The muscle that serves as the prime mover during a movement is called the

Answer:

option a

Explanation:

cen

Answer:

B. the endothelium of CNS capillaries forms a blood-brain barrier

Explanation:

Commonly known as the blood-brain barrier or BBB is formed by the action of endothelial cells of brain which line the cerebral microvasculature. The BBB is a vital mechanism that protects the brain from the action of many circulating agents which are present in different medications like xenobiotics or other neurotransmitters which can disrupt the neural functions or harm them. The BBB also functions to protect the brain from the fluctuations in plasma composition of brain cells.

Hope it helps!

Answer: d. Niacin

Explanation:

Many vitamins are parts of coenzymes. In numerous oxidation-reduction reactions that are catalyzed by enzymes, the electrons pass in pairs from the active site of the enzyme to a coenzyme that serves as the electron acceptor. Vitamin B3 or Niacin is used to construct the coenzymes NADH and NADPH, their sources for human ingestion are liver, lean meats, and grains. Its deficiency in consumption leads to Pellagra, inflammation of nerves and mental disorders.

Final answer:

D) Niacin (Vitamin B3) is the vitamin used to construct the coenzymes NADH and NADPH, which are essential for metabolic processes such as energy production.

Explanation:

The vitamin that is used to construct the coenzymes NADH and NADPH is niacin (B3). These coenzymes play a crucial role in various metabolic processes, including energy production and synthesis of fatty acids and steroids. Niacin is therefore essential for the conversion of food into energy and for maintaining healthy cells.

It's important to note that riboflavin (B2) is involved in the formation of another coenzyme, flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), which is also used in cellular respiration but is different from NADH and NADPH.

Answer:

Pyramidal decussation is at the junction of medulla and spinal cord.

Explanation:

Pyramidal decussation may be defined as the the fibers that cross the corticospinal tract from one side to the junction and the other side to the central nervous system.

Pyramidal decussation is the point at the junction between spinal cord and medulla. The motor fibers crosses the midline from the medullary pyramids.

Answer:

The narrow sense conception of cytoskeleton is introduced to protein fibres. These fibres are present inside the eukaryotic cells. This concept refers to the study of cytoskeleton.  Cytoskeleton maintains the cell shape. Cytoskeleton have two components. These are nuclear skeleton and cytoplasmic skeleton.

Nuclear skeleton consist of core layer, nuclear matrix and chromosomal skeleton. Cytoplasmic skeleton comprises of microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments.

Explanation:

The narrow sense conception of cytoskeleton is related to protein fibre structure in eukaryotic cells. The cytoskeleton system comprises of nucleus skeleton and cytoplasmic skeleton.

The nucleus skeleton consist of chromosomal skeleton, nuclear matrix and core layer.

Nuclear Matrix: It organize DNA into the cell with the help of nuclear lamina.

Core layer: It is the inner layer which connects nuclear matrix and outside fibres. It forms a grid structure between nucleus and cytoplasm.

Chromosome Skeleton: It is involved in packaging of chromosomes.

The cytoplasmic filaments consist of intermediate filament, microtubules and microfilaments.

Intermediate Filaments: It provides mechanical support to plasma membrane.

Microtubules: It maintains shape of the cell. It is involved cell wall formation.

Microfilaments: It is involved in myofibrils formation, acrosomal reaction and cytoplamic splitting like processes.

Answer:

Referred pain

Explanation:

Referred pain may be defined as the pain perceived at differnet location of body other than the individual pain location.

Referred pain depends upon the intensity and duration of the pain. Refereed pain is generally generated by the potent mechanism of temporal summation. Referred pain is the condition of the body  in which the uninjured body part experiences pain due to the injury of another body part.

Thus, the correct answer is option (b).

Answer:

this is just an example: 1. ask friend to borrow keys to get something from car. 2. ask to borrow car itself to take thing home. 3. explain it's going to take a while to drive car home and back so might as well just borrow car for the night.

Explanation:

foot in the door phenomenon is asking for something small and gradually building up to a larger request. most people are hesitant if you ask for something big right off the bat, but are more likely to accept bigger requests if they've accepted a smaller request and are eased into the larger one.

To borrow a friend's car using the foot-in-the-door technique, start by asking for a smaller favor to establish a precedent of compliance, then make the larger request to borrow the car.

To use the foot-in-the-door technique, you can first ask to borrow something small from her, such as a book or a piece of clothing. Once she has agreed to this smaller request, you can then follow up by asking to borrow her car for the night. The foot-in-the-door phenomenon suggests that she will be more likely to agree to the larger request after having said yes to the smaller one because agreeing to the small favor sets a precedent for cooperative behavior and can make her feel more committed to helping you further.

Answer:

DNA contains four base pairs: adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine. Adenine forms bond with thymine, its a double bond, and cytosine forms triple bond with guanine.

Cytosine in natural process does not forms bond with thymine, but if it happen then many errors could occur in replication. As DNA is the basic material of cell and all genetic information lies in it, a single mutation can lead to fatal disorders, and when cytosine forms bond with thymine instead of guanine then the backbone of DNA would be distorted, RNA being formed from this DNA would also be have errors that would result in mutated proteins  that can cause serious illness and destroy many natural processes.

Answer: a. Rubisco

Explanation:

Photosynthesis is a way of making organic molecules from carbon dioxide (CO2). To build organic molecules, cells use raw materials provided by the light reactions. 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase, also known as Rubisco, is the enzyme needed for carbon fixation during the Calvin cycle. This enzyme is found in the stromal space of the chloroplast. It acts by adding CO2 to the 5-carbon sugar ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate forming 2 molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate.

The cell culture will have approximately 563 trillion cells after 25 hours of growth.

The rate of growth of a cell culture is proportional to its size. In this case, the cell culture grew from 1 million cells to 99 million cells in 10 hours. Since the growth is exponential, we can use the formula 2^n, where n is the number of generations. If we let the initial number of cells be 1 million (2^0), then after 10 hours, there were 99 million cells (2^10). So, the total number of generations is 10. Now we can use this information to figure out how large the cell culture will be after 25 hours.

Since 1 day (24 hours) corresponds to 48 generations, we can use the formula 2^n, where n is 48, to find the number of cells after 24 hours. Using the formula, we get: 2^48 = 281,474,976,710,656 cells. So, after 24 hours, the cell culture will have approximately 281 trillion cells.

Since the growth is exponential, we can use the formula to figure out the number of cells after 25 hours. Using the formula, we get: 2^49 = 562,949,953,421,312 cells. So, after 25 hours, the cell culture will have approximately 563 trillion cells.

https://brainly.com/question/35492185

#SPJ11

The cell culture will be approximately [tex]\( 1.139 \times 10^{13} \)[/tex] cells after 25 hours.

Given that the rate of growth of the cell culture is proportional to its size, we can model the growth of the cell population using an exponential growth equation:

[tex]\[ P(t) = P_0 e^{kt} \][/tex]

where:

- ( P(t) ) is the population at time ( t),

- [tex]\( P_0 \)[/tex] is the initial population,

- ( k ) is the growth rate constant,

- ( e ) is the base of the natural logarithm,

- ( t ) is the time in hours.

From the problem, we know that:

- [tex]\( P_0 = 10^6 \)[/tex] cells (1 million cells),

- [tex]\( P(10) = 99 \times 10^6 \)[/tex] cells (99 million cells after 10 hours),

- ( t = 10 ) hours for the first set of conditions.

We can use these values to solve for ( k ):

[tex]\[ 99 \times 10^6 = 10^6 e^{k \cdot 10} \][/tex]

[tex]\[ 99 = e^{10k} \][/tex]

[tex]\[ \ln(99) = 10k \][/tex]

[tex]\[ k = \frac{\ln(99)}{10} \][/tex]

Now that we have ( k ), we can find the population after 25 hours by substituting ( t = 25 ) into the original growth equation:

[tex]\[ P(25) = 10^6 e^{(\ln(99)/10) \cdot 25} \][/tex]

[tex]\[ P(25) = 10^6 e^{(2.5 \cdot \ln(99))} \][/tex]

[tex]\[ P(25) = 10^6 \cdot (e^{\ln(99)})^{2.5} \][/tex]

[tex]\[ P(25) = 10^6 \cdot 99^{2.5} \][/tex]

Using a calculator, we can approximate [tex]\( 99^{2.5} \)[/tex]:

[tex]\[ P(25) \approx 10^6 \cdot 1.139 \times 10^{12} \][/tex]

[tex]\[ P(25) \approx 1.139 \times 10^{13} \][/tex]

Answer:

Release Oxygen and absorb Carbos dioxide from the air

The correct answer is B. Vitamin A.

Vitamin A (retinol, retinoic acid) is a fat-soluble vitamin important for vision, growth, cell division, reproduction and immunity. It also has antioxidant properties.

Vitamin A is present in many foods, such as spinach, dairy products and liver. Other sources are foods rich in beta-carotene, such as leafy vegetables, carrots and cantaloupe. Your body transforms beta-carotene into vitamin A.

There are two dofferent types of vitamin A. The first type, preformed vitamin A, it is found in beef, poultry, fish and dairy products. The second type, provitamin A, is found in fruits,vegetables and other products of vegetable origin. The most common type of provitamin A present in foods and dietary supplements is beta-carotene.

Not consuming enough vitamin A, can cause diseases (which can be avioded with a good diet). Vitamin A plays a very important role in vision. On the one hand, it is essential for the production of the pigment consumed by photoreceptors responsible for vision in darkness. Therefore, low levels of vitamin A lead to night blindness.

Answer:

Vitamin A

Explanation:

Because thats the answer

Answer:

The correct answer is option C- "oxidize, reduce".

Explanation:

Fermentation is a process analogous to cellular respiration and, just like the latter, it involves oxidization and reduction of molecules with the final purpose of producing energy. During the process of fermentation nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide + hydrogen (NADH) is oxidized to its original form of NAD with a plus charge; while other organic molecules such as piruvate are reduced.

In fermentation, NADH molecules are oxidized, and organic molecules are reduced. This reaction allows NAD+ to be regenerated from NADH enabling glycolysis to continue anaerobically.

In fermentation, the molecules of NADH are oxidized while the organic molecules are reduced. This process involves glycolysis where glucose is broken down, and during the latter stages, NADH donates electrons to an organic molecule, converting it to a more reduced form such as ethanol in alcoholic fermentation. At the same time, NADH is oxidized back to NAD+, which allows glycolysis to continue in the absence of oxygen.

Specifically, during alcoholic fermentation, acetaldehyde is reduced to ethanol using the electrons from NADH, simultaneously oxidizing NADH back to NAD+. This recycling of NAD+ is crucial for glycolysis to proceed in anaerobic conditions, providing cells with ATP. Unlike processes requiring oxygen, fermentation does not utilize the TCA cycle or the electron transport chain and relies on organic molecules to accept the electrons that were carried by NADH.

Answer:

(a). Breast cancer.

Explanation:

HRT or hormone replacement therapy can be defined as a type of hormone therapy, which is used for the treatment of menopause symptoms in females. It includes various hormones, including estrogen.

Estrogen is a female hormone that is normally synthesized in females during their reproductive age, which helps in regulation of menstrual cycle, production of milk, and thickening of uterus lining.

However, increased level of estrogen also increases risk of developing certain types of cancers, such as breast cancer as it makes the cells to multiply rapidly and increase production of mutant cancerous cells (if present).  

Hence, a woman who is taking estrogen as HRT can develop breast cancer due to higher level of estrogen. Thus, the correct answer is option (a).

Answer: I believe this is called the epimysium

Answer:

[tex]0.288[/tex]

Explanation:

Given

Individuals in a population having genotype A1A1  [tex]= 180[/tex]

Individuals in a population having genotype A1A2  [tex]= 144[/tex]

Individuals in a population having genotype A2A2 [tex]= 175[/tex]

Hence, the total number of individuals in a population [tex]= 180 + 144+ 175\\= 499\\[/tex]

Thus, frequency of Individuals in a population having genotype A1A2 [tex]= \frac{X}{Y}[/tex]

Where X [tex]=[/tex] Individuals in a population having genotype A1A2

Y [tex]=[/tex] total population

Substituting the given values in above equation, we get -

[tex]\frac{144}{499} \\0.288\\[/tex]

Answer: A) increased adherence of phagocytes to microorganisms

Explanation:

The phenomenon of phagocytosis can be facilitated by certain substances called opsonins. Particles coated by antibodies or by certain products of the activation complement system adhere to the phagocyte membrane and are internalized more rapidly and intensely than those that are not opsonized. In the macrophage membrane, there are surface molecules, known as receptors, that have an affinity for these opsonins.

Opsonization increases the adherence of phagocytes to microorganisms, allowing for easier recognition, engulfment, and destruction of the pathogen by the immune system.

The effect of opsonization is increased adherence of phagocytes to microorganisms. Opsonization is a process where pathogens are coated with a chemical substance, known as opsonin, which makes them more recognizable for phagocytic cells (like macrophages or neutrophils). This coating aids in the recognition, engulfment, and destruction of the pathogen by these cells. For instance, antibodies complexed with macromolecules, such as IgM and IgG in serum that bind to antigens, increase the attraction of phagocytic cells, mark these pathogens for destruction, and so enhance opsonization, leading to rapid clearing of pathogens.

https://brainly.com/question/37917439

#SPJ3

Answer:

b. Cities like New York, New Orleans, and Miami will be flooded by ocean water.

Explanation:

The theory says global warming will cause the temperature of the planetary atmosphere to rise. The hotter environment will make ice masses of Greenland, and the poles to melt completely and make coastal cities like New York, New Orleans, and Miami flooded by the ocean.

Answer:

The girls with polydactyly  color-blind and is 1/8, the boys with normal fingers and color vision is 1/8.

Explanation:

X - linked recessive trait may be defined as the trait that are normally passes down from mother to son. Males have high chances since they have only one X chromosme. The female should have both X chromosome affected to express the trait. Autosomal dominant trait express the trait in both the homozygous dominant and heterozygous condition.

The red - green color blinded male with polydactylous is married with female that have normal color vision and normal toes and finger. With the help of pedigree chart and probability,the outcome of their children with specific phenotype can be calculated.

Martha is normal for poldactyly and contains recessive trait for polydactyly. She is a carrier for the color blindness as his father is affected by the disease. Bill is affected by the color blindness and heterozygous for the polydactyly trait. The marriage between marry and bill have the children with  1/8 proportion of the girls can be color bind and shows polydactyly {1/4 ( girls with color blindness) × 1/2 ( the probability of polydactyly}. 1/8 proportion of the boys with normal vision and normal toes and finger {1/4 (boys are normal) × 1/2 ( the probability of normal toes and finger}.

If Bill and Martha marry, their children would be expected to have a 50% chance of being color blind and polydactylous, 25% chance of having normal color vision and normal fingers and toes, and a 25% chance of having normal color vision and polydactylous fingers and toes.

If Bill and Martha marry, the proportions of children with specific phenotypes that they would be expected to produce can be determined by considering the inheritance patterns of red-green color blindness and polydactyly.

Since Martha's father is color blind, Martha is a carrier of the red-green color blindness gene on one of her X chromosomes. Bill, being color blind himself, has the red-green color blindness gene on both of his X chromosomes.

If Martha and Bill have children, the possible phenotypes are:

Since Martha has normal fingers and toes and her mother also has normal fingers and toes, Martha does not carry the polydactyly gene. However, Bill is polydactylous, so he carries the polydactyly gene.

If Martha and Bill have children, the possible phenotypes are:

https://brainly.com/question/780871

#SPJ3

Answer:

Option (A)

Explanation:

Convergent evolution may be defined as the independent evolution of similar features in different species. This evolution shows analogous structure that perform similar function but do not have a common ancestor.

Penguins, sea turtles and manatees forelimb is an example of convergent evolution because similar forelimb structure evolution has occurred in different species lineage. The convergent evolution of forelimb structure in these species permit movement in water.

Thus, the correct answer is option (A).

Answer:

Junction.

Explanation:

Junction or neuromuscular junction may be defined as a type of chemical synapse and the site where motor neuron transmit information to the muscle fibers and causes the muscle contraction.

The junction is formed by the contact between the skeletal muscle fibre and motor neuron. The mutation in neuromuscular junction may cause autosomal disorders in an individual.

Hence, the correct answer is option (2).

Answer: Perimesencephalic haemorrhage (PSH) is defined as confined bleeding in the cisterns around the mesencephalon, called: the cerebral aqueduct, tegmentum, the tectum, and the cerebral peduncles.

Explanation:

PSH has a probable incidence in patients with negative angiographies of around 50% to 75%. It is a pathology with no predominant age range, reported in all ages in the literature, including childhood.  By definition, the condition corresponds to a tomographic finding of blood in the interpeduncular cistern that may extend to the other portions of the mesencephalon. This pathogenesis has not yet been completely clarified, but it is believed to come from a nonarterial source, assuming venous or capillary origin.

Answer:

True.

Explanation:

Autonomic nervous system is the division of peripheral nervous system. Autonomic nervous system control the involuntary actions of body like digestion, respiration, urination and heart rate.

Autonomic nervous system supplies the glands and smooth muscle and regulates the function of the internal organs. Hence, the smooth muscle is controlled by autonomic nervous system.

Thus, the given statement is true.

Answer: d. all of the above

Explanation:

Chymotrypsin is produced by the Pancreas and has the function of digesting proteins.It consists of three polypeptide chains connected by two inter-chain disulfide bridges. Chymotrypsin exerts an important biological function which is the hydrolysis of proteins in the small intestine. The cleavage of peptide bonds is selective, occurring only on the carboxyl side of aromatic side chains of tyrosine, tryptophan and phenylalanine, and large hydrophobic radicals such as methionine. Chymotrypsin also hydrolyzes ester

Answer:

The CNS, or central nervous system is comprised of neurons, the cell units that form it. These cells, in turn, are formed by their cell bodies, the dendrites on them and the terminal ends of the axons, which are like the connectors, or roadways, for neurons. When viewed on a microscope, brain tissue, particularly, looks stained with two different colors: grey, or pinkisk, for the grey matter, and whiter for the white matter, which are the axons. This is basically why the two are called grey matter and white matter of the CNS.

So one difference between these two matters is the color they display when viewed. The second is the parts of the neuron that form the two; while the white matter is formed from the neuronal axons, the grey matter is formed by the dendrites, cell bodies and axonal terminals. A third differentiation is that most synaptic activity takes place in the grey matter, while most conduction of information from the cell bodies is performed by the axons.

White matter, consisting of myelinated axons, contributes to the CNS's communication network, while gray matter contains neuronal cell bodies and is involved in processing. Their composition difference, particularly the presence of fatty myelin in white matter, makes them distinguishable on MRI images. Brain development continues through adolescence, affecting the gray to white matter ratio.

White matter and gray matter are two distinct types of nervous tissue found in the central nervous system (CNS). Gray matter consists primarily of neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, and non-myelinated axons, which give it a grayish appearance and is primarily involved in processing and cognition. It makes up the outer cortex of the brain. White matter, on the other hand, is made up of myelinated axons that form tracts and facilitate rapid communication between different gray matter areas.

The fatty myelin sheath around the axons gives white matter its characteristic lighter color. This difference can be easily identified in MRI images due to the contrast provided by the fatty tissue and water content. While gray matter is associated with the cortex and processing centers, white matter acts as a network of conduits providing connectivity and communication across different brain regions.

https://brainly.com/question/28487167

#SPJ12

Answer: Sodium bicarbonate produced by the Pancreas.

Explanation:

The mixture of partially digested food and gastric juice is called chyme. Chyme leaves the stomach through the pyloric sphincter to enter the small intestine. This is where all terminal digestion of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins occurs, and where the products of digestions—amino acids, glucose, and so on—are absorbed into the blood. The first 25 centimeters is the duodenum; the remainder of the small intestine is divided into the jejunum and the ileum. The duodenum receives acidic chyme from the stomach, digestive enzymes, and bicarbonate from the pancreas, and bile from the liver and gallbladder. The pancreatic juice enzymes digest larger food molecules into smaller fragments.

Acid chyme from the stomach is neutralized in the intestine by bicarbonate, which is released by the pancreas. This happens in the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine.

The acid chyme produced by the stomach is neutralized in the intestine by a substance called bicarbonate. Bicarbonate is released by the pancreas and works to neutralize the acidity of the chyme which is essential for the enzymes in the intestine to function properly. This process takes place in the duodenum, the first section of the small intestine, right after the stomach.

https://brainly.com/question/33447008

#SPJ6

Answer: (c) Gluconeogenesis  

Explanation:

Gluconeogenesis (“new formation of glucose”) uses amino acids and lactic acid obtained from muscle proteins to convert into glucose. The glucocorticoids stimulate the liver to produce the enzymes needed for gluconeogenesis, the conversion of amino acids into glucose. This creation of glucose from protein is particularly important during very long periods of fasting or exercise when blood glucose levels might otherwise become dangerously low.

The term ''tissue'' refers to a group of similar cells. Being a combination of equal cells, a tissue has the same function in any part of the body.

The four types of tissues are:

. The epithelial tissue

. The connective tissue

. Muscle tissue

. The nervous tissue

. The epithelial tissue serves as a cover, among these are the skin and the lining of several ducts inside the body. It is divided into two general classifications: Simple Epithelium and Stratified Epithelium.

. The connective tissue supports and joins other tissues such as bone, blood and lymphatic as well as adipose tissue and reticular tissue.

. Muscle tissue consists of striated or voluntary muscles that move the skeleton and smooth muscle, such as the one that surrounds the stomach. It is divided into three types: Skeletal Muscle Tissue, Cardiac Muscle Tissue and Smooth Muscle Tissue.

. Nervous tissue is formed by nerve cells or neurons and serves to carry messages to and from various parts of the body. This tissue is present mostly in the brains and spinal cord. It has two types of tissue: The Nerve Cell and the Neuroglia.

Answer:

Acetylcholine and GRP stimulates and increase the gastrin secretion in the stomach.

Explanation:

Acetylcholine can acts as a neurotransmitter as well as hormone. The parasymapthetic nerves release acetylcholine that stimulates the release of gastrin secretion in the stomach and helps in the process of digestion.

Gastrin releasing peptide (GRP) acts as a regulatory molecule of the gastrin. GRP is a neuropeptide hormones that helps in the secretion of gastrin by stimulating the G cells of the stomach.

Thus, both GRP and acetylcholine stimulates the gastrin secretion.

Acetylcholine and GRP play crucial roles in the secretion of gastrin, which is essential for the production of hydrochloric acid (HCl) in the stomach, facilitating protein digestion and smooth muscle contractions, while also featuring mechanisms to prevent excessive acid secretion.

The roles of acetylcholine and GRP (gastrin-releasing peptide) in gastrin secretion are central to the process of gastric acid production, which is crucial for protein digestion in the stomach. When food enters the stomach, it causes distention that activates stretch receptors. This, in turn, stimulates parasympathetic neurons to release acetylcholine, which increases the secretion of gastric juice. Additionally, partially digested proteins, caffeine, and a rising pH level in the stomach stimulate the release of gastrin from enteroendocrine G cells.

Gastrin then prompts parietal cells to increase their production of hydrochloric acid (HCl), essential for converting pepsinogen to pepsin, and for further protein digestion. This hormone not only stimulates acid and enzyme production but also triggers vigorous smooth muscle contractions. However, the stomach has built-in safeguards to prevent excessive acid secretion and potential heartburn, such as suspending HCl secretion and increasing mucous production when pH levels drop too low, exhibiting a natural mechanism for maintaining homeostasis.

Answer:

Answer is D - cAMP.

Explanation:

cAMP is a small molecule that functions as an intracellular signaling molecule - a second messenger. The first messenger would be the thing that activated the GPCR (e.g. a hormone). The GPCR is a signal transducer (converts extracellular signal to intracellular signal). Once activated, the GPCR activates  adenylate cyclase which can be called a signal effector - it is an enzyme that produces cAMP.