Answer:
A. intensity
Explanation:
The Occupy Movement that protested income inequality reached the peak of the movement towards the end of 2011 because of the on-going consequences following the 2008 economic crisis. The common people were affected by the 2008 crisis and the frustration was expressed through the Occupy protests against economic and social injustice. However, as time passed and intensity faded the activity quieted significantly and the protests died out. Hence, this is an example of intensity facet of interest group membership.
As Erica watched the televised drawing of lottery numbers, she realized she had the winning combination. If her heart starts to race at the same instant that she feels euphoria over winning the lottery, Erica’s response pattern would lend support to________.
Answer:
The Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
Explanation:
According to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion our emotions are the result of the thalamus sending a message to the brain as the body reacts to a stimulus.
Even if the person does not show a reaction, which is physical, emotions can be experienced. The reaction of the body and psychological emotion experienced happens at the same instant.
Here, Erica's body reacts psychologically and physically at the same time.
Hence this pattern of response would bolster the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion.
Erica's simultaneous experience of a racing heart and euphoria upon winning the lottery supports the James-Lange theory of emotion, which asserts that our emotional experiences arise from physiological arousal.
As Erica watched the televised drawing of lottery numbers, she realized she had the winning combination. If her heart starts to race at the same instant that she feels euphoria over winning the lottery, Erica’s response pattern would lend support to the James-Lange theory of emotion. This theory posits that emotions arise as a result of physiological arousal. In Erica's case, the racing heart and the feeling of euphoria are interconnected, with the emotional experience (euphoria) arising after and because of the physiological arousal (racing heart). The James-Lange theory emphasizes that different patterns of arousal may create different emotional experiences, suggesting that the specific physiological responses we have can directly influence the emotions we feel.
The example of Erica winning the lottery and experiencing a racing heart followed by euphoria illustrates how an intense emotional response can be tied to physiological reactions. According to the James-Lange theory, it is this physiological arousal that gives rise to the emotional state of euphoria, supporting the theory's assertion that emotions are a result of physical changes in the body. This case demonstrates a fundamental aspect of the James-Lange theory, highlighting the close relationship between our bodily reactions and our emotional experiences.
Whose research regarding career choice and personality traits has been validated and used as the foundation for "job quizzes" that people take to see what occupations they might enjoy?
Answer:
The answer is researcher John L. Holland.
Explanation:
Psychologist John L. Holland is well known for his work on the aptitudes for certain careers or professions and personality traits that an individual might possess. The job quizzes that have been developed are based on the Holland Occupational Themes (RIASEC) which include realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising, and conventional. These traits correspond in turn to the following attributes: doers, thinkers, creators, helpers, persuaders, and organizers.
A problem-solving heuristic is
Select one:
a. likely to be less effective than a strategy such as hill climbing or means-end analysis.
b. needed for unfamiliar problems but not for familiar problems.
c. a strategy that guides a search through the problem space.
d. guaranteed to find a problem solution if one exists.
Answer:
Option C, a strategy that guides a search through the problem space, is the right answer.
Explanation:
The term heuristic is derived from the Greek word ‘eurisko’, which means to ‘find’, or to search. Therefore, it is an approach to find a solution to a problem. This method gives speed to the process of relinquishing a satisfactory resolution. In other terms, it is a strategy which is derived from the earlier encounters with similar problems. Such a strategy is dependent on using immediately accessible information to manage problem-solving in machines, humans and abstract issues.
Mikell telephoned her uncle to see if she could live with him and his family for a year while she sorted out what she was going to do with her life. Unsurprisingly, he declined. She then asked if she could stay with him for just a couple of weeks, and he agreed to this. This demonstrates the effectiveness of the_________.
Answer:
The answer is door-in-the-face technique.
Explanation:
This psychological method explains that a person is more likely to comply to a smaller request after a larger one has been turned down.
This behaviour can be explained through social responsibility. The person asked might find himself compromised after declining the first request, and now feels socially obliged to make up for it in a more reasonable way.
Which of the following best describes why we can get away with only studying first-order equations. Group of answer choices a) We cannot get more accurate than first-order for Ordinary Differential Equations. b) To get higher-order we have to use Partial Differential Equations. c) We can always convert higher-order equations to a system of first-order equations. d) Only first-order equations appear in applications. e) It is impossible to solve systems that are not first order.
Answer:
C) We can always convert higher-order equations to a system of first-order equations.
This answer is self-explanatory: if higher-order equations can be made into a first-order equation, then, the need to learn how to solve higher-order equations could be considered unrquired.
However, this does not mean that people should not learn how to solve higher-order equations, especially those who are interested in pursuing a career in STEM subjects.
And students should also learn how to convert those equations in first place.
Final answer:
The reason we can focus on studying first-order equations is because higher-order equations can be converted to a system of first-order equations. This conversion facilitates the use of diverse analytical and numerical techniques, making the study of complex systems more manageable.
Explanation:
The question asks which of the following best describes why we can get away with only studying first-order equations. The answer is that we can always convert higher-order equations to a system of first-order equations. This ability is crucial because it allows for the application of a wider array of analytical and numerical techniques that are developed specifically for first-order systems. Both ordinary differential equations (ODEs) and partial differential equations (PDEs) exhibit this property, enabling the reduction of complex higher-order problems into more manageable first-order ones.
Higher-order equations, such as second-order linear ordinary differential equations with constant coefficients, are foundational in many areas of physics and engineering, including mechanics and the study of harmonic oscillators. Through methods like reduction of order, even non-homogeneous equations or those with variable coefficients can be transformed and studied as a system of first-order equations. This principle is not just a matter of simplification but expands the toolbox available for tackling differential equations across different fields of study.
Assume a researcher finds that overuse of a drug reduces the body's production of neurotransmitters. Thus, if an abuser of this drug stops taking the drug, withdrawal symptoms occur until the brain begins producing normal levels of neurotransmitters again. Such a finding would most directly support which view of the cause of substance-abuse disorders?A. behavioralB. biochemicalC. socioculturalD. opponent-process
Answer:
The answer is B. biochemical.
Explanation:
Many studies have shown the biochemical effects of drugs (i.e. effects related to hormones and enzymes released by the brain when using the substances).
Drugs can alter the way neurons communicate with each other; they might activate or inhibit them, and this may interfere with the normal functioning of the brain. An excess of neurotransmitters (as produced by cocaine, for example) could interfere with the regular life cycle of neurons and disrupt the behaviour of neurons.
When Morty leased his new car, he was required by law to _________ to ______________ of financial loss caused by a vehicle collision. Group of answer choices a) pay extra for a warranty; b) eliminate the risk receive a free service contract; c) eliminate any chance pledge collateral; d) reduce the chance purchase insurance; e) reduce the risk.
Answer:
purchase insurance; reduce the risk
Explanation:
When Morty leased his new car, he was required by law to purchase insurance to reduce the risk of financial loss caused by a vehicle collision.
A more adecuate answer is "purchase insurance", but if you onlu have the choices given, It must be a) and e).
When you rent a car, the contract states that you are responsible for any damage to the vehicle, regardless of how the damage was caused. So you need to examine it very, very carefully before you leave the rental car lot, note any damage on the form that they give you, and make sure to keep a copy for yourself.
Ali works for Citrus Squeeze, a company that makes orange juice. Sales of their calcium-enhanced OJ have been poor, and the product was cancelled. His factory still had three cases of cartons, and Ali was told he could take them if he wanted them. With the cartons, Ali made several birdfeeders for his backyard and also planted tree seedlings in some of them; he used the remaining ones to build a "fort" for his four-year-old son. Ali’s use of the cartons represent____________.
Answer: divergent thinking
Explanation:
This technique is a broder type of thinking that involves many ideas which are used towards pursuing various directions in order to come up with more ideas , this type of thinking involves creativity in which there is no restrictions to stick to one idea but it allows the invention of new ideas.
In 8 to 10 seconds, the late memory whiz Kim Peek could read and remember the contents of a book page. Yet, he had little capacity for understanding abstract concepts. Kim's mental capacities best illustrate____________.A) autism spectrum disorder.B) creative intelligence.C) emotional intelligence.D) savant syndrome.
Answer:
The answer is D) savant syndrome.
Explanation:
This condition is present when someone with a considerable cognitive disability shows an extremely developed skill. Most of these skills are related to memory in all its forms, such as remembering all the words in a book's chapter, or drawing a picture of a city from memory.
This syndrome is usually associated with the autism spectrum disorder, and about fifty percent of savants present a degree of autism.
Kim Peek's quick book memorization and limited abstract concept comprehension are indicative of savant syndrome, a condition where a person with mental disabilities possesses extraordinary skill in specific areas.
Explanation:The mental capacities of Kim Peek that allowed him to read and remember the contents of a book page in 8 to 10 seconds, yet had little capacity for understanding abstract concepts, best illustrate savant syndrome. Savant syndrome is a condition in which someone with significant mental disabilities demonstrates certain abilities far in excess of average. The abilities that savants exhibit are typically related to memory, arithmetic, musical ability, or artistic talent. In Kim Peek's case, his remarkable memory enabled him to memorize over 10,000 books despite having an IQ significantly below average and difficulty with abstract concepts, a characteristic that aligns with the nature of savant syndrome.
Greta wants to do a study on how self-efficacy changes over the life span. Her primary concerns are economic – she needs to do the study in the way that will cost the least in terms of time and money. Given these concerns, she is probably going to be best served doing a(n) ____study.
Answer:
cross - sectional study
Explanation:
A cross - sectional study -
It involves the study by using many sources and data for a specific time period , is known as a cross - sectional study .
Some characteristics of a cross - sectional study are as follows - Data iis taken for a single point of time . There should not be any type of manipulationsMany factors are considered like race , income age etc. .It is capable to provide the information of the current .The example of a cross - sectional study is , data for the people suffering from cancer .
Hence , Greta is also performing a cross - sectional study .
Greta is likely to undertake a longitudinal study for her research on self-efficacy changes over the lifespan given her economic constraints. Longitudinal studies trace individuals over time and provide comprehensive data about changes in variables such as self-efficacy.
Greta wants to do a study on how self-efficacy changes over the lifespan with a focus on economic efficiency. Considering her constraints regarding time and money, she is likely best served by undertaking a longitudinal study. A longitudinal study involves tracking the same individuals over a period of time to observe changes or developments in a particular variable, in this case, self-efficacy. This type of study can provide insights into how self-efficacy beliefs evolve throughout an individual's life.
Previous research has demonstrated that self-efficacy beliefs are complex and vary among individuals and situations. Task-specific measures of self-efficacy, according to this research, are better predictors of behavior than general measures of self-efficacy, suggesting the importance of context in understanding this construct. Moreover, these beliefs are not confined to personal capacity alone and could also encompass collective self-efficacy, the belief in a group's ability to achieve goals.
When Yasmine says, "I get that you can't put into words what I did to upset you. Was it that I didn't call? Was it that I got here a little late?" she is _____________. A. paraphrasing B. asking for specifics C. endorsing D. guessing about specifics
Answer: Asking for specifics
Explanation: Asking for specifics normally takes place in a negative situations like in an argument, in the midst of the heated argument it is done to get information.
Like in the question Yasmine was trying to ask specifics from the person she was in an in argument with.
Answer:
D. guessing about specifics
Explanation:
Yasmine didn't even let the person with her talk and has started guessing about specifics. We can see this because as soon as she arrives at the place she has marked with the individual, she begins to talk about how she knows that he is extremely upset with her, and that this "conviction" she has prevented her from calling the individual and yet delayed her to reach the marked location.
Sonya was born into a poor family in a poor neighborhood. She became a bestselling author in her late 20s and then moved her family to an expensive house in an expensive neighborhood. This is an example of:
Answer:
intragenerational mobility
Explanation:
Intragenerational mobility -
It is the social movement which occurs during the lifespan of a person , ot may refers to the change in the status of an individual during the course of time .
As , seen in the question , Sonya moves with her family to an expensive house as soon as she became a very good author of the best selling book is an example of intragenerational mobility .
In terms of the underlying causes of performance problems, leaders seem to have the most difficulty recognizing and rectifying:
A. motivation problems.
B. unclear expectations.
C. employee skill deficits.
D. resource shortages.
Answer:
A. motivation problems.
Explanation:
The answer is --
A. motivation problems.
A performance problem is drawback in somebody to perform well or work diligently to achieve the desired result. The performance management for an employee is to help the individual to be successful and bring the desired outcome of the wok on time. But many fails to do so and the the main underlying cause for performance problems is the lack of motivation in people. people are not motivated to work for the desired goal and success.
Thus the leaders finds it very difficult to recognize and rectify the motivational problem in peoples.
Therefore the answer is --
A. motivation problems.
Takara is trying to get away from her violent boyfriend and smashes a lamp over his head causing him physical harm. According to Johnson (2008), what form of domestic violence does this most closely exemplify?
A. intimate terrorism.B. situational couple violence.C. violence resistant.D. interdependent terrorism
Answer:
C. violence resistant.
Explanation:
Violent resistance -
This type of violence is defined by Johnson , it is one of the three main type of partner violence .
It is the type of violence is adapted by the partner for any type of intimate terrorism .
Violent resistance is a type of physical violence , which involve the use of arms of physical strength .
Mostly seen in case of the man dominating the woman , where the women adapts this method to protect herself .
As, in the case of Takara who protects herself from his violent boyfriend , by adapting violent resistance .
Arafa has collected data on the relationship between physical attractiveness and judgments of personality characteristics. In order to determine if the results obtained from the sample are representative of the population, Arafa will need to employ _____ statistics. A. qualitative B. descriptive C. inferential D. ordinal
Answer:
B
Explanation:
The statistics will need to be qualitative, but in this case descriptions will help with the outcome of the project.
In order to determine whether the sample's results are representative of the population, Arafa will need to employ descriptive statistics. Thus, option B is correct.
What is the descriptive statistics?A descriptive statistic is a summary statistic that quantitatively describes or summarises features from a set of data, whereas descriptive statistics is the process of employing and analysing those statistics.
Descriptive statistics enable a researcher to quantify and describe the fundamental properties of a data set. Descriptive statistics, as a result, serve as a starting point for data analysis, allowing researchers to organize, simplify, and summarise data.
It enables data to be presented in a meaningful and understandable manner, allowing for a more simplified interpretation of the data set in question.
Therefore, option B is correct.
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Caralee's coworker Mohammed, who is Muslim, celebrates Ramadan for one month each year; during this time, he fasts from sunrise to sunset. Donuts and muffins are usually served at meetings in their company. Caralee is demonstrating ________ when she does not order snacks for meetings during Ramadan.
Answer:
high cultural intelligence
Explanation:
Cultural intelligence is the ability of an individual to adapt to the different cultures in different conditions. It has been used in business, government, and educational context and improves the efficiency of a person working in the environment. If a person interacts well with people from different cultural backgrounds, it will enhance the productivity of the work.
As per the question Caralee's ability to understand the culture of her coworker, make her coworker comfortable and develops a sense of respect for her.
Lowery has extreme feelings of failure and worthlessness and believes he is the most sinful person on earth and deserves to die. He has eaten little and rarely left his bed in the last several days. Lowery would be diagnosed with a __________ disorder.
Answer: Major depressive
Explanation:
Major depressive disorder is the type of disorder that induces depression and sadness in a person's mind which can last for long period of time.These feelings tends to persist in mind and disturb the normal functioning which is also known as clinical depression.
Symptoms displayed by the person are sadness for extended period, less sleep, tiredness,worthlessness, harming yourself etc.
According to the question, Lowery is suffering from major depressives disorder(MDD). She is thinks herself as sinful individual ,want to dies and has no interest in activities of daily life.
In Robert Merton's strain theory of deviance, (blank) refers to the process of seeking conventional goals but rejecting the conventional means to achieve them.
a.innovation
b.ritualism
c.retreatism
d.rebellion
Answer:
innovation
Explanation:
According to Robert Merton's strain theory of deviance there are five ways through which a person adapts to the strain
Conformity: Achieving goals which are cultural through methods that are accepted by society.
Innovation: Achieving goals which are cultural through methods that are not accepted by society.
Ritualism: Achieving goals that are easier to attain through methods that are accepted by society.
Retreatism: Disregard society in general and not be bothered about cultural goals.
Rebellion: The cultural goals and acceptable means are rejected and are pushed to change.
Hence, the statement here describes innovation.
Final answer:
In Robert Merton's strain theory of deviance, 'innovation' is the process of pursuing societal goals, such as financial success, through illegitimate means when conventional ones are unavailable or unachievable.
Explanation:
In Robert Merton's strain theory of deviance, innovation refers to the process of seeking conventional goals but rejecting the conventional means to achieve them. The correct answer to the student's question is (a) innovation. Merton's strain theory proposes that when individuals cannot achieve societal goals through legitimate means, they may turn to innovative means, which often involve deviance in the pursuit of such goals. This type of deviation arises when someone still values societal goals, like financial success, but employs illegitimate or socially unacceptable ways to reach them, such as dealing in illegal drugs or other criminal activities
This activity described a research study by Ahmed M. Megreya and A. Mike Burton (2008) that showed participants an unfamiliar face and asked them to match it with a new photo of the same person in a set of photos of another ten unfamiliar faces. Based on their results, they concluded that:_________
Answer:
They found that in approximately on third of the attempts, the subjects were not able to match the faces, even though the pictures were all presented in optimal conditions. The experiment has since the been replicated with very similar results.
This study has had applications for ID matching in security protocols, such as passport verification in airports.
Sigmund Freud proposed that, beginning in childhood, people repress intolerable impulses, ideas, and feelings, and that this submerged mental energy sometimes produces mystifying symptoms, most notably _____.
Answer:
Sigmund Freud proposed that, beginning in childhood, people repress intolerable impulses, ideas, and feelings, and that this submerged mental energy sometimes produces mystifying symptoms, most notably Anxiety.
Explanation:
Anxiety is the psychological state of feeling fear, worry or nervousness about a sudden situation. Although anxiety is helpful in creating a consciousness about a situation and desire to improve upon it, people with anxiety disorder has problem of extreme worrying of situations in everyday life which is harmful for psychological, mental and social health. The root cause of anxiety disorder can be genetics, trauma faced in childhood or the parenting of overprotective parents where children might develop anxious disposition."Be loyal to your family" was what the child heard all the time, along with "You shouldn't— and can't—do it on your own, so don't even try." A behaviorist would say this kind of upbringing would be MOST likely to produce which of the personality disorders in the child, when he or she reached adulthood?
A) narcissistic
B) antisocial
C) avoidant
D) dependent
Answer:
D) dependent.
Explanation:
Dependent personality disorder: The dependent personality disorder is also referred to as DPD, and is an anxious personality disorder that is being represented as the inability of a person to be alone. A person dealing with DPD feels anxious if the person is not being surrounded by another person, and often rely on the other person for reassurance, support, comfort, and advice. The person with DPD often fears to get separated from the loved ones.
Treatment: Behavioral therapy.
In the question above, A behaviourist would say this kind of upbringing would be most likely to produce dependent personality disorders in the child when he or she reached adulthood.
Alice is 7 years old and comes from a low-SES family. Compare to her peers from high-SES families, she has difficulty with language learning in school. According to current research, one factor that may be contributions to Alice's language learning difficulty is her lack ofa) Early exposure to wordsb) personal motivationc)media exposured) educatione) none of the above
Answer:
The answer is most likely A: Early exposure to words.
The Old English verb steorfan ("to die, from any cause") is the source of the Modern English verb starve ("to die from lack of food"). What is the technical term used to describe this type of meaning change?
Answer:
Semantic narrowing
Explanation:
In linguistics, the term semantic narrowing refers to the shift in which words refer to a more specific class of items or objects.
Semantic narrowing also refers to the process by which a word's meaning becomes less general than its earlier meaning so, with time, the meaning of said word becomes more specific.
In this example, the word 'steorfan' which means 'to die of any use' is the source of the verb 'starve' which means 'to die from lack of food'. We can observe that the original meaning is broader than the current meaning of the word, which is more specific now. Thus the meaning of the word got narrowed and we can say that the technical term that would describe this would be the term 'semantic narrowing'
5. In a psychology class debate on the humanistic perspective, you need to take the opposing view and rebut its positive aspects. Which of the following is a criticism of the humanistic perspective?
A.Its concepts are too precise and specific.
B.The descriptions of self-actualizing people reflect Maslow's personal values.
C.It emphasizes collectivism too heavily.
D.It emphasizes unconscious motivations too heavily.
Answer:
B. The descriptions of self-actualizing people reflect Maslow's personal values.
Explanation:
Humanistic perspective refers to the importance of good behavior and empathy and using these tools to make an individual believe in their worth and lead them to self-actualization. On the other hand, Maslow's personal values reflect on self-actualization through achievement of physiological, safety and security, love and belonging, and esteem while working towards achieving one's full potential. Here, Maslow's self-actualization description provides a scenario where a person can themselves work towards achieving their goals leading them to self-actualization which can be a great criticism of humanistic perspective as it requires dependence and assistance of another person.
After Mr. Walters’ neighbor helped him paint his house, Mr. Walters felt obligated to offer to help the neighbor remodel his kitchen. Mr. Walters’ sense of obligation most likely resulted from A. the door-in-the-face phenomenon. B. system justification theory. C. reciprocity norm. D. cognitive dissonance phenomenon.
Answer:
C. reciprocity norm.
Explanation:
The norm of reciprocity -
It is the method by which the kindness offered to a person is repaid back in another way , is known as the norm of reciprocity or reciprocity norm .
This norm or favor is simple as by helping others people , the people will also help you in a way or other .
It helps in the idea of helping others so as to have a healthy and happy society .
This idea is somewhere related to gratitude , mutual goodwill ,or the golden rule .
same , scenario is showcased in the question ,where Mr. walter tries to help his neighbor back , as they helped him to paint the house .
hence , the correct term for the given case is C. reciprocity norm .
The standard or amount of evidence necessary to affect the arrest of an individual or that induces the belief in the minds of a reasonable officer that the accused probably committed a crime is known as ________.
Answer:
Probable cause
Explanation:
Probable cause is related to the probability reason due to which police can arrest a person. For the probable cause, a police officer has to find out the points and the circumstances in which a person is suspected to do the crime. It is not in hand of police that he simply said that the person was suspected of the crime because I have seen him attempt the crime or doing burglar. There is not any parameter for people to judges the probable cause of the crime. But on some suspension or any suspect doing the crime. But this information is not enough to judge a person's criminal. There should be reasonable doubt for proving that a person is a criminal.
A display of 12 letters is flashed on a screen in front of you, followed by a tone. You attempt to recall a portion of the display based on the specific tone you heard. What aspect of your memory is this experiment designed to assess?
A. primary memory
B. sensory memory
C. long-term memory
D. short-term memory
Answer:
B. sensory memory
Explanation:
According to the information processing model, there are three basic forms of memory storage, they are:
1. Sensory memory.
2. Short-term memory.
3. Long-term memory.
Sensory memory: This is the very first stage of the memory storage and it lasts for the shortest-term. Sensory memory retains various impressions of particular sensory information after the extinction of the original stimuli. It is used to transfer the memory in short-term memory.
The sensory memory is of three types including iconic memory, echoic memory, and haptic memory.
Joe has an incredible ability to memorize whatever he reads in a book, and he can recite all the cities in the United States alphabetically. However, he has difficulty doing simple tasks like taking the bus. Joe most likely
Answer:Joe most likely is a savant.
Explanation:
A savant is a person with mental disabilities who excels past average.
When there is disagreement among members at the same level of marketing channels such as when Best Buy and Sears engage in a price war on Maytag appliances, _____ channel conflict can occur.
A. vertical
B. independent
C. competitive
D. horizontal
E. administered
Answer:
D
Explanation:
horizontal
Horizontal channel conflict occurs when companies at the same level of the marketing channel, such as Best Buy and Sears, engage in competitive behaviors like price wars. This type of conflict can be managed through collaboration and strategic partnerships.
Explanation:When there is disagreement among members at the same level of marketing channels, such as when Best Buy and Sears engage in a price war on Maytag appliances, horizontal channel conflict can occur. Horizontal conflicts arise when companies at the same level of the same channel compete for customer attention or resources. These conflicts can lead to price wars, advertising battles, and other competitive strategies that can negatively impact both businesses and the overall health of the channel itself. To manage horizontal conflicts, companies often engage in strategic partnerships, co-marketing agreements, or other forms of collaboration to align their efforts and reduce the potential for conflict.
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Jane explains an idea that she has for improving emergency communications with the hearing impaired. Arnold tells Jane that he agrees that there is a need and likes her general concept, then mentions a few concerns that he has about implementing it. Next he offers an idea and asks Jane's opinion of how it would mesh with her original purpose. This conversation is an example of:A. DelegationB. AgreementC. Trust-reducing behaviorD. Constructive Disagreement
The given conversation is an example of Constructive Disagreement.
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
Constructive disagreement is the process in which a person decides to disagree by mentioning the concerns related to the problem which is being disagreed upon.The reason and concerns regarding being disagreed are mentioned and based on that a solution is arrived to the problem.It is called constructive because based on the problem the person who pitches the situation is allowed to find and negotiate a solution to the problem.