Answer:
The speed of action potential propagation get slower downExplanation:
Myelination is the process of generating myelin in neurons. In CNS, oligodendrocyte make the myelin sheath.
The main function of myelin is to increase the speed of electrical impulses along the myelinated fiber.
Myelinated fibers lack voltage-gated sodium channels along the myelinated internodes, having them only at the nodes of Ranvier though which the molecules moves.
Demyelination is the loss of the myelin sheath, result due to some neurodegenerative autoimmune diseases, resulting in the decrease of the speed of action potential propagation.
Final answer:
Demyelination of a myelinated neuron slows down the conduction of action potentials by causing current leaks. The myelin sheath acts as an insulator, increasing the speed of conduction. Nodes of Ranvier play a crucial role in regenerating the action potential.
Explanation:
Demyelination of a myelinated neuron will affect action potentials in that neuron by slowing down the conduction of the action potential. The myelin sheath acts as an insulator and prevents current from leaving the axon, which increases the speed of action potential conduction. When the myelin is degraded or destroyed, current can leak from previously insulated axon areas, causing a decrease in the speed of action potential conduction. The gaps in the myelin sheath, called nodes of Ranvier, play a crucial role in regenerating the action potential. Without these nodes, the action potential would propagate very slowly.
It is possible to perceive depth with one eye closed because of
Answer: monocular cue
Explanation:
The key reason one don't lose sense of depth is because of monocular cue. Our brain can still detect the actual position of the object with helps of cues even if one eye is closed.
Such cues include (but are not limited to):
Linear perspective - the fact that additional objects ultimately travel to a single point (i.e. two roads that converge into a single point in the distance)Texture - objects closer to you will have more complex texture compared to objects further away from Interposition - objects closer to you will be farther away from objectsAccommodation - as you look closely at items, your eyes need to accommodate and concentrate on them using your eye muscles, giving your eyes an idea of where the object is located.Hence, Monocular Cues are used by using one eye to help sense distance.
Water supplies are treated with chlorine to kill pathogens. chlorine reacts well with many other chemicals and bacterial cells because it is a strong oxidant. however, legionella pneumophila can sometimes evade killing by residual chlorine. how does it do this? view available hint(s) water supplies are treated with chlorine to kill pathogens. chlorine reacts well with many other chemicals and bacterial cells because it is a strong oxidant. however, legionella pneumophila can sometimes evade killing by residual chlorine. how does it do this? legionella can detoxify chlorine by metabolizing it. legionella produces cations that bind up the negative chloride ions, thus inactivating them. legionella tends to be found in warm waters and in aerosols, both situations in which the chlorine readily evaporates and, thus, is in lower concentration in the water. legionella tends to form biofilms and infect other microbial cells as intracellular pathogens.
Answer:
Legionella tends to form biofilms and infect other microbial cells as intracellular pathogens.
Explanation:
The Legionella genus of the bacteria is a group of gram-negative bacteria that can cause legionnaires disease.
The Legionella pneumophila is a species of this genus which can cause legion pneumonia. The bacteria lives in the freshwater and is resistant to chemical treatment like chlorine and the biocide treatment.
The reason for this resistance is since this species form a polysaccharide layer around the colony of the bacteria which is resistant to these treatments and also the bacteria prove parasitic to the protozoans which feed on these bacteria.
Thus, the selected option is the correct answer.
Legionella pneumophila evades chlorine by forming biofilms and infecting other microbial cells as intracellular pathogens. Option D is correct .
This bacterium evades chlorination primarily because Legionella tends to form biofilms and infect other microbial cells as intracellular pathogens . When Legionella forms biofilms, it creates a protective layer that shields it from the oxidizing effects of chlorine, making it harder to eliminate.
Chlorine is a powerful oxidant and is widely used to disinfect water supplies, effectively killing a wide range of pathogens.
Challenges with Chlorination :
Chlorine can react with organic matter in the water, forming by-products like trihalomethanes (THMs), which may be harmful even at low concentrations.Some bacteria and protozoa, like Legionella and Giardia lamblia, can resist chlorination and require additional methods for removal.Legionella uses biofilm formation as a strategy to survive chlorinated environments, making understanding and tackling biofilms crucial for ensuring effective water disinfection.
Complete question :
Water supplies are treated with chlorine to kill pathogens. chlorine reacts well with many other chemicals and bacterial cells because it is a strong oxidant. water supplies are treated with chlorine to kill pathogens. chlorine reacts well with many other chemicals and bacterial cells because it is a strong oxidant.
however, legionella pneumophila can sometimes evade killing by residual chlorine. how does it do this?
A. legionella can detoxify chlorine by metabolizing it.
B. legionella produces cations that bind up the negative chloride ions, thus inactivating them.
C. legionella tends to be found in warm waters and in aerosols, both situations in which the chlorine readily evaporates and, thus, is in lower concentration in the water.
D. legionella tends to form biofilms and infect other microbial cells as intracellular pathogens.
Scientists have discovered by looking at fossil records that the ancestors of flying squirrels did not have flight membranes and are very similar to tree squirrels today. Make a hypothesis about how flight membranes evolved in flying squirrels through the process of natural selection.
they use natural selection because they got separated from their kind and have to make new living also they need to adapt to the environment
What effects does water have on the formation of macromolecules?
Changes in the environment can alter the dynamics of natural selection in predator–prey relationships. As the planet continues to warm, climate change will have a significant effect on many of these relationships. In the case of the snowshoe hare, loss of winter snow cover could make the species more vulnerable to its predator, the lynx. The fur of snowshoe hares turns white in the winter months, providing camouflage in the snow. Which prediction would best fit a hypothesis of continued antagonistic coevolution between these two species in a year-round, snow-free environment?
Answer:
The coevolution is best explained by using the interaction of selective pressure (lyrnx) and the adaptation for survival(snowshoe/ snow)
Explanation:
The camouflage by the snow of the brown hare gives them selective advantage to remain undetected within the population during winter.since the allele for year -round brown fur within the snowshoe population, will be protected during winter by the slow, (adaptation for survival) this ensures survival, from selective pressure -Lynx, and gives them rooms for natural selection by nature for evolution.
Lynx, which preys on the brown snowshoe hares, in snow free environment will have better survival advantage for food, and therefore reproduction . Since the snow which camouflage them from the prey, has been removed by climatic change,Their population will therefore be naturally selected and evolved.
Thus the two organisms-Lynx and Snowshoe hare will co-evolve
Denticulate ligaments are thickenings of _________ that extend and fuse with the ______ and inner surface of the _____a.arachnoid materb.dura materc.pia mater
Answer:
* ARACHNOID MATER
*DURA MATER
*PIA MATER
Explanation:
denticulate ligaments are bilateral extensions of pia mater that thickening the component of collagen of pia mater.It anchors the spinal cord to the dura mater.They are produced by the pia mater of the spinal cord.They provide stability to the spinal cord within the vertebral canal.
Arachnoid mater helps protect the brain and spinal cord from sudden impact. It is connected to the dura mater at the side that is very close to the central nervous system.
Dura mater refers to the membrane that envelops the arachnoid mater. It surrounds the dural sinuses and also provide supports to it. Dura mater carries blood from the brain toward the heart.
The pia mater is part of pseudolymphatic system and it's referred to as the thin fibrous tissue that allows blood vessels to pass through the brain.
Answer: The correct answer sequence is PIA MATER, ARACHNOID MATER AND DURA MATER.
Denticulate ligaments are thickenings of PIA MATER that extend and fuse with the ARACHNOID MATER and inner surface of the DURA MATER
Explanation: The pia mater, arachnoid mater and the dura mater are collectively known as the meninges,they are membranes that cover the brain and the spinal cord,they provide protection and support to the structures they cover.(the central nervous system)
THE PIA MATER; This is the innermost layer of the meninges,it is a thin delicate later and made up of connective tissues,it sits/adheres directly to the brain and the spinal cord and provides protection, support and metabolic needs for the central nervous system.
THE ARACHNOID MATER; This is the middle layer of the meninges,it has the appearance of a spider web,it is thin and transparent and covers the spinal cord and as well sits directly over the pia mater.there is a potential space between the pia mater and the arachnoid matter known as the the subarachnoid space,the subarachnoid space contains cerebrospinal fluid and large blood vessels which protects the brain and the spinal cord from any form of trauma and supplies nutrients to the nervous system and also removes waste products after cerebral metabolism.
DURA MATER; The dura mater is the outermost later of the meninges lying directly under the bone tissue, it is made up of irregular connective tissue,it is a thick membrane and it protects the central nervous system and the two inner laters of the meninges.the potential space between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater is know as the subdural space.
All of the following are examples of surface water except...
A) aquifers
B) streams
C) lakes
D) rivers
Answer: A.) aquifers
Explanation: all the rest are visible from the surface
How does the body regulate the distribution of oxygen and glucose to different body tissues?
A. By changing aortic blood pressure and thus the velocity of blood flow in capillaries.
B. Using valves in veins, which close due to backpressure from the column of blood above them.
C. Using valves found inside arterioles near capillaries.
D. By constricting smooth muscle throughout the capillaries. Via relaxation/constriction of pre-capillary sphincters.
Answer:
a would because blood would also need to flow
Explanation:
tidal energy is generated from the
A :gravity of the sun and moon
B: natural movement of tides
C:areas that have only low tide
D : costal passageways
Answer:
C
Explanation:
I just had this question
4 characteristics of plants
The four characteristics of plants are photosynthesis, cuticle, cell walls, and reproduction.
SERE
Which of the following statements about biogeochemical cycles is not true?
a. Biogeochemical cycles include living and nonliving elements.
b. The rock cycle is a biogeochemical cycle.
C. Biogeochemical cycles are an important part of the Earth system
d. Carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen cycles are biogeochemical cycles.
It is D :-) it is important and it involves living as well nonliving parts of the system
Answer: B. The rock cycle is a biogeochemical cycle.
Explanation: This question is asking for the answer that is not true about biogeochemical cycles^^^ Read carefully everyone! :)
what are at least 2 roles of paleontologists
Answer:
determines location of fossils.
excavates layers of sedimentary rock to locate fossils.
gathers information on the fossils (age, location, etc)
uses specific tools to excavate (chisels, drills, picks, shovels, brushes)
evaluates any discoveries by using specialized computer programs.
hope this helps!
If you made an artwork to send a message to your
comunity, what could your message be?
Answer:
If I was to send a message right now during the corona virus to my community, I would say to be thankful and stay healthy because death will never wait for anyone.
Explanation:
if my ans helped u, pls mark it as brainliest! thx!
Answer:
2.2.4 Journal
Explanation:
blood has traveled from the heart to the toes. which describes the next step of the circulation process? PLEASE EXPLAIN WHY WITH FACTS PLEASE
A the blood releases carbon-dioxide on the way back to the heart.
B the blood travels back to the heart in a vein
C the blood goes through the liver to be cleaned
D the blood travels to the lungs to get oxygen
Answer:
B. The Blood Travels Back to the Heart In a Vein
The blood has traveled from the heart to the toes, the next step of the circulation process is the blood travels back to the heart in a vein.
What makes blood circulate in the body?The bloodstream is responsible for transporting oxygen and nutrients between all the cells in an organism. During the process, it cleanses the tissues of the remains of cellular activities, such as the CO² developed during cellular respiration, in addition to driving hormones throughout the body.
Circulation is the mechanism by which blood is distributed throughout the body with the help of the heart, arteries, veins and capillaries.
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The neurons in the inferior temporal cortex....
A. send visual messages to V1, V2 and V3
B. are specialized for processing spatial information and respond differentially to the direction and speed of movement.
C. integrate motor commands with spatial information
D. respond selectively to objects quizlwt
Answer:
Option D, respond selectively to objects.
Explanation:
Inferior temporal cortex is very essential for visual processing beyond the processing done by primary visual cortex. Any issues with the inferior temporal cortex could lead to visual impairment.
IT neurons are selective is respect to dimension, shape, color, or texture and stimuli and hence they respond selectively to different stimuli, faces, highly specific complex objects.
Being highly selective, some of IT neurons respond only to the frontal face view and the remaining respond to the profiles. Because of this, these cells fail in responding to similar objects
Hence, option D is correct
Why are Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars called the "terrestrial" planets? A. They are all made of rock. B.They have all been able to support some form of life. C.They all have solid cores. D.They all have liquid cores and rocky surfaces.
Answer:
"A" is the answer.
Explanation:
Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars are called the "terrestrial" planets as they are all made of rock. The correct option is A.
What are terrestrial planets?A terrestrial planet, also known as a telluric planet or rocky planet, is one that is mostly made up of silicate rocks or metals.
The terrestrial planets recognized by the IAU are the inner planets closest to the Sun: Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars.
The planets Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars are referred to as terrestrial because their surfaces are compact and rocky, similar to Earth's terra firma. The terrestrial planets are the solar system's four innermost planets.
Pluto's configuration (ice, rock, and frozen gases), changing atmosphere, small size, relatively large moon, and elliptical orbit around the Sun distinguish it from the terrestrial and Jovian planets.
Thus, the correct option is A.
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The non-leukocyte tissue cells known as ________ activate enzymes which produce leukotrienes and prostaglandins in response to allergen binding. The non-leukocyte tissue cells known as ________ activate enzymes which produce leukotrienes and prostaglandins in response to allergen binding. A. mast cells B. basophils C. monocytes D. lymphocytes E. neutrophils
Answer:
Mast cells. (Ans. A)
Explanation:
Mast cells are called the immune system of vertebrate species, they help to regulate some allergic responses, innate & adaptive immunity, and inflammation such as hypersensitivity. These cells circulate the amounts of their granules into the surrounding tissues, while stimulation by an allergen found and the process called degranulation.
Mast cells help to assist and awaken the immune system to local infection. Once these cells are activated, they generate inflammatory responses by secreting chemical mediators which are stored in preformed granules, and after activation occurs synthesizing leukotrienes and cytokines.
agents of seed dispersal
Answer:
wind, water, animals, explosion and fire are the agents of seed dispersal.
Hope it will help you.1. You homogenize a cell and isolate it from a vesicle derivative from the endoplasmic reticulum. When their biochemistry was analyzed, they were found to have the ability to synthesize testosterone. From what type of ER are they derived and name the human body cell?
Answer:
SER, they are capable of synthesizing testosterone of Adrenocortical cells.
Explanation:
Adrenal smooth microsomal cells are enriched in smooth endoplasmic reticulum SER, membranes of which contain high levels of translocation apparatus and oligosaccharyltransferase complex proteins. STEROID-SECRETING CELLS are characterized by abundant smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER). These cells synthesize cholesterol as a precursor for steroid hormones or take up this substrate from plasma lipoproteins. Many of the enzymes for sterol and steroid synthesis are localized in the smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum. This organelle is particularly prominent in cells of the inner zones of the adrenal and fluctuates in amount and configuration in response to hormonal stimulation and sterol levels.
Question 1
Where does carbon dioxide come from?
Answer:
Atmospheric carbon dioxide derives from multiple natural sources including volcanic outgassing, the combustion of organic matter, and the respiration processes of living aerobic organisms; man-made sources of carbon dioxide come mainly from the burning of various fossil fuels for power generation and transport use.
Explanation:
Carbon dioxide (CO₂) is a colourless and odourless gas that is a natural component of our air and makes up part of the carbon cycle.
Through the decomposition of organic matter, CO₂ is released into the atmosphere as part of this natural process. At the same time, photosynthesis helps to significantly reduce atmospheric CO₂ . The solubility of CO₂ in water depends on the temperature, so the oceans both produce and reduce CO₂.
Anthropogenic (man-made) carbon dioxide sources primarily relate to the combustion processes of fossil fuels. CO₂ is an inert end product that accumulates in the atmosphere and is in constant exchange with the biosphere and the oceans. Carbon dioxide reacts with water to form carbonic acid or hydrogen carbonate, which leads to a change in the pH value, i.e. the acidity of the water. Other anthropogenic CO₂ sources that intensify the greenhouse effect include changes to land usage, e.g. the clearing of forests or draining of wetlands such as moors.
Which of these choices is a goal of the National Park Service
Organic Act?
A. To establish air-quality standards and regulate
emissions of air pollutants
B. To limit the carbon emissions of fossil fuel power
plants
C. To preserve the natural ecology and history of
certain scenic places
D. To assess the conservation of soil and water
resources on private lands
Answer: To preserve the natural ecology and history of certain scenic places
Explanation:
I just took it
The goal of the National Park Service Organic Act is to preserve the natural ecology and history of certain scenic places. The correct option is C.
What is National Park Service Organic Act?The National Park Service Organic Act is a federal law passed by the United States Congress in 1916 that established the National Park Service and provided for the preservation and protection of the national parks' natural and cultural resources.
The act established the National Park Service and provided for the preservation of historic landmarks, prehistoric structures, and other objects of national significance.
It was passed by the United States Congress in 1916. The act also requires the National Park Service to "conserve the scenery, natural and historic objects, and wild life therein.
Also, to provide for the enjoyment of the same in such a manner and by such means as will leave them unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations."
Thus, the correct option is C.
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Prolactin stimulates mammary gland growth and development in mammals and regulates salt and water balance in freshwater fish. Many scientists think that its wide range of functions among many organisms indicates that prolactin:____________.
Explanation:
Prolactin is a hormone that primarily promotes lactation (breast milk production) in mammalsIt is also responsible for a number of other functions and systems, for example it regulates behavior, the immune system, metabolism, reproductive systems, and many different bodily fluidsAll this makes it a crucial hormone for overall health and well-being, for both men and womenThe principal action of prolactin in fishes is freshwater osmoregulation, although it has also been implicated in reproduction, behavior, growth, and immunoregulationBecause of this wide range of functions, prolactin is considered an evolutionary conserved hormone
Prolactin is a pituitary hormone essential for milk production in mammals and has varied functions in different organisms, indicating its evolutionary role as a multi-functional regulator. In humans, it is involved in a positive feedback loop that stimulates milk production during lactation.
Explanation:Prolactin is a pituitary hormone that plays a crucial role in the establishment and maintenance of breast milk production but also exhibits a wide range of functions across different species. For instance, it regulates salt and water balance in freshwater fish and stimulates mammary gland growth and development in mammals. This hormone's diverse roles suggest that prolactin has evolved to perform multiple regulatory functions in various organisms. In humans, during lactation, the positive feedback loop involving the nipples' stimulation leads to prolactin secretion from the anterior pituitary, which in turn triggers milk production. This process is supported by other hormones such as oxytocin, which facilitates the milk let-down reflex, and is balanced by prolactin-inhibiting hormone, known as dopamine.
The cilia are A. the first structures involved in olfactory signal transduction. B. the axons involved in the firing of action potentials in the olfactory process. C. the last structures in the biochemical chain of events involved in odor perception. D. the cells that carry olfactory information to the thalamus. E. the most important type of epithelial cells.
Answer: The correct answer to the question is option A
THE CILIA ARE THE FIRST STRUCTURES INVOLVED IN OLFACTORY SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION.
Explanation: Cilia are organelles that is found in cells,they are hairlike in structure and they project to the outside is cells to help in mobility/locomotion in motile form and act as sensory organelles in non-motile form.
Example of places where cilia are found is the respiratory tract and female reproductive tract where they play a vital role in propelling foreign particles away from the lungs and propel the sperm in the direction of the uterus.
In olfactory signal transduction,the sensory cilia sends sensory impulse to the brain when smell isperceived especially that of food.
Following vaginal birth, a neonate has a large area of diffuse swelling over the left occiput that crosses the sagittal suture line. When discussing this finding with the neonate's parents, which statements by a nurse are accurate?
Select All
1. "No treatment will be required to resolve swelling."
2. "Due to the swelling, hyperbilirubinemia may occur."
3. "The swelling lies above the periosteum that covers the skull bone."
4. "Pressure on the fetal head before delivery caused the swelling."
5. "Your infant has a collection of blood under the skull bone."
Answer: Option 1 ,3 and option 4
Explanation:
The new born child or neonate has swelling in the left occiput that crrosses the sagittal surture line requires no treatment.
But there is no need for being tensed as parents and there is no need for the treatment because the swelling lies there because of the pressure on the fetal head that is caused due to delivery.
There is no need of medication it will be normal after sometime and due to this swelling hyperbilirubinemia may also occur which is normal and will be okay after the swelling is gone.
Hey anyone what is
4x4x5 ?
Answer:
80
Explanation:
DO YOUR CELLS HAVE ANYTHING IN COMMON
WITH PLANT CELLS?
Answer:
Explanation:
Yes. They both have a cell membrane. They have many organelles that animal cells have and a cell membrane is one of the few similarities.
Answer:
Yes
Explanation:
Both cells have cell membranes, both have nucleuses and nucleolus, both have cytoplasm, both have mitochondria, etc. Hope that answers your question.
In c4 and cam plants carbon dioxide is fixed in the _____ of mesophyll cells.
Answer:
The answer in the blank is cythoplasm.
Although trees like this one begin life as a seed, throughout growth and development the cells of the organism continually change. As a mature tree, several layers of cells in the secondary xylem or wood of the trunk are
Answer:
they are called secondary pholem.
Explanation:
As a mature tree, several layers of cells in the secondary xylem or wood of the trunk are no longer alive.
What are the layers of bark?The cells in the outermost layer, the bark, are still living and responsible for protecting the tree from damage and maintaining water balance. The cells in the inner layers of the bark, the cambium and phloem, are also alive and responsible for transporting water and nutrients throughout the tree. The cells in the heartwood, which is located in the center of the trunk, are no longer alive and provide structural support for the tree.
As trees grow, they add new layers of cells to their trunks, branches, and roots. These cells are formed through cell division in the cambium, a layer of actively dividing cells located just beneath the bark. As the tree grows, the cells in the cambium differentiate into different types of cells, including xylem cells, which transport water and minerals from the roots to the leaves, and phloem cells, which transport sugars and other organic compounds from the leaves to the rest of the tree.
The secondary xylem, or wood, is formed from the xylem cells and is responsible for providing structural support to the tree. The bark, cambium, and phloem are all vital to the tree's overall health and function. The bark protects the tree from damage and helps to regulate water balance, while the cambium and phloem are responsible for transporting water and nutrients throughout the tree.
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The table shows how water in the US was used in 2010. Which statement accurately summarizes the data?
A) More water was used to farm aquatic organisms than to make products.
B) More water was used to make products than to produce electricity.
C) More water was used to produce electricity than to grow crops.
D) More water was used to grow crops than to mine land resources.
Answer:
C,More water was used to produce electricity than to grow crops.
Explanation:
Give me brainlest
Answer:
The answer is C
Explanation:
Adults with more than a 12-month history of migraines were assigned randomly in a double-blinded study to receive treatment with experimental drug X (10 or 20 mg/day) or placebo. The primary efficacy measure was the reduction in severity of the migraine attacks. Enrollment was 1,200 subjects. Which of the following best describes the clinical phase of this study?
Answer:
Phase III
Explanation:
The given condition fall in the trial phase (Phase III) of cinical study which aims to:
- Determine drug's effectiveness (primary goal)
- Determine long-term drug safety
- Confirm findings
In Phase III, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group study is majorly to evaluate the efficacy and safety of placebo in episodic migraine prevention in children (6 to < 12 years of age) and adolescents (12 to < 18 years of age).
The trial consists of four phases: screening; double-blind therapy period for 24 weeks in which placebo or Erenumab is given to subject as dose 1, dose 2 or dose 3 (based on the participant's body weight) once a month via subcutaneous injection; optional dose level blinded extension phase (40 weeks) which involves subjects recieve dose1, 2 and 3 of placebo, and at last it follows a safety follow-up phase for 12 weeks (after 16 weeks of the last dose of investigational drug).
Hence, the clinical phase is phase III.
The study described can best be classified as b. Phase III clinical trial.
Here’s why:
Enrollment of 1,200 subjects - Phase III trials typically involve a larger number of patients, usually ranging between 1,000 and 3,000 participants. This is consistent with the enrollment figure given in the study.
Primary efficacy measure - Phase III trials are designed to establish the efficacy of a new drug compared to existing treatments or a placebo. In this case, the primary efficacy measure is the reduction in severity of migraine attacks, which aligns with the goals of a Phase III trial.
Double-blind study - Double-blind studies are a hallmark of Phase III clinical trials. In such studies, neither the participants nor the researchers know who is receiving the experimental drug and who is receiving the placebo. This is done to eliminate bias and ensure the reliability of the results.
Experimental drug X vs placebo - Comparing the experimental drug to a placebo is a standard approach in Phase III trials. This helps determine the drug’s therapeutic effect and its benefits versus risks.
Complete question:
Adults with more than a twelve (12)-month history of migraines were assigned randomly in a double-blinded study to receive treatment with experimental drug X (10 or 20 mg/day) or placebo. The primary efficacy measure was the reduction in severity of the migraine attacks. Enrollment was twelve-hundred (1200) subjects. Which of the following best describes the clinical phase of this study?
a. Phase II b. Phase III c. Preclinical d. Phase I