present and nutrition is a must. Some of the enteroendocrine hormones are: gastrin, cholesystokinin and secretin, only to mention some.
4. The bacteria that populates our GI tracts are known as enterobacteria, they are mostly gram negative bacteria, like E. Coli, whose function is to further aid in the extraction and digestion of nutrients in food, once the chyme reaches the large intestine. These bacteria are from the enterobacteriaceae family and comprise more than 200 species.
Air inhaled through the mouth would be __________ than air inhaled through the nose.
a. warmer
b. dirtier
c. moister
d. All of the above are correct.
Answer:
The correct answer is option B. dirtier.
Explanation:
Air inhaled through the mouth would be dirtier than air inhaled through the nose. The layer of the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity assists the nose to filter the air and moist it. This membrane helps in trapping dirt and other particles and prevents to get in the lungs.
Whereas inhaling through the mouth it is not the case filter is not present however it provides moisture and warmth but as much as the nose provides.
Thus, the correct answer is option B. dirtier.
An antibody, or immunoglobulin, is produced by plasma cells in response to a challenge by the immunogen. Which class of immunoglobulins is the first antibody produced during the primary response to antigen?
a. IgA
b. IgE
c. IgM
d. IgG
Answer:
The correct answer is c. IgM
Explanation:
IgM is the first class of antibody which is produced by the body during primary response to antigen. IgM is the largest antibody and is present on the surface of B lymphocytes.
It controls the activation of B-cell and is released by B cell in the circulation to provide first line of defense to the body against any infection. It is a pentameric antibody found in the blood and due to pentameric in nature it has high avidity for antigen binding and processing.
It is responsible for agglutination reaction and protect us from viral and bacterial infection. It consists about 5-10% of total antibodies present in the body.
Steroid hormones
A) bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells.
B) are proteins.
C) are transported in the blood dissolved in the plasma.
D) cannot diffuse through cell membranes.
E) remain in circulation for relatively short periods of time.
Answer:
A) bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells.
Explanation:
Steroid hormones are synthesized from cholesterol and are lipids, therefore they cannot be transported in the blood dissolved in the plasma. They are associated with transport proteins to travel in blood.
Because they are lipids, they can diffuse through cell membranes, and once inside the target cell they bind to receptors in the cytoplasm or the nucleus and alter gene expression.
Steroid hormones are lipids that can diffuse into cells and bind to receptors in the nucleus. They are not proteins, they are not dissolved in the plasma, and they tend to remain in the bloodstream for relatively longer time periods.
Explanation:Steroid hormones are lipids synthesized from cholesterol. These hormones include sex hormones and stress hormones, among others. Some key points about them are:
A) Steroid hormones bind to receptors inside the nucleus of their target cells. Because they are lipid soluble, they can pass through the cell membrane by diffusion. Once inside, they bind to specific receptor proteins at the DNA level, triggering specific cellular responses.B) Steroid hormones are not proteins. They are lipids made from cholesterol.C) Steroid hormones are transported in the blood bound to transport proteins, not dissolved in the plasma.D) Steroid hormones can diffuse through cell membranes due to their lipid-soluble nature.E) Steroid hormones generally remain in circulation for longer periods of time due to their binding with transport proteins, slowing their degradation and excretion.Learn more about Steroid Hormones here:https://brainly.com/question/32153048
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Describe and explain one presynaptic and one postsynaptic mechanism
that pharmaceuticals can use to modify synaptic transmission.
Explanation:
Presynaptic mechanism: one way to modify the synaptic transmission before it happens is affecting transmitters release, one example is calcium channel blockers (for example, verapamil), this action won't allow transmitters out, therefore, there won't be a synaptic transmission.Postsynaptic mechanism: one method to modify synaptic transmission after it happens is blocking the transmitter receptors, one example of this is antipsychotic drugs that block dopamine receptors.I added some images with another examples for both cases. I hope you find this information interesting! Good luck!
An explanation of how simulation might be used to improve
performance in your health services organization or one with which
you are familiar. Be specific, and provide examples.
Answer:
Explanation:
Simulations are the models which can be used to mimic and study the anatomical and physiological make up of the human body. It can help in teaching the fact that low different organs of the body are related to each other and how blood and other body fluids move and excreted out from the body. This can be used to demonstrate the cause of various diseases.
Thus simulations can help in improving the health.
A reflex that occurs without traveling to the CNS for integration is known as a ____________ reflex.
Answer:
The answer to the question: A reflex that occurs without traveling to the CNS for integration is known as a:___ reflex, would be: arc reflex, which is divided into monosynaptic and polysinaptic reflexes.
Explanation:
The reflex arc shows that when there is neural stimulation, this stimuli will not always reach the brain for integration. Most reflexes are reactions to a stimuli that do not involve brain integration or involvement and are dealt with directly in the spinal cord. This arc is divided into two groups: monosynaptic, meaning that only one neural pathway has been stimulated and thus only a specific region will react, or polysinaptic, which means that more than one neural pathway has been stimulated and will generate a reaction from the regions that they ennervate.