The samples that you added to the microplate strip contain many proteins and may or may not contain the disease antigen. What happened to the proteins in the plastic well if the sample contained the antigen?

Answer:

The correct answer would be - point mutation.

Explanation:

Point mutation occurs when there is a change or alteration in one base pair in the DNA sequence is altered. In the given question there is only one base pair that is altered to Guanine from thymine.

It is a mutation that takes place due to mistakes or errors in the process of DNA replication. Other then the error in this condition can be induced by exposure to the radiation of X rays and UV rays.

Thus, the correct answer is - point mutation.

Final answer:

A substitution mutation is when one nucleotide base is replaced by another, and in this case, it is a point mutation or a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP).

Explanation:

The type of mutation described, where one nucleotide is replaced by another nucleotide in the DNA sequence, is known as a substitution mutation. Specifically, due to the exchange of Guanine (G) to Thymine (T) at a particular position, this is termed a point mutation or single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). These mutations can occur as errors during DNA replication or repair, and depending on their location and the resulting changes to the amino acid sequence, they can have a variety of impacts on gene function. For example, diseases like sickle cell anemia are a result of a single base substitution leading to a change in the protein's structure and function.

Answer:

vitamin c hope this helped

Answer:

Age 30

Explanation:

Answer:

Explanation:

These are the three reasons why the connective tissue wrappings of the skeletal muscle are important:

- Supporting and binding the muscle fibers.

- Providing strength to the muscle as a whole.

- Provide a route for the entry and exit of nerves and blood vessels that serve the muscle fibers.

Skeletal muscle has three different connective tissue layers: the whole muscle is enclosed by a dense connective tissue sheath called the epimysium, cells (fibers), like other body cells, are soft and fragile. The connective tissue covering furnish support and protection for the delicate cells and allow them to withstand the forces of contraction.

There are more indirect muscle attachments than direct—that is, tendinous-muscle attachments than direct muscle attachments because of their small size, more tendons can pass over a joint.

The connective tissue sheaths of skeletal muscle are important for protection, support and organization, and transmission of force.

The connective tissue sheaths of skeletal muscle are important for several reasons:

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Answer: receives lymph from most of the body.

Explanation:

Lymphatic Vessels collect and transport Lymph (a protein-rich fluid containing white cells). By collecting lymph from the lymphatic vessels, it helps to remove excess fluid from the tissues. It also plays a vital role in fat absorption.

The protein-rich fluid in lymphatic vessels, known as lymph, travels from most parts of the body through these vessels and is filtered by small organs called lymph nodes. The spleen is the largest lymphatic organ, while the small intestine contains isolated lymph follicles.

The protein-containing fluid within lymphatic vessels is known as lymph. This fluid receives lymph from most parts of the body, which is then transported back to the bloodstream. These lymph fluids pass through small organs called lymph nodes that are associated with the lymphatic vessels, where harmful substances like bacteria and viruses can be filtered out. However, the largest lymphatic organ is the spleen, not these vessels. In the small intestine, there are isolated clusters of lymph follicles known as Peyer's patches, but again, these are separate from the fluid within the lymphatic vessels.

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Creosote bushes shrub are found throughout areas such as the Mojave Desert.

c. shrub

Explanation:

The Creosote bushes is an evergreen shrub. It is commonly grows at elevation under 5000 feet in lower Chihuahuan, Sonoran and Mojave deserts of North Mexico and United States. The bushes are named as Larrea Tridentate.

This shrub is act as roadrunners for nesting and place for desert tortoise. The structure of the shrub is coated with tiny pointed green leaves. These leaves are adopted to conserve water and survive high temperatures.

The creosote bush completes with other plants for water in the soil, and grows in desert condition. The tortoise present in the desert builds the subterranean burrows and spends 95% in the bushes. The bushes protect the tortoise from the intense heat in summer.

Answer: Missense mutation

Explanation:

In sickle cell the glutamic acid in the 6th position of the beta chain of HbA (normal haemoglobin) is change to valine in HbS (sickle cell haemoglobin). This occur when there's a single nucleotide mutation. The (A) nucleotide in the condon (GAG) of glutamic acid is substituted for a (T) nucleotide. This single nucleotide substitution converts a glutamic acid codon (GAG) to a valine codon (GTG), which leads to polymerization of haemoglobin molecules in red blood cells. This cause a distortion of cell to a sickle shape.

Answer:

This is an example of mutualistic relationship.

Explanation:

This type of relationship occurs when two living beings of different species decide to cooperate in order to obtain a benefit from each other.

This is an example of the joint evolution of both organisms, who adapted to each other's environment and obtained something productive from it.

There are cases in which without the help of another organism, a living being would simply die.

There are two types of mutual relationship: the obligate and the facultative.

In the case of the obligate mutualistic relationship, without the help of an organism, another organism would die. Therefore it necessarily depends on its cooperation to exist.

In the case of the facultative one, both living beings obtain mutual benefits but they can quietly live without each other.

Answer:

increases genetic variation across gametes

occurs between homologous chromosomes

Explanation:

Crossing over is the exchange of chromosomal segments between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis. The process occur after the formation of bivalents/tetrads as a result of synapsed homologous chromosomes.

The exchange of chromosomal segments ensures that resulting meiotic gametes are genetically different from their parents, a phenomenon known as genetic variation.

Hence, the two statements out of the options that describe crossing over are:

Crossing over is an exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis I, which enhances genetic variation in gametes.

Crossing Over in Meiosis

Crossing over is a process that occurs during prophase I of meiosis I, where there is an exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes. This genetic recombination contributes to increased genetic variety in the resulting gametes. During this stage, homologous chromosomes align closely and form a structure known as a tetrad, consisting of four chromatids. The non-sister chromatids can then exchange segments of DNA, leading to new combinations of genes that enhance genetic variation across the resulting gametes.

It is essential to note that crossing over occurs specifically between homologous chromosomes, not between the identical duplicated sister chromatids. Also, crossing over is just one event that increases the genetic diversity; another critical mechanism is independent assortment, which randomly distributes different combinations of chromosomes to each gamete during meiosis.

Therefore, the statement that describes crossing over effectively is that it 'increases genetic variation across gametes' and 'occurs between homologous chromosomes.' However, it does not 'occur between duplicated sister chromatids' and it does not 'separate chromosome pairs into gametes' – that separation is the result of anaphase I and II of meiosis.

Answer:

The correct answer is b) liver.

Explanation:

The liver develops many functions in the body. It's also the biggest solid organ in the body, meaning that it has a lot of irrigation. An injury in an organ that's so full of blood could cause severe hemorrhage.

Answer:

The correct answer is c. bowmans capsule

Explanation:

The bowman's capsule is a cup-shaped dilation which surrounds the glomerulus( tuft of capillaries). Bowman's capsule makes the first part of the nephron. Water and other solutes pass from the blood moving through the glomerulus into the Bowmans capsule due to glomerular blood pressure.

Then this filtrate passes through other part of nephron like PCT, Henle loop, DCT and collecting duct where secretion and absorption of substance and water takes place to make urine.  

So Bowman's capsule just collects filtrate from the glomerulus and passes it to PCT, therefore, such modification does not occur in Bowman's capsule.

Answer:

Complete

Explanation:

Complete proteins (or high biological value proteins), are those that contain all the essential amino acids (one that the organism is unable to synthesize but is necessary for its functioning) in optimal amounts and proportions to meet organic needs.

A incomplete protein (or low biological value protein), does not have one or more essential amino acids in sufficient quantities.

The main sources of complete protein are eggs, milk, meat, fish and poultry. The essential amino acid mixture present in eggs was considered to be the best among food sources.

Most vegetable proteins (lentils, beans, peas, soybeans), in turn, are incomplete in terms of protein content and therefore have a relatively lower biological value.

Answer: A food chain or food web provide information on the eating patterns of organisms, how energy is transfered from one organisms to another and the flow if energy in the ecosystem.

Explanation:

Food chain is the link of network that that starts from producer to the consumer and finally ends at the predator species and decomposer species in the ecosystem. It describe the feeding relationships among organisms.

Food web contains interconnection of several food chains in the ecosystem. It shows several feeding relationships in food chains .

Both food chain and food web provide information of how organisms are interconnected, their eating patterns, how energy is transferred from one organisms to another and flow of energy in the ecosystem.

Answer:

Option c

Explanation:

Sexuality is something that is not related to the biological/physical make of an individual. However, it defines the sexual thoughts, behavior and attractions/liking towards others. Everything irrespective of its type i.e physical, sexual and emotional contributes to defining the sexual attraction, behavior or linking is termed as sexuality. It defines a person and creates positive and liberating experiences. There are basically three types of sexuality – homosexuality, heterosexuality and asexuality

Hence, option C is correct

Sexuality refers to a person's capacity for sexual feelings and attractions. It is not limited to biological gender or sense of being masculine or feminine. Sociologists study the social construct of sexuality and its various orientations.

Sexuality refers to a person's capacity for sexual feelings and attractions. It is not limited to biological gender or sense of being masculine or feminine. It encompasses a wide range of sexual orientations, including heterosexuality, homosexuality, bisexuality, asexuality, pansexuality, and more.

Sociologists study sexuality as a social construct influenced by cultural norms and attitudes toward sexual behavior. It is important to understand that sexual orientation is a central and durable aspect of a person's sociocultural identity.

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Answer:

The correct option is d. In C3 plants the conservation of water promotes photorespiration.

Explanation:

Photorespiration is a metabolic pathway that leads to the loss of half the carbon fixed by photosynthesis, it occurs when the rubisco enzyme (which is responsible for carrying out the carbon fixation) of the Calvin cycle acts on oxygen instead of dioxide carbon. Photorespiration occurs in C3 plants, (considered C3, by the three carbon compound) when the CO2 concentration is reduced. The first step of the Calvin cycle is the fixation of carbon dioxide by rubisco, but at low concentrations of CO2, oxygen begins to be set in place. In conditions of moderate temperatures when C3 plants have enough water, the carbon dioxide supply is abundant and photorespiration is not a problem.  

The conservation of water in C3 plants promotes the c) opening of stomata.

In C3 plants, the conservation of water promotes the c) opening of stomata.

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Answer:

A carbohydrate

Explanation:

Carbohydrates, also known as sugars, are molecules with a chemical composition made of only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, their general formula is (CH2O)n.

Apart from its composition, we have to consider that plant cells have walls composed of polysaccharides such as cellulose that is made of many carbohydrates together.

Explanation:

The unknown organic molecule in the cell walls of the newly discovered plant species is a carbohydrate, likely cellulose or a related carbohydrate that contributes to the structural integrity of the plant's cell walls.

Based on the description that the unknown organic molecule contains only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and is found in the cell walls of a plant species, it is likely a carbohydrate. Carbohydrates are organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio. The basic structural unit of carbohydrates is the monosaccharide, which includes sugars like glucose and fructose.

In the context of cell walls, carbohydrates play a critical role. Plant cell walls are primarily composed of a carbohydrate called cellulose, which is a polymer of glucose molecules. Cellulose provides structural support and rigidity to plant cells and is a key component of their cell walls.

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Answer:

(In Ancient Rome) a religious official who observed natural signs, especially the behavior of birds, interpreting these as an indication of divine approval or disapproval of a proposed action.

Explanation:

Answer: It is called Accommodation.

Explanation:

Retina is the innermost and sensitive tissues around the eye, it is located near the optic nerve. The function of retina is receive light that lens has focused and convert those light to neural message and send the signals to the brain for interpretation.

Accomodation is the adjustment of objects at varrying distance. When the crystalline lens change shapes, it changes the focal distance of the eye so that object at different distances can be focused on and thus allowing the formation of clear and real image on the retina, this adjustment of lens is called accommodation. The crystalline lens of the eye is located at the iris and it is made up of fibres from the epithelial cells.

Answer:

read the explanation.

Explanation:

Both are enzymes, both has active sites because they are enzymes. A difference is that serine proteases has serine aminoacids in it active site. The aspartic proteases has an activated water molecule bond to one or more aspartate aminoacid in its active site.

Serine proteases are two main kinds, chymotrypsin and subtilisin kind. Aspartic proteases are three main kinds, pepsin, cathepsin and renins.

Serine proteases are found either in eukaryotes and prokaryotes, meanwhile the aspartic proteases are found mainly in eukaryotes as molds and yeast but rarely in prokaryotes such as bacteria.

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Answer:C

Explanation:

Resting Membrane Potential (RMP) is the charge difference represented as voltage difference across a nueronal cell membrane at rest.

It has a value of -50 and -75mV.

Graphically it represents the flat plateau at the last part of the curve of action potential (check the attachments)

In a normal resting cell after Action potential ;for example nuerone,the intercellular layer has more potassium ions, while the extracellular layer has more Sodium ions .

These ions have special channels called sodium and potassium channels for movement in and out of these ions by active transports.

The movements of these ions across the membranes generated electrical potential difference for action potential.

The correct statement about resting membrane potential is that potassium (K+) and sodium (Na+) gradients are actively maintained in resting neurons. This potential is a negative charge inside the cell relative to the outside, created by the selective permeability of the membrane and the sodium-potassium ATPase pump. So the correct option is c.

The correct statement about the resting membrane potential of a cell is c) Potassium (K+) and sodium (Na+) gradients are maintained by active transport in a resting mammalian neuron. This is because potassium ions (K+) are found in higher concentrations inside the cell whereas sodium ions (Na+) are found in higher concentrations outside the cell. The sodium-potassium ATPase pump actively transports K+ into the cell and Na+ out of the cell, maintaining these concentration gradients. The resting membrane potential is approximately -70 mV, meaning the inside of the cell is negatively charged relative to the outside. This is largely due to the cell membrane being more permeable to K+ ions than Na+ ions, with K+ ions freely moving out of the cell more than Na+ ions move in, along with the activity of the sodium-potassium pump which expels three Na+ ions for every two K+ ions it brings into the cell. The resting potential is important for the function of neurons and muscle cells but is not unique to them as many types of cells exhibit a charge difference across their membranes.

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Final answer:

The frequency of the cystic fibrosis recessive allele (A2) is 3%, and the dominant allele (A1) is 97% in the population according to the Hardy-Weinberg model.

Explanation:

Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder caused by recessive alleles (A2) and is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. According to the Hardy-Weinberg model, if 9 in 10,000 newborns have cystic fibrosis (A2A2), we can calculate the frequency of the recessive allele (A2) and the dominant allele (A1). The frequency of homozygous recessive individuals is q^2, thus q^2 = 9/10,000 = 0.0009. Taking the square root, q (the frequency of the recessive allele) is 0.03. The frequency of the dominant allele, p, can be calculated as 1 - q, which equals 1 - 0.03 = 0.97. Therefore, the expected frequencies of the dominant allele (A1) and the recessive allele (A2) are 97% and 3%, respectively.

Answer:

Circular and Radial muscles.

Explanation:

The pupilarry response is the variation of pupil's size due to a variety of causes (exposure to light, sexual stimulation, drugs) and it consists of two movements, constriction and dilation.

The constrict response occurs thanks to the circular muscle and the dilations is triggered by the radial muscle, both of them are smooth muscle.

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Answer:

The correct answer will be option-A

Explanation:

Emotional memory refers to the memories of experiences which evokes or triggers the emotional reaction in higher organisms.

Emotional memory after evoking the emotional reactions remembers the past experiences based on which the person feels if the present event is pleasant or unpleasant.

The pounding of the heart is caused by the shock or the stress conditions observed with the fast beating of the heart. In the given question, When the heart pounds after seeing the rattlesnake will be considered response caused by the emotional memory as the rattlesnake is dangerous to humans based on the past experiences which evoke the emotional response.

Thus, option-A is the correct answer.

Emotional memory typically refers to the way emotionally significant events are processed and remembered, often involving a physiological response such as a pounding heart, and is heavily influenced by the amygdala.

Emotional memory involves complex processes primarily associated with the amygdala, which regulates emotions such as fear and aggression, and plays a key role in how memories are stored and consolidated. Strong emotional experiences trigger the release of neurotransmitters and hormones that enhance memory consolidation, enabling better recollection of events with emotional significance—referred to as the arousal theory. Notable examples of emotional memory include the physiological responses to fear, like a pumping heart when hearing a rattlesnake (as per the Cannon-Bard and James-Lange Theories of Emotion), which illustrate the link between physiological arousal and memory formation. The flashbulb memory phenomenon is a demonstration of the depth of emotional memories, where significant life events create vivid, enduring memories.

Answer: ADP is a necessary substrate for the reaction catalyzed by ATP synthase.

Explanation:

ATP- Adenosine Triphosphate

ADP- Adenosine Diphosphate

ATP is the most commonly used energy currency of cells in organisms. ATP synthase is an enzyme that creates ATP which stores energy. ADP/ATP carrier transports ADP into the mitochondria for oxidative phosphorylation to ATP, the ATP is then transported out of the mitochondria for use as a cellular fuel.

Atractyloside works by inhibiting the exchange of ATP from the mitochondria with adenosine diphosphate (ADP) in the cytosol, thereby also inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation.

Atractyloside binds to the ADP/ATP translocase, which is found on the inner mitochondrial membrane. As a result of this, the exchange of ADP and ATP is prevented and the cell die due to lack of energy.

Final answer:

Atractyloside inhibits ADP transport into the mitochondria, preventing ADP from being converted to ATP by ATP synthase, thus stopping ATP synthesis.

Explanation:

Atractyloside is a poison that inhibits the transport of ADP from the cytosol into the mitochondrial matrix by interfering with the adenine nucleotide transport protein of the mitochondrial membrane. This transport protein normally facilitates the exchange of ATP with ADP across the inner mitochondrial membrane. When ADP cannot enter the mitochondria, it cannot be converted back into ATP by the enzyme ATP synthase, which is powered by the proton gradient established by the electron transport chain. This inhibition ultimately results in the cessation of ATP synthesis, which is the direct effect of atractyloside poisoning. Inhibitors like oligomycin and atractyloside highlight the fragility and specificity of the oxidative phosphorylation process that is crucial for energy production in cells.

Answer:

No

Explanation:

Inselberg is a prominent part of the relief, normally seen in flat plains and not in mountainous regions. Inselbergs are generally remnants of areas that have resisted the processes of pediplanation and pedogenesis, thus forming a high part of the relief. It is characterized as a region rich in vegetation and biodiversity.

Alcohol fermentation in yeast cells involves two main reactions that result in the production of ethanol and CO2 gas. This process does not directly relate to photosynthesis, the citric acid cycle, or anaerobic respiration.

In yeast cells, the process of alcohol fermentation plays a crucial role in the production of alcohol and certain bread products. This process involves two main steps. In the first reaction, an enzyme called pyruvate decarboxylase removes a carboxyl group from pyruvate, releasing CO₂ gas and producing acetaldehyde. The second reaction, catalyzed by the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase, transfers an electron from NADH to acetaldehyde, producing ethanol and NAD*.

Moreover, glucose is known to be produced during photosynthesis, a process not directly related to yeast cells as they lack the capability to perform photosynthesis. During anaerobic respiration, or lack of oxygen, lactic acid can be produced in muscles, not typically in yeast.

In addition, the citric acid cycle or Krebs Cycle is the part of the aerobic metabolism where pyruvate is further processed, generating more energy through ATP and not at this stage, alcohol is produced.

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Final answer:

Alcoholic fermentation in yeast cells is an anaerobic process where glycolysis is followed by the conversion of pyruvic acid to ethanol and carbon dioxide, rather than entering the citric acid cycle. This process is crucial in wine making, where it converts the sugars from grapes into alcohol.

Explanation:

In yeast cells, alcohol is produced after glycolysis through a process known as alcoholic fermentation. This is part of an anaerobic respiration process, which takes place in the absence of oxygen. Glycolysis is the first step in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration, yielding two ATP molecules and resulting in the production of pyruvic acid. During alcoholic fermentation, this pyruvic acid is transformed into ethanol (ethyl alcohol) and carbon dioxide. Specifically, a carboxyl group is removed from pyruvic acid, releasing carbon dioxide and forming acetaldehyde, which is then converted to ethanol as electrons are transferred from NADH to acetaldehyde, regenerating NAD+ and allowing glycolysis to continue.

The products of alcoholic fermentation—ethanol and carbon dioxide—are essential in various industries. For example, carbon dioxide is what makes bread rise by forming bubbles in the dough, and ethanol is the alcohol found in beverages such as wine. In wine making, the sugars from grapes undergo alcoholic fermentation by yeasts to produce wine. This process does not occur during the citric acid cycle; instead, the citric acid cycle is a part of aerobic respiration that takes place in the presence of oxygen. Lactic acid is produced during a different type of anaerobic respiration, specifically lactic acid fermentation, which happens in muscles under low oxygen conditions, for instance.

Answer: active transport

Explanation:

The active transport is the process of moving a substance across the cell membrane against its concentration gradient, requiring energy.

Active transport is a vital process that enables the movement of substances against their concentration gradients across the cell membrane.

This mechanism is essential for maintaining proper cellular functions, as it allows the cell to control the internal environment and regulate the concentrations of various ions and molecules.

In active transport, energy, typically in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), is required to move substances from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration.

This process involves specialized protein carriers or pumps embedded within the cell membrane.

These pumps can transport ions, such as sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), and hydrogen (H+), as well as other molecules, like amino acids and sugars.

One of the most well-known examples of active transport is the sodium-potassium pump (Na+/K+ pump), found in the plasma membrane of animal cells.

This pump actively moves three sodium ions out of the cell and two potassium ions into the cell, against their respective concentration gradients.

This action helps establish and maintain the resting membrane potential and is crucial for processes like nerve impulse transmission and muscle contractions.

Another example of active transport is the proton pump found in the lining of the stomach.

This pump is responsible for secreting hydrochloric acid (HCl) into the stomach's lumen, helping to digest food and destroy pathogens.

Active transport is a dynamic and energy-consuming process that plays a fundamental role in maintaining cellular homeostasis, as well as in various physiological functions and adaptations.

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Answer:

(a) Gg × Gg; (b) genotypic = 1:2:1, phenotypic = 3:1

Explanation:

a) A cross between two gray seeded plants produces progeny with gray and white seeds in 3:1 ratio (302:98=3:1). This means that the parent plants are heterozygous and each has at least one recessive allele. If the allele "G" is responsible for gray seed and the allele "g" imparts white color to the seeds, the genotype of the heterozygous parents would be "Gg".  

b) A cross between two heterozygous gray seeded parents would produce progeny in following ratio:

Genotype ratio= 1 GG: 2 Gg: 1 gg

Phenotype ratio= 3 Gray: 1 white

The most probable genotype for parents producing both gray and white-colored seeds in a 3:1 phenotypic ratio is heterozygous (Gg . Gg), leading to a genotypic ratio of 1:2:1 and phenotypic ratio of 3:1 in their progeny.

The question involves the inheritance of seed color in pea plants, which pertains to the subject of Biology at the High School level. When gray seed color (dominant) in peas is crossed among themselves resulting in 302 gray seedlings and 98 white, the most probable genotype of each parent is (a) Gg . Gg; this means both parents were heterozygous for the gray seed color trait. Accordingly, (b) the genotypic ratio expected in these progeny is 1:2:1, and the phenotypic ratio is 3:1, favoring gray over white seed color.

Assist the macronutrients' chemical processes produce energy One of the best vitamins for reducing fatigue is vitamin B, according to recommendations.

What are vitamins' major functions?

While vitamins are just as important for health as macronutrients like fats and carbohydrates, they are required in far smaller quantities. They are crucial for a variety of regular biological processes, including cell development and reproduction, but their role in the cell's ability to process energy comes first.

What uses does vitamin B12 have?

The creation of DNA, the molecules inside cells that carry genetic information, and the metabolism of cells are all crucial processes that are aided by vitamin B-12 (cobalamin). Poultry, meat, fish, and dairy products are food sources of vitamin B-12.

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Answer:

b) temporal isolation

Explanation:

Temporal isolation occurs when two species of similar population dwelling in the same habitat or environment reproduce at different times of the day or at different seasons. They reproduce in the same habitat, but at different seasons, making it difficult for both species of a similar population to interbreed.

Temporal isolation occurs due to the difference in the breeding seasons of the two species of clams living in the same habitat, as one releases gametes into the water in early spring, while the other releases gametes into the water in late summer.