The steady-state diffusion flux through a metal plate is 7.8 × 10-8 kg/m2-s at a temperature of 1220˚C ( 1493 K) and when the concentration gradient is -500 kg/m4. Calculate the diffusion flux at 1000˚C ( 1273 K) for the same concentration gradient and assuming an activation energy for diffusion of 145,000 J/mol.

Answers

Answer 1
Final answer:

To calculate the diffusion flux at 1000˚C for the same concentration gradient, use the Arrhenius equation.

J ≈ 2.4 × 10-12 kg/m2-s

Explanation:

To calculate the diffusion flux at 1000˚C (1273 K) for the same concentration gradient, we can use the Arrhenius equation:

J = J0 * exp(-Q/RT)

Where J is the diffusion flux, J0 is the pre-exponential factor, Q is the activation energy for diffusion, R is the gas constant, and T is the absolute temperature.

Given that the diffusion flux at 1220˚C (1493 K) is 7.8 × 10-8 kg/m2-s and the activation energy for diffusion is 145,000 J/mol, we can calculate the diffusion flux at 1000˚C as:

J = (7.8 × 10-8) * exp(-145000/(8.314*1273))

J ≈ 2.4 × 10-12 kg/m2-s

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Answer 2
Final answer:

To calculate the steady-state diffusion flux at a different temperature, use the Arrhenius equation to find the diffusion coefficients at the two temperatures, and find the ratio based on the fact that the diffusion flux is proportional to the diffusion coefficient when the concentration gradient is constant. Input the known values into the equation to solve for the unknown diffusion flux.

Explanation:

The steady-state diffusion through a metal plate can be calculated using the Arrhenius equation, which relates the diffusion coefficient (D) to temperature. The equation is D = D0e^-(Q/RT), where D0 is the pre-exponential factor, Q is the activation energy for diffusion, R is the gas constant and T is the temperature in K.

Given that the diffusion flux (J) is defined as J = -D×(dc/dx), where dc/dx is the concentration gradient. We can find that when the concentration gradient remains the same, the ratio of the two diffusion fluxes at different temperatures can be represented as J1/J2 = D1/D2.

Substitute the Arrhenius equation into the ratio, we get J1/J2 = e^(Q/R)×(1/T1-1/T2). Then you can use the given values, namely Q = 145,000 J/mol, R = 8.314 J/(mol×K), and temperatures T1 = 1493K , T2 = 1273K, as well as the known J1, to calculate J2.

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Related Questions

A charged capacitor is connected to an inductor to form an LC circuit with a frequency of oscillation f = 1.6 Hz. At time t = 0 the capacitor is fully charged. At a given instant later the charge on the capacitor is measured to be Q = 3 μC and the current in the circuit is equal to 75 μA. What is the maximum charge of the capacitor?

Answers

Answer:

[tex]Q = 8.61 \times 10^{-4} C[/tex]

Explanation:

Since in LC oscillation there is no energy loss

so here we can say that

initial total energy of capacitor = energy stored in capacitor + energy stored in inductor at any instant of time

so we can say

[tex]\frac{Q^2}{2C} = \frac{q^2}{2C} + \frac{1}{2}Li^2[/tex]

now we have

[tex]q = 3\mu C[/tex]

[tex]i = 75 \mu A[/tex]

now we have

[tex]Q^2 = q^2 + (LC) i^2[/tex]

we also know that

[tex]2\pi f = \frac{1}{\sqrt{LC}}[/tex]

[tex]2\pi(1.6) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{LC}}[/tex]

[tex]LC = 9.89 \times 10^{-3}[/tex]

now from above equation

[tex]Q^2 = (3\mu C)^2 + (9.89 \times 10^{-3})(75 \mu A)[/tex]

[tex]Q = 8.61 \times 10^{-4} C[/tex]

Final answer:

To find the maximum charge of the capacitor in the LC circuit, set up a cosine equation using the initial charge and current value.

Explanation:

To find the maximum charge of the capacitor in the LC circuit, we need to utilize the relationship between the charge on the capacitor and the current in the circuit. At time t = 0, the capacitor is fully charged, so the initial charge is Q = 3 µC. The current in the circuit is equal to 75 µA. Knowing these values, we can set up a cosine equation to find q(t). By solving the equation, we can find the maximum charge of the capacitor.

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Express 79 m in units of (a) centimeters
(b) feet
(c) inches and
(d) miles.

Answers

Answer: a) 7,00 centimeters

(b) 259. 19 feet

(c) 3110.28 inches

(d) 0.049 miles

Explanation:

(a) We know that 1 meter = 100 centimeters

Therefore,

[tex]79\ m= 7,900\text{ centimeters}[/tex]

(b)Since 1 meter = 3.28084 feet

Then, [tex]79\ m= 79\times3.28084=259.18636\approx 259.19\text{ feet}[/tex]

(c) Since, 1 feet = 12 inches.

[tex]79\ m=259.19\text{ feet}=259.19\times12=3110.28\text{ inches}[/tex]

(d) [tex]\text{Since 1 feet= }\dfrac{1}{5280}\text{ mile}[/tex]

[tex]79\ m=259.19\text{ feet}=\dfrac{259.19}{5280}= 0.0490890151515\approx0.049\text{ miles}[/tex]

A flywheel in the form of a uniformly thick disk of radius 1.93 m has a mass of 92.1 kg and spins counterclockwise at 419 rpm. Calculate the constant torque required to stop it in 1.25 min.

Answers

Answer:

Torque = 99.48 N-m²

Explanation:

It is given that,

Radius of the flywheel, r = 1.93 m

Mass of the disk, m = 92.1 kg

Initial angular velocity, [tex]\omega_i=419\ rpm=43.87\ rad/s[/tex]

Final angular speed, [tex]\omega_f=0[/tex]

We need to find the constant torque required to stop it in 1.25 min, t = 1.25 minutes = 75 seconds

Torque is given by :

[tex]\tau=I\times \alpha[/tex]...........(1)

I is moment of inertia, for a solid disk, [tex]I=\dfrac{mr^2}{2}[/tex]

[tex]\alpha[/tex] is angular acceleration

[tex]I=\dfrac{92.1\ kg\times (1.93\ m)^2}{2}=171.53\ kgm^2[/tex]..............(2)

Now finding the value of angular acceleration as :

[tex]\omega_f=\omega_i+\alpha t[/tex]

[tex]0=43.87+\alpha \times 75[/tex]

[tex]\alpha =-0.58\ m/s^2[/tex]..........(3)

Using equation (2) and (3), solve equation (1) as :

[tex]\tau=171.53\ kgm^2\times -0.58\ m/s^2[/tex]

[tex]\tau=-99.48\ N-m^2[/tex]

So, the torque require to stop the flywheel is 99.48 N-m². Hence, this is the required solution.

Consider the mechanism. Step 1: 2A↽−−⇀B+C equilibrium Step 2: B+D⟶E slow Overall: 2A+D⟶C+E Determine the rate law for the overall reaction, where the overall rate constant is represented as ????.

Answers

Answer : The rate law for the overall reaction is, [tex]R=\frac{K[A]^2[D]}{[C]}[/tex]

Explanation :

As we are given the mechanism for the reaction :

Step 1 : [tex]2A\rightleftharpoons B+C[/tex]    (equilibrium)

Step 2 : [tex]B+D\rightarrow E[/tex]     (slow)

Overall reaction : [tex]2A+D\rightarrow C+E[/tex]

First we have to determine the equilibrium constant from step 1.

The expression for equilibrium constant will be,

[tex]K'=\frac{[B][C]}{[A]^2}[/tex]

Form this, the value of [B] is,

[tex][B]=\frac{K'[A]^2}{[C]}[/tex]       ............(1)

Now we have to determine the rate law from the slow step 2.

The expression for law will be,

[tex]Rate=K''[B][D][/tex]       .............(2)

Now put equation 1 in 2, we get:

[tex]Rate=K''\frac{K'[A]^2}{[C]}[D][/tex]

[tex]Rate=\frac{K[A]^2[D]}{[C]}[/tex]

Therefore, the rate law for the overall reaction is, [tex]R=\frac{K[A]^2[D]}{[C]}[/tex]

Final answer:

The rate law for the reaction is obtained from the slow step (Step 2) and modified with information from the fast equilibrium step (Step 1), considering B as an intermediate reactant. The overall rate law becomes: Rate = k [ ((k1/k-1)[A]^2/[C]) ][D]

Explanation:

The rate law for a reaction is established based upon the rate-determining (slowest) step of the reaction. So, first, we identify the slow step of the reaction. From the information given, we can see that the slow step is Step 2, with reactants B and D forming product E.

The rate law for this step of the reaction is written as: Rate = k [B][D], where k is the rate constant for this reaction and [B] and [D] are the concentrations of reactants B and D respectively.

However, reactant B is an intermediate since it doesn’t appear in the overall reaction. So, the rate of formation of B in the fast equilibrium Step 1 becomes important. Here, B is produced from reactant A. The forward and backward rates are equal at equilibrium. So, the rate law for Step 1 could be written as: Rate = k1[A]^2 = k-1[B][C], giving us [B]= (k1/k-1)[A]^2/[C],

Substituting [B] in the rate law for step 2, we obtain the rate law for the overall reaction as: Rate = k [ ((k1/k-1)[A]^2/[C]) ][D], where k is the rate constant for the slow step and k1 and k-1 are the rate constants for the forward and reverse reactions of Step 1.

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A car is traveling at 50 mi/h when the brakes are fully applied, producing a constant deceleration of 48 ft/s2. What is the distance covered before the car comes to a stop

Answers

Answer:

Distance covered by the car is 56.01 feet.

Explanation:

It is given that,

Initial velocity, u = 50 mi/h = 73.33 ft/s

Constant deceleration of the car, [tex]a=-48\ ft/s^2[/tex]

Final velocity, v = 0

Let s is the distance covered before the car comes to rest. It can be calculated using third equation of motion as :

[tex]v^2-u^2=2as[/tex]

[tex]s=\dfrac{v^2-u^2}{2a}[/tex]

[tex]s=\dfrac{0^2-(73.33\ ft/s^2)^2}{2\times -48\ ft/s^2}[/tex]

s = 56.01 ft

So, the distance covered before the car comes to a stop is 56.01 feet. Hence, this is the required solution.

The distance covered by the car as it comes to rest is 17.1 m.

To calculate the distance covered before the car come to stop, we use the formula below.

Formula:

v² = u²+2as............... Equation 1

Where:

s = distance covered by the carv = final velocityu = initial velocitya = acceleration of the car

make s the subject of the equation

s = (v²-u²)/2a........................Equation 2

From the question,

Given:

v = 50 mi/h = (50×0.447) = 22.35 m/su = 0 m/sa = 48 ft/s² = (48×0.3048) = 14.63 m/s²

Substitute these values into equation 2

s = (22.35²-0²)/(2×14.63)s = 17.1 m

Hence, the distance covered by the car as it comes to rest is 17.1 m.

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A vertical straight wire carrying an upward 24-A current exerts an attractive force per unit length of 88 X 104N/m on a second parallel wire 7.0 cm away. What current (magnitude and direction) flows in the second wire?

Answers

Answer:

The current flows in the second wire is [tex]1.3\times10^{10}\ A[/tex]

Explanation:

Given that,

Upward current = 24 A

Force per unit length[tex]\dfrac{F}{l} =88\times10^{4}\ N/m [/tex]

Distance = 7.0 cm

We need to calculate the current in second wire

Using formula of magnetic force

[tex]F=ILB[/tex]

[tex]\dfrac{F}{l}=\dfrac{\mu I_{1}I_{2}}{2\pi r}[/tex]

Where,

[tex]\dfrac{F}{l}[/tex]=force per unit length

I₁= current in first wire

I₂=current in second wire

r = distance between the wires

Put the value into the formula

[tex]88\times10^{4}=\dfrac{4\pi\times10^{-7}\times24\times I_{2}}{2\pi \times7\times10^{-2}}[/tex]

[tex]I_{2}=\dfrac{88\times10^{4}\times7\times10^{-2}}{2\times\times10^{-7}\times24}[/tex]

[tex]I_{2}=1.3\times10^{10}\ A[/tex]

Hence, The current flows in the second wire is [tex]1.3\times10^{10}\ A[/tex]

Which of the following are true (choose all that apply)? Sound can travel through a vacuum. -Sound can travel through water. Light can travel through a vacuum Sound can travel through air. Light can travel through air Light can travel through water

Answers

Answer:

option (B) - true

option (C) - true

option (D) - true

option (E) - true

option (F) - true

Explanation:

A dog, with a mass of 10.0 kg, is standing on a flatboat so that he is 22.5 m from the shore. He walks 7.8 m on the boat toward the shore and then stops. The boat has a mass of 46.0 kg. Assuming there is no friction between the boat and the water, how far is the dog from the shore now?

Answers

Answer:16.096

Explanation:

Given

mass of dog[tex]\left ( m_d\right )=10kg[/tex]

mass of boat[tex]\left ( m_b\right )=46kg[/tex]

distance moved by dog relative to ground=[tex]x_d[/tex]

distance moved by boat relative to ground=[tex]x_b[/tex]

Distance moved by dog relative to boat=7.8m

There no net force on the system therefore centre of mass of system remains at its position

0=[tex]m_d\times x_d+m_b\dot x_b[/tex]

0=[tex]10\times x_d+46\dot x_b[/tex]

[tex]x_d=-4.6x_b[/tex]

i.e. boat will move opposite to the direction of dog

Now

[tex]|x_d|+|x_b|=7.8[/tex]

substituting[tex] x_d [/tex]value

[tex]5.6|x_b|=7.8[/tex]

[tex]|x_b|=1.392m[/tex]

[tex]|x_d|=6.4032m[/tex]

now the dog is  22.5-6.403=16.096m from shore

Final answer:

The distance from the shore after the dog walks on the boat is calculated using the conservation of momentum. Since there are no external forces, the center of mass of the dog-boat system must stay the same. After the dog walks towards the shore, we determine the boat's movement in the opposite direction and calculate the dog's final distance from the shore.

Explanation:

To solve how far the dog is from the shore after walking on the boat, we need to apply the law of conservation of momentum. Since there's no external force acting on the system (the dog plus the boat), the center of mass of the system will not move. Initially, the center of mass is stationary, and it should remain so as the dog walks.

We can calculate the initial position of the center of mass (CM) using the formula:

CM = (m × dog_position + M × boat_center_position) / (m + M)

As the dog walks 7.8 m towards the shore, the boat moves in the opposite direction to keep the center of mass of the system in the same place. Let's denote the distance that the boat moves as x. Using the conservation of momentum:

m × dog_walk = M × x

The distance from the shore after the dog walks = initial dog's distance from shore - dog's walk + boat's movement towards shore (which is x).

However, since we're keeping the center of mass stationary, boat's movement towards shore (x) is equal to the dog's walk distance (7.8 m) multiplied by the ratio of the dog's mass to the boat's mass.

Therefore:

x = (m/M) × dog_walk

And so, the final distance from the shore = 22.5m - 7.8m + x

A major-league pitcher can throw a baseball in excess of 41.0 m/s. If a ball is thrown horizontally at this speed, how much will it drop by the time it reaches a catcher who is 17.0 m away from the point of release?

Answers

Final answer:

The ball thrown by a major-league pitcher to a catcher 17.0m away, with a speed of 41.0m/s, would drop approximately 0.84 meters due to the gravitational acceleration.

Explanation:

The subject of this question involves physics, specifically the concept of projectile motion. When a pitcher throws a ball with a horizontal speed, the ball also experiences a vertical motion due to gravity. Therefore, even though the ball is thrown horizontally, it will gradually drop as it travels towards the catcher. To figure out how far it drops, we can use the physics equation for motion under constant acceleration: distance = 0.5 * acceleration * time2.

Here, the acceleration is due to gravity, which is approximately 9.8m/s2. The time can be calculated by dividing the horizontal distance (17.0 m) by the horizontal speed (41.0 m/s), giving us approximately 0.4146 s. Substituting these into the equation: 0.5 * 9.8m/s2 * (0.4146s)2 = 0.84 meters, the drop of the ball is approximately 0.84 meters.

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Determine the length of a copper wire that has a resistance of 0.172 ? and cross-sectional area of 7.85 × 10-5 m2. The resistivity of copper is 1.72 × 10-8 ?·m.

Answers

Final answer:

To determine the length of a copper wire given its resistance, cross-sectional area, and the resistivity of copper, use the formula L = (R·A)/ρ. The length of the copper wire, based on the provided resistance of 0.172 Ω, cross-sectional area of 7.85 × [tex]10^-^5[/tex] m², and resistivity of 1.72 × [tex]10^-^8[/tex]Ω·m, is calculated to be 7.85 meters.

Explanation:

The question involves determining the length of a copper wire given its resistance, cross-sectional area, and the resistivity of copper. The formula to calculate the length of the wire is derived from Ohm's law, which in terms of resistivity (ρ) is expressed as R = ρL/A, where R is the resistance, L is the length of the wire, A is the cross-sectional area, and ρ is the resistivity of the material.

We are provided with the resistance (R) as 0.172 Ω, the cross-sectional area (A) as 7.85 × [tex]10^-^5[/tex] m², and the resistivity (ρ) of copper as 1.72 × [tex]10^-^8[/tex] Ω·m. By rearranging the formula to solve for L, we get L = (R·A)/ρ. Substituting the given values into the formula, we find the length of the copper wire.

Let's calculate: L = (0.172 Ω × 7.85 × [tex]10^-^5[/tex] m^2) / (1.72 × [tex]10^-^8[/tex] Ω·m) = 7.85 m. Therefore, the length of the copper wire is 7.85 meters.

In a particular case of Compton scattering, a photon collides with a free electron and scatters backwards. The wavelength after the collision is exactly double the wavelength before the collision. What is the wavelength of the incident photon?

Answers

Answer:

hence initial wavelength is [tex]\lambda =4.86\times10^{-12}m[/tex]

Explanation:

shift in wavelength due to compton effect is given by

[tex]\lambda ^{'}-\lambda =\frac{h}{m_{e}c}\times(1-cos\theta )[/tex]

λ' = the wavelength after scattering

λ= initial wave length

h= planks constant

m_{e}= electron rest mass

c= speed of light

θ= scattering angle = 180°

compton wavelength is

[tex]\frac{h}{m_{e}c}= 2.43\times10^{-12}m[/tex]

[tex]\lambda '-\lambda =2.43\times10^{-12}\times(1-cos\theta )[/tex]

[tex]\lambda '-\lambda =2.43\times10^{-12}\times(1+1 )[/tex]  ( put cos 180°=-1)

also given λ'=2λ

putting values and solving we get

[tex]\lambda =4.86\times10^{-12}m[/tex]

hence initial wavelength is [tex]\lambda =4.86\times10^{-12}m[/tex]

A 3.0 \Omega Ω resistor is connected in parallel to a 6.0 \Omega Ω resistor, and the combination is connected in series with a 4.0 \Omega Ω resistor. If this combination is connected across a 12.0 V battery, what is the power dissipated in the 3.0 \Omega Ω resistor?

Answers

Answer:

The power dissipated in the 3 Ω resistor is P= 5.3watts.

Explanation:

After combine the 3 and 6 Ω resistor in parallel, we have an 2 Ω and a 4 Ω resistor in series.

The resultating resistor is of Req=6Ω.

I= V/Req

I= 2A

the parallel resistors have a potential drop of Vparallel=4 volts.

I(3Ω) = Vparallel/R(3Ω)

I(3Ω)= 1.33A

P= I(3Ω)² * R(3Ω)

P= 5.3 Watts

A car is rounding an unbanked circular turn with a speed of v = 35 m/s. The radius of the turn is r = 1500 m. What is the magnitude ac of the car’s centripetal acceleration?

Answers

Answer:

The magnitude of the car's centripetal acceleration is ac= 0.816 m/s² .

Explanation:

r= 1500m

Vt= 35 m/s

ac= Vt²/r

ac= (35m/s)² / 1500m

ac=0.816 m/s²

The orbit of a certain a satellite has a semimajor axis of 1.7 x 107 m and an eccentricity of 0.25. What are the satellite's perigee and apogee (in km)?

Answers

Final answer:

The perigee and apogee of the satellite are 1.275 x 10^4 km and 2.125 x 10^4 km, respectively.

Explanation:

The perigee and apogee of a satellite can be determined using the equations:

Perigee = Semimajor Axis - Eccentricity x Semimajor Axis

Apogee = Semimajor Axis + Eccentricity x Semimajor Axis

Given that the semimajor axis is 1.7 x 10^7 m and the eccentricity is 0.25, we can substitute these values into the equations to find:

Perigee = (1.7 x 10^7 m) - (0.25 x 1.7 x 10^7 m) = 1.275 x 10^7 m

Apogee = (1.7 x 10^7 m) + (0.25 x 1.7 x 10^7 m) = 2.125 x 10^7 m

Converting these values to km:

Perigee = 1.275 x 10^4 km

Apogee = 2.125 x 10^4 km

Two wires A and B of equal length and circular cross section are made of the same metal, but the resistance of wire B is four times that of wire A. What is the ratio between their spokes ?: a) rB / rA = 2, b) rA / rB = 2, c) rB / rA = 4, d) rA / rB = 16

Answers

Answer:

   Option B is the correct answer.

Explanation:

We have resistance [tex]R=\frac{\rho l}{A}[/tex]

The resistance of wire B is four times that of wire A

        [tex]R_B=4R_A\\\\\frac{\rho_B l_B}{A_B}=4\times \frac{\rho_A l_A}{A_A}\\\\\frac{A_A}{A_B}=4\\\\\frac{\pi r_A^2}{\pi r_B^2}=4\\\\\frac{r_A}{r_B}=2[/tex]

    Option B is the correct answer.          

Young's Modulus of elasticity is a) Shear stress/Shear strain b) Tensile stress/Shear strain 9. c) Shear stress /Tensile strairn d) Tensile stress/Tensile strain e) None of these

Answers

Answer:

Option C is the correct answer.

Explanation:

Young's modulus is the ratio of tensile stress and tensile strain.

Bulk modulus is the ratio of pressure and volume strain.

Rigidity modulus is the ratio of shear stress and shear strain.

Here we are asked about Young's modulus which is the ratio of tensile stress and tensile strain.

Option C is the correct answer.

Answer:

C.

It is the force per unit area acting on the material’s surface.

Explanation:

At a certain instant after jumping from the airplane A, a skydiver B is in the position shown and has reached a terminal (constant) speed vB = 52 m/s. The airplane has the same constant speed vA = 52 m/s, and after a period of level flight is just beginning to follow the circular path shown of radius ρA = 2330 m. (a) Determine the velocity and acceleration of the airplane relative to the skydiver. (b) Determine the time rate of change of the speed vr of the airplane and the radius of curvature ρr of its path, both as observed by the nonrotating skydiver.

Answers

Final Answer:

(a) The velocity of the airplane relative to the skydiver is 52 m/s, and the acceleration is directed radially inward. (b) The time rate of change of the speed [tex]\(v_r\)[/tex] of the airplane, as observed by the skydiver, is 0 m/s², and the radius of curvature [tex]\(\rho_r\)[/tex] of its path is 2330 m.

Explanation:

(a) The velocity of the airplane relative to the skydiver is the vector difference of their individual velocities. Since both have the same constant speed of 52 m/s, the relative velocity is 52 m/s. The acceleration of the airplane, as observed by the skydiver, is directed radially inward due to the circular motion.

(b) The time rate of change of speed [tex](\(v_r\))[/tex] is the radial component of acceleration, which is 0 m/s² since the airplane is moving at a constant speed. The radius of curvature [tex](\(\rho_r\))[/tex] of its path is given as 2330 m, representing the circular path's curvature.

These results are derived from principles of relative motion and circular motion, providing insights into the dynamics of the airplane-skydiver system.

A pressure cylinder has a diameter of 150-mm and has a 6-mm wall thickness. What pressure can this vessel carry if the maximum shear stress is not to exceed 25 MPa?

Answers

Answer:

p = 8N/mm2

Explanation:

given data ;

diameter of cylinder =  150 mm

thickness of cylinder = 6 mm

maximum shear stress =  25 MPa

we know that

hoop stress is given as =[tex]\frac{pd}{2t}[/tex]

axial stress is given as =[tex]\frac{pd}{4t}[/tex]

maximum shear stress = (hoop stress - axial stress)/2

putting both stress value to get required pressure

[tex]25 = \frac{ \frac{pd}{2t} -\frac{pd}{4t}}{2}[/tex]

[tex]25 = \frac{pd}{8t}[/tex]

t = 6 mm

d = 150 mm

therefore we have pressure

p = 8N/mm2

A 45 g bullet strikes and becomes embedded in a 1.55 kg block of wood placed on a horizontal surface just in front of the gun. If the coefficient of kinetic friction between the block and the surface is 0.28, and the impact drives the block a distance of 13.0 m before it comes to rest, what was the muzzle speed of the bullet in meters/second?

Answers

Answer:

299.51 m/s

Explanation:

m = mass of the bullet = 45 g = 0.045 kg

M = mass of the block = 1.55 kg

v = muzzle speed of the bullet

V = speed of bullet-block combination after the collision

μ = Coefficient of friction between the block and the surface = 0.28

d = distance traveled by the block = 13 m

V' = final speed of the bullet-block combination = 0 m/s

acceleration of the bullet-block combination due to frictional force is given as

a = - μg

using the kinematics equation

V'² = V² + 2 a d

0² = V² + 2 (- μg) d

0 = V² - 2 (μg) d

0 = V² - 2 (0.28) (9.8) (13)

V = 8.45 m/s

Using conservation of momentum for collision between bullet and block

mv = (M + m) V

(0.045) v = (1.55 + 0.045) (8.45)

v = 299.51 m/s

Consider a grain of table salt which is made of positive

and negative ions (Na+and Cl−). Suppose each of these ions carries a charge of 1.60x10^−19 C and are 5.29x10^−11mapart. What is the magnitude of the electrostatic force

between them?

Answers

Answer:

Force, [tex]F=8.23\times 10^{-8}\ N[/tex]

Explanation:

It is given that,

Each ion in Na⁺ and Cl⁻ has a charge of, [tex]q=1.6\times 10^{-19}\ C[/tex]

Distance between two ions, [tex]d=5.29\times 10^{-11}\ m[/tex]

We need to find the electrostatic force. It is given by :

[tex]F=k\dfrac{q_1q_2}{d^2}[/tex]

[tex]F=9\times 10^9\times \dfrac{(1.6\times 10^{-19})^2}{(5.29\times 10^{-11})^2}[/tex]

[tex]F=8.23\times 10^{-8}\ N[/tex]

So, the magnitude of electrostatic force between them is [tex]F=8.23\times 10^{-8}\ N[/tex]. Hence, this is the required solution.

A proton moving to the right at 6.2 × 105 ms-1 enters a region where there is an electric field of 62 kNC-1 directed to the left. Describe qualitatively the motion of the proton in this filed. What is the time taken by the proton to come back to the point where it entered the field? (Use the standard values of the mass and charge of a proton)

Answers

Answer:

2.06 x 10^-7 s

Explanation:

For going opposite to the applied electric field

u = 6.2 x 10^5 m/s, v = 0 ,  q = 1.6 x 19^-19 C, E = 62000 N/C,

m = 1.67 x 106-27 Kg, t1 = ?

Let a be the acceleration.

a = q E / m = (1.6 x 10^-19 x 62000) / (1.67 x 10^-27) = 6 x 10^12 m/s^2

Use first equation of motion

v = u + a t1

0 = 6.2 x 10^5 - 6 x 10^12 x t1

t1 = 1.03 x 10^-7 s

Let the distance travelled is s.

Use third equation of motion

V^2 = u^2 - 2 a s

0 = (6.2 x 10^5)^2 - 2 x 6 x 10^12 x s

s = 0.032 m

Now when the proton moves in the same direction of electric field.

Let time taken be t2

use second equation of motion

S = u t + 1/2 a t^2

0.032 = 0 + 1/2 x 6 x 10^12 x t2^2

t2 = 1.03 x 10^-7 s

total time taken = t = t1 + t2

t =  1.03 x 10^-7 +  1.03 x 10^-7 =  2.06 x 10^-7 s

A person fires a 38 gram bullet straight up into the air. It rises, then falls straight back down, striking the ground with a speed of 345 m/s. The bullet embeds itself into the ground a distance of 8.9 cm before coming to a stop. What force does the ground exert on the bullet? Express your answer in newtons.

Answers

Answer:

Force exerted = 25.41 kN

Explanation:

We have equation of motion

      v² = u²+2as

u = 345 m/s, s = 8.9 cm = 0.089 m, v = 0 m/s

     0² = 345²+2 x a x 0.089

       a = -668679.78 m/s²

Force exerted = Mass x Acceleration

Mass of bullet = 38 g = 0.038 kg

Acceleration = 668679.78 m/s²

Force exerted = 25409.83 N = 25.41 kN

The gravitational acceleration is 9.81 m/s2 here on Earth at sea level. What is the gravitational acceleration at a height of 350 km above the surface of the Earth, where the International Space Station (ISS) flies? (The mass of the Earth is 5.97×1024 kg, and the radius of the Earth is 6370 km.) It is somewhat greater than 9.81 m/s2. It is zero, since the ISS is in the state of weightlessness. It is half of 9.81 m/s2. It is somewhat less than 9.81 m/s2. It is twice of 9.81 m/s2. It is 9.81 m/s2, the same.

Answers

Answer:

g = 8.82 m/s/s

It is somewhat less than 9.81 m/s2.

Explanation:

As we know that the formula to find the gravitational acceleration is given as

[tex]g = \frac{GM}{r^2}[/tex]

here we know that

r = distance from center of earth

here we have

[tex]r = R + h[/tex]

[tex]r = (6370 + 350) km = 6720 km [/tex]

now we have

[tex]g = \frac{(6.67 \times 10^{-11})(5.97 \times 10^{24})}{(6720 \times 10^3)^2}[/tex]

[tex]g = 8.82 m/s^2[/tex]

Because of your knowledge of physics and interest in weapons, you've got a summer job with the FBI, your job is to determine if the weapon that was found at the scene of a crime was precisely the same with which the crime. For this your boss has asked you to determine the speed of exit of the weapon that was in the scene. Design an experiment in detail where you explain the results.

Answers

Answer:

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Explanation:

The overall energy involved in the formation of CsCl from Cs(s) and Cl2(g) is −443 kJ/mol. Given the following information: heat of sublimation for Cs is +76 kJ/mol, bond dissociation energy for 12Cl2 is +121 kJ/mol, Ei1 for Cs is +376 kJ/mol, and Eea for Cl(g) is −349 kJ/mol. What is the magnitude of the lattice energy for CsCl?

Answers

Answer :  The magnitude of the lattice energy for CsCl is, 667 KJ/mole

Explanation :

The steps involved in the born-Haber cycle for the formation of [tex]CsCl[/tex] :

(1) Conversion of solid calcium into gaseous cesium atoms.

[tex]Cs(s)\overset{\Delta H_s}\rightarrow Cs(g)[/tex]

[tex]\Delta H_s[/tex] = sublimation energy of calcium

(2) Conversion of gaseous cesium atoms into gaseous cesium ions.

[tex]Ca(g)\overset{\Delta H_I}\rightarrow Ca^{+1}(g)[/tex]

[tex]\Delta H_I[/tex] = ionization energy of calcium

(3) Conversion of molecular gaseous chlorine into gaseous chlorine atoms.

[tex]Cl_2(g)\overset{\frac{1}{2}\Delta H_D}\rightarrow Cl(g)[/tex]

[tex]\Delta H_D[/tex] = dissociation energy of chlorine

(4) Conversion of gaseous chlorine atoms into gaseous chlorine ions.

[tex]Cl(g)\overset{\Delta H_E}\rightarrow Cl^-(g)[/tex]

[tex]\Delta H_E[/tex] = electron affinity energy of chlorine

(5) Conversion of gaseous cations and gaseous anion into solid cesium chloride.

[tex]Cs^{1+}(g)+Cl^-(g)\overset{\Delta H_L}\rightarrow CsCl(s)[/tex]

[tex]\Delta H_L[/tex] = lattice energy of calcium chloride

To calculate the overall energy from the born-Haber cycle, the equation used will be:

[tex]\Delta H_f^o=\Delta H_s+\Delta H_I+\Delta H_D+\Delta H_E+\Delta H_L[/tex]

Now put all the given values in this equation, we get:

[tex]-443KJ/mole=76KJ/mole+376KJ/mole+121KJ/mole+(-349KJ/mole)+\Delta H_L[/tex]

[tex]\Delta H_L=-667KJ/mole[/tex]

The negative sign indicates that for exothermic reaction, the lattice energy will be negative.

Therefore, the magnitude of the lattice energy for CsCl is, 667 KJ/mole

The magnitude of  Lattice energy of CsCl is  -676 kJ/mol.

Given Here,

Enthalpy of sublimation of Cs  [tex]\rm \bold{ \Delta H(sub ) }[/tex] = +76 kJ/mo

Ionization Energy for Potassium  IE(Cs) = +376 kJ/mol

Electron affinity for Chlorine is EA(Cl)  =  −349 kJ/mol.

Bond dissociation energy of Chlorine, BE(Cl)  = +121 kJ/mol

Enthalpy of formation for CsCl,  [tex]\rm \bold{ \Delta H(f) }[/tex] =   −436.5 kj/mol .

The lattice energy of KCl can be calculated from the formula,

[tex]\rm \bold {U(CsCl) = \Delta Hf(CsCl) - [ \Delta H(sub) + IE(Cs) +BE(Cl_2) + EA(Cl)]}[/tex]

U( CsCl)  = -436 - [+76  +376   +121 kJ/mol  -349]

U( CsCl)  = -676 kJ/mol

Hence we can calculate that the magnitude of  Lattice energy of CsCl is  -676 kJ/mol.

To know more about Lattice Energy, refer to the link:

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A criminal is escaping across a rooftop and runs off the roof horizontally at a speed of 4.2 m/s, hoping to land on the roof of an adjacent bullding Air resistance is negligible. The horlzontal distance between the two buildings is D, and the roof of the adjacent building is 2.1 m below the jumping off polint Find the maximum value for D. (g 9.80ms

Answers

Answer:

Maximum separation between buildings, D = 1.806 m

Explanation:

Vertical motion of criminal

Initial speed = 0 m/s

Acceleration = 9.81 m/s²

Displacement = 2.1 m

We need to find time when he moves vertically 2.1 m.

We have

         s = ut + 0.5at²

        2.1 = 0 x t + 0.5 x 9.81 x t²

           t = 0.43 s.

Horizontal motion of criminal

Initial speed = 4.2 m/s

Acceleration =0 m/s²

Time = 0.43 s

We need to find displacement.

We have

         s = ut + 0.5at²

        s = 4.2 x 0.43 + 0.5 x 0 x 0.43²

       s = 1.806 m

So maximum separation between buildings, D = 1.806 m

A uniform non-conducting ring of radius 2.2 cm and total charge 6.08 µC rotates with a constant angular speed of 2.01 rad/s around an axis perpendicular to the plane of the ring that passes through its center. What is the magnitude of the magnetic moment of the rotating ring?

Answers

Answer:

The magnitude of the magnetic moment of the rotating ring is [tex]2.96\times10^{-9}\ Am^2[/tex]

Explanation:

Given that,

Radius = 2.2 cm

Charge [tex]q = 6.08\times10^{-6}\ C[/tex]

Angular speed = 2.01 rad/s

We need to calculate the time period

[tex]T = \dfrac{2\pi}{\omega}[/tex]

Now, The spinning produced the current

Using formula for current

[tex] I = \dfrac{q}{T}[/tex]

We need to calculate the magnetic moment

Using formula of magnetic moment

[tex]M = I A[/tex]

Put the value of I and A into the formula

[tex]M=\dfrac{q}{T}\times A[/tex]

[tex]M=\dfrac{q\times\omega}{2\pi}\times \pi\times r^2[/tex]

Put the value into the formula

[tex]M=\dfrac{6.08\times10^{-6}\times2.01\times(2.2\times10^{-2})^2}{2}[/tex]

[tex]M=2.96\times10^{-9}\ Am^2[/tex]

Hence, The magnitude of the magnetic moment of the rotating ring is [tex]2.96\times10^{-9}\ Am^2[/tex]

Final answer:

The magnetic moment of the rotating ring with a radius of 2.2 cm, a total charge of 6.08 µC, and an angular velocity of 2.01 rad/s is approximately 1.176 x 10⁻⁵ A⋅m².

Explanation:

The magnitude of the magnetic moment (μ) of a rotating charged ring can be found using the formula given by the product of the charge (Q) and the angular velocity (ω) and the radius (r) squared, as μ = Qωr²/2. For a uniform non-conducting ring rotating about an axis perpendicular to its plane, this relationship can be used to determine the magnetic moment generated by its rotation.

To calculate the magnetic moment for the given scenario:

Convert the radius from centimeters to meters: r = 2.2 cm = 0.022 m.Use the given charge (Q): 6.08 µC = 6.08 x 10-6 C.Apply the given angular speed (ω): 2.01 rad/s.Substitute these values into the formula: μ = (6.08 x 10-6 C)(2.01 rad/s)(0.022 m)2/2.

Carrying out the multiplication gives the magnetic moment:

μ = (6.08 x 10-6 C)(2.01 rad/s)(0.000484 m2)/2 = 0.01176 x 10-6 C⋅m2/s

This results in a magnetic moment of approximately μ ≈ 1.176 x 10-5 A⋅m2.

A cat named SchrÖdinger walks along a uniform plank that is 4.00 m long and has a mass of 7.00 kg. The plank is supported by two sawhorses, one that is 0.44 m from the left end of the plank, and the other that is 1.50 m from the right end. When the cat reaches the very right end of the plank, the plank starts to tip. What is Schrodinger’s mass? Note: Just when the plank begins to tip, the normal force on the plank from the sawhorse on the left will go to zero.

Answers

Answer:

2.3 kg

Explanation:

L = length of the plank = 4 m

M = mass of the plank = 7 kg

m = mass of cat = ?

[tex]F_{c}[/tex] = Weight of the cat = mg

[tex]F_{p}[/tex] = Weight of the plank = Mg = 7 x 9.8 = 68.6 N

ED = 2 m

CD = 1.5 m

EC = ED - CD = 2 - 1.5 = 0.5 m

Using equilibrium of torque about sawhorse at C

[tex]F_{p}[/tex] (EC) = [tex]F_{c}[/tex] (CD)

(68.6) (0.5) = (mg) (1.5)

(68.6) (0.5) = (m) (1.5) (9.8)

m = 2.3 kg

A 1200 kg car traveling north at 14 m/s is rear-ended by a 2000 kg truck traveling at 30 m/s. What is the total momentum before and after the collision?

Answers

Final answer:

The Physics question involves calculating the total momentum before and after a traffic collision. Total momentum before the collision is 76800 kg·m/s northward. Assuming a perfectly inelastic collision where the vehicles stick together, the total momentum remains unchanged after the collision.

Explanation:

To calculate the total momentum before the collision, we use the formula: momentum = mass × velocity. For the 1200 kg car traveling north at 14 m/s, its momentum is 1200 kg × 14 m/s = 16800 kg·m/s northward.

For the 2000 kg truck traveling at 30 m/s, its momentum is 2000 kg × 30 m/s = 60000 kg·m/s northward. The total momentum before the collision is the sum of these two momenta, so 76800 kg·m/s northward.

Assuming the collision is perfectly inelastic and the two vehicles stick together, the law of conservation of momentum states that the total momentum before the collision must be equal to the total momentum after the collision.

Therefore, the total momentum after the collision will also be 76800 kg·m/s northward.

A gray kangaroo can bound across level ground with each jump carrying it 9.6 m from the takeoff point. Typically the kangaroo leaves the ground at a 28º angle. If this is so: Part A) What is its takeoff speed? Express your answer to two significant figures and include the appropriate units. Part B) What is its maximum height above the ground? Express your answer to two significant figures and include the appropriate units

Answers

Answer:

(A) 11 m/s

(B) 1.3 m

Explanation:

Horizontal range, R = 9.6 m

Angle of projection, theta = 28 degree

(A)

Use the formula of horizontal range

R = u^2 Sin 2 theta / g

u^2 = R g / Sin 2 theta

u^2 = 9.6 × 9.8 / Sin ( 2 × 28)

u = 10.65 m/s

u = 11 m/s

(B)

Use the formula for maximum height

H = u^2 Sin ^2 theta / 2g

H =

10.65 × 10.65 × Sin^2 (28) / ( 2 × 9.8)

H = 1.275 m

H = 1 .3 m

(a)The take-off speed is the speed at the start of takeoff. The take-off speed of the kangaroo will be 11 m/sec.

(b)The height achieved during takeoff is the maximum height. The maximum height above the ground will be 1.3 meters.

what is the maximum height achieved in projectile motion?

It is the height achieved by the body when a body is thrown at the same angle and the body is attaining the projectile motion.The maximum height of motion is given by

[tex]H = \frac{u^{2}sin^2\theta }{2g}[/tex]

What is a range of projectile?

The horizontal distance is covered by the body when the body is thrown at some angle is known as the range of the projectile. It is given by the formula

[tex]R = \frac{u^{2}sin2\theta}{g}[/tex]

(a)Take-of velocity =?

given

Horizontal range = 9.6m.

[tex]\theta = 28^0[/tex]

[tex]g = 9.81 \frac{m}{sec^{2} }[/tex]

[tex]R = \frac{u^{2}sin2\theta}{g}[/tex]

[tex]u = \sqrt{\frac{Rg}{sin2\theta} }[/tex]

[tex]u = \sqrt{\frac{9.6\times9.81}{sin56^0} }[/tex]

[tex]u = 11 m /sec[/tex]

Hence the take-off speed of the kangaroo will be 11 m/sec.

(b) Maximum height =?

given,

[tex]u = 11 m /sec[/tex]

[tex]H = \frac{u^{2}sin^2\theta }{2g}[/tex]

[tex]H = \frac{(11)^{2}sin^2 58^0 }{2\times 9.81}[/tex]

[tex]\rm { H = 1.3 meter }[/tex]

Hence the maximum height above the ground will be 1.3 meters.

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