Answer:
The answer is people with either XX or XY chromosomes
Explanation:
People with either XX or XY chromosomes
A population’s emigration in one month totaled three individuals. During the same period, immigration was 17 individuals. Birth rate was 12, and mortality was 26 due to a parasite infection. What was the net effect on the population?
a) -14
b) 0
c) +12
d) +26
Answer:
b) 0
Explanation:
Given that:
Emigration = 3, Immigration = 17, Birth = 12, and Mortality = 26
Net effect on the population, which is the change in population, can be calculated using the formula (Births + Immigration) - (Mortality + Emigration)
Therefore, Net effect = (12 + 17) - (26 + 3)
= 29 – 29
= 0
The net effect on the population is 0. There is no increase or decrease in the total population
We would expect the greatest difference in plant health between two groups of plants of the same species, one group with mycorrhizae and one group without mycorrhizae, in an environment _____.
The question is incomplete. The complete question is:
We would expect the greatest difference in plant health between two groups of plants of the same species, one group with mycorrhizae and one group without mycorrhizae, in an environment _____.
A) where nitrogen-fixing bacteria are abundant.
B) that has soil with poor drainage.
C) that has hot summers and cold winters.
D) in which the soil is relatively deficient in mineral nutrients.
E) that is near a body of water, such as a pond or river.
Answer:
D) in which the soil is relatively deficient in mineral nutrients.
Explanation:
Mycorrhizae are mutualistic associations between fungi and the roots of plants. The fungus grows around and into the root and into the surrounding soil. The fungus absorbs essential minerals, especially phosphorus, from the soil for the plant. The plant provides the organic nutrients produced by photosynthesis to the fungus. Therefore, the plants with mycorrhizae exhibit better growth in mineral deficient soil than the plants without mycorrhizae.
Which of the following is not a cellular activity associated with microtubules?a. maintenance of axonsb. maintenance of cell shapec. cytokinesis of animal cellsd. axonemal structuree. formation of mitotic spindle
Answer:
a. Maintenance of axons.
Explanation:
Axons are not maintained by microtubules. Microtubules are used in axons as railways to transport different molecules to the terminal branches of the axon or to the soma of the neuron. Axons are maintained by a special type of cells called Schwann cells.
Which of these is NOT a reason that scientists do experiments? A. to test a hypothesis B. to design a procedure C. to compare one theory to another D. to confirm whether an experiment gives the same results if it is repeated
Answer:
B
Explanation:
The first step is to make a plan/procedure then the hypothesis then the the experiment then record the data so before you even do the experiment you have already planned a procedure
Answer:
B is the answer I don't have much to go off on but i know because i took the unit test on edge
Explanation:
Bite wounds are often serious as they may lead to an infection in which two or more species of pathogens act together to produce an effect greater than the sum of effects if each pathogen were acting alone. This is referred to as a(n) ________ infection.
Answer:
Bite wounds are often serious as they may lead to an infection in which two or more species of pathogens act together to produce an effect greater than the sum of effects if each pathogen were acting alone. This is referred to as a bacterial infections.
Which one of these processes describes bottleneck effect? Group of answer choices
alleles transferred to the next generation in portions that differ from previous generation
chance events that change allele frequency sudden change in environments that alters gene frequency of a population transfer of alleles in and out of a population due to movement of fertile individuals
Answer:
Sudden change in environments that alters gene frequency of a population
Explanation:
The bottleneck effect is a genetic drift that happens when the size of a population is suddenly reduced for at least one generation, this can be triggered by a natural disaster. This sudden change leads to a decrease in genetic variation, as the population decreases the frequency of different alleles changes leading to a completely new population that may or may not be able to adapt. In the image, I added you can observe how the bottleneck effect works.
Considering this information we can conclude that the correct answer is "sudden change in environments that alters gene frequency of a population".
I hope you find this information useful and interesting! Good luck!
The correct answer is d) chance events that change allele frequency is bottleneck effect.
Genetic drift is a population's random variation in the frequency of a gene variant that already exists. The bottleneck and founder effects are the two types of genetic drift.
The bottleneck effect occurs when the population is significantly reduced as a result of earthquakes, floods, and other natural calamities.
The species that were resilient enough to survive the catastrophes make up the new population. The allele frequency and the this new population's allele frequency will not be similar.
Sudden change in environments that alters gene frequency of a population is natural selection.
Alleles transferred to the next generation in portions that differ from previous generation is genetic drift.
Transfer of alleles in and out of a population due to movement of fertile individuals is gene flow.
Therefore, option d) chance events that change allele frequency is correct.
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The complete question is;
Which one of these processes describes bottleneck effect?
a) sudden change in environments that alters gene frequency of a population
b) alleles transferred to the next generation in portions that differ from previous generation
c) transfer of alleles in and out of a population due to movement of fertile individuals.
d) chance events that change allele frequency
Consider the HIV enzyme called protease. The amino acid residues at the active site are highly hydrophobic. In designing a drug that would bind to the active site and jam it, researchers should use a molecule that is ________.
Answer:
Thanks researcher should use hydrophobic molecule
In designing a drug to target the active site of the HIV enzyme protease, researchers should use a molecule that is structurally similar to the natural substrate of the enzyme but has a modification that enhances binding and inhibits the enzyme's activity.
Specifically, the molecule should be hydrophobic to complement the hydrophobic nature of the active site. HIV protease plays a critical role in the virus's life cycle by cleaving viral polyproteins into functional proteins, which are essential for viral replication.
By designing a hydrophobic molecule, it can fit snugly into the hydrophobic active site, disrupting the enzyme's function and preventing it from processing viral proteins.
This approach is the form of competitive inhibition, where the drug competes with the natural substrate for binding at the active site. By selectively targeting the hydrophobic nature of the active site, researchers can develop drugs that effectively inhibit HIV protease, a crucial strategy in antiretroviral therapy.
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The spinal cord consists of four regions and ________ pairs of spinal nerves.
Answer: 31 pairs of spinal nerves
Explanation:
In the nervous system, bundles of fibres are called nerves.
The spinal nerve carries motor, sensory, and autonomic signals/information from the spinal cord to the brain and other part of the body.
The human body spinal cord consists of 4 regions, and 31 pairs of spinal nerves. The 31 pairs of spinal nerve are distributed one on each side of the vertebral column within the four regions of the spinal cord. The four regions of the spine are the cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral regions.
Answer is 31 pairs.
List the order in the redox strength of these molecules from smallest to largest. Complex I; coenzyme Q; complex IV; final electron acceptor Complex I; complex IV; final electron acceptor; coenzyme Q Final electron acceptor; complex IV; coenzyme Q; complex I Complex IV; coenzyme Q; complex I; final electron acceptor
Answer:
The answer is Complex I; coenzyme Q, complex IV; final electron acceptor.
Explanation:
The order in the redox strength of these molecules from smallest to largest is Complex I; coenzyme Q, complex IV; final electron acceptor.
What are three types of passive transport? What do these all have in common?
Answer:
Simple diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion.
Explanation:
Simple diffusion: It is movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area where lower concentration is present.
Osmosis: It is movement of water with the help of semipermeable membrane depends on its solute concentration, down its concentration gradient.
Facilitated diffusion: It is defined as the diffusion of molecules crossing the plasma membrane takes place with the help of membrane protein such as carrier, and channel proteins.
Passive transport not require any metabolic energy to transport ions. This is the common characteristic of these three passive transport examples.
The three types of passive transport are diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion. They do not require energy expenditure by the cell and rely on the movement of molecules from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration.
Explanation:The three types of passive transport are diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion. These types of transport all have in common that they do not require energy expenditure by the cell.
They rely on the movement of molecules from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration.
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The entire population of a given community is examined, and all who are judged to be free from bowel cancer are questioned extensively about their diets. These people then are followed for several years to see whether or not their eating habits will predict their risk of developing bowel cancer. What type of study design is this? a) Cross-sectional studyb) Case-control studyc) Prospective cohort studyd) Historical prospective cohort studye) Clinical trialf) Community trial
The type of study design in this Prospective cohort study.
c) Prospective cohort study
Explanation:
It is the study that follows the overtime in a group of similar individuals who differs with respect to certain factors under the study to determine how the factors affect the rate of certain outcomes.
The testing may varies by the hypothesis given by the cretin patients that the age of 20 year of people affected by the lung cancer will be the highest among the heavy smokers, followed by the moderate and non smoking . it is test process of the individuals under the effective cause of the disease can be determined by method.
The described study is a prospective cohort study, which follows a healthy population over time to observe the effects of their eating habits on the risk of developing bowel cancer.
The study design described by the student, where the entire population of a community is examined and then followed over time to see whether their eating habits can predict the risk of developing bowel cancer, is known as a prospective cohort study. In a prospective cohort study, a group of individuals (a cohort) who do not have the disease in question are followed into the future to observe outcomes. This design is particularly useful in epidemiology to establish potential cause-and-effect relationships by tracking exposures before the development of disease.
Mark's misuse of alcohol and other addictive drugs is influenced by genetic factors, by the ready availability of drugs in Mark's neighborhood, and by Mark's failure to accurately assess the risks associated with drug usage. An understanding of Mark's difficulties within the framework of multiple levels of analysis is most clearly provided bya. a dual-processing theory.b. the activation-synthesis perspective.c. a biopsychosocial approach.d. the neuroadaptation model.e. the cognitive-behavioral perspective.
Answer:
c. a biopsychosocial approach.
Explanation:
A psychosocial approach is a model of medicine and psychology that studies the cause and evolution of illness, addiction, and disorder considering biological, psychological, and social aspects. It is opposed to the biomedical model, which is centered on disease and restricted to biological factors.
From a biopsychosocial perspective, health and disease are understood as a result not only of the interaction of the biological factors of the individual's organism, but also of the environment in which they live and their social relationships. An example of this can be seen in the question above, where Mark's addiction is explained by the biological and social factors surrounding him.
Which is a method in which a bloodborne pathogen may be transmitted?
Genetic variation leads to genetic diversity in populations and is the raw material for evolution. Biological systems have multiple processes, such as reproduction, that affect genetic variation. They are evolutionarily conserved and shared by various organisms. Which statement best represents the connection between reproduction and evolution?
A) Plants that use sexual reproduction are rare since this type of reproduction in plants does not contribute to genetic diversity.
B) Sexual reproduction increases genetic variation because random mutations can be shufflec between organisms.
C) Since prokaryotic organisms reproduce asexually, there is no mechanism for them to add genetic diversity for evolution.
D) In order to increase genetic diversity for evolution in sexually reproducing organisms, mutations must occur in the zygote after fertilization.
Answer:
Sexual reproduction increases genetic variation because random mutations can be shuffled between organisms.
Explanation:
Sexual reproduction includes gamete formation and fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote (fertilization). The processes of gamete formation and fertilization impart genetic variations in the progeny. New gene combinations are produced during gamete formation by the process of crossing over that occurs during prophase I of meiosis I. These new gene combinations and other mutations present in the germ line cells are transmitted to the progeny during fusion of male and female gametes.
The random fusion of gametes during fertilization adds even more genetic variations to the progeny. Therefore, random fertilization of male and female gametes mixes the mutations present in the germ line cells and thereby impart genetic variations to the progeny. These genetic variations serve as raw material for evolution.
The structure most responsible for maintaining cell homeostasis is the
Answer:
Plasma membrane
Explanation:
The cell communicates with its outer environment with the help of cell membrane. The factors that keeps the cell healthy are involved in cellular homeostasis. The movement of ions and water is prevented through plasma membrane. Thus sodium ion concentration is maintained in extracellular environment. Inside the cell, organic acids and potassium ions concentration is high. The water movement across the membrane maintains the cytosol concentration. The cell tolerates temperature changes by maintaining fluidity of membrane. Thus, the structure most responsible for maintaining cell homeostasis is the plasma membrane.
The plasma membrane is the key structure in maintaining cell homeostasis, allowing cells to regulate their internal environment through selective permeability and transport processes to ensure survival.
Explanation:The structure most responsible for maintaining cell homeostasis is the plasma membrane. Cell homeostasis refers to the dynamic state of balance within the cell, ensuring that its internal environment remains stable amidst changes inside and outside the cell. The plasma membrane plays a crucial role in this process by regulating what enters and exits the cell, thus maintaining the necessary conditions for cell survival such as nutrient levels, removal of wastes, and balancing water and ion concentrations. This is achieved through mechanisms like selective permeability and transport processes.
Homeostasis is not a static condition but requires continuous adjustments through homeostatic regulation. In the context of the human body, the maintenance of homeostasis across all cells ensures that essential physiological variables like body temperature, pH of extracellular fluids, and blood glucose levels remain within a narrow, livable range despite external changes. This complex balance is orchestrated through a series of interactions between stimuli, sensors, control centers, and effectors, often regulated by negative feedback loops, which work to prevent excessive response to stimuli, and, less frequently, by positive feedback loops, which intensify the response until an endpoint is reached.
On the back of your skull you can feel a small bump, below which is an opening where the spinal cord enters the skull. The location of this opening toward the bottom of the skull is significant in evolutionary biology for what reason?
A) It allowed for the hominin brain to grow much larger than other primates.
B) It provided greater protection for the spinal cord.
C) It occurred as a result of the change to a bipedal stance.
D) This change was necessary for the increase in size from prosimian forms to anthropoid forms.
Answer:
the answer is c.
Explanation:
As per observation the location part is foramen magnum, so the correct answer is C) It occurred as a result of the change to a bipedal stance.
What is bipedal stance?A form of terrestrial motion by limbs or the legs. Such as feet or foot.
If the foramen magnum shows the placement of the backbone in terms of the head, whether or not the creature turned into bipedal or moved a few different way, then placement of the outlet may suggest whilst our ancestors evolved the upright, bipedal posture.
Thus it is well explained that It occurred as a result of the change to a bipedal stance.
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What information did you include in your answer? Check all that apply. DNA is responsible for traits. A section of DNA that codes for a specific trait is called a gene. Half of your DNA comes from each parent. Your traits are a combination of your parents' traits. DNA is the blueprint for proteins, which play many roles in the body.
Answer:
A, B, C, D, and E. (all of the above)
Final answer:
DNA contains genetic instructions for traits, encoded by genes. Half of an individual's DNA is inherited from each parent, influencing their unique combination of traits. Proteins, whose blueprints are found in DNA, significantly affect the characteristics of an organism.
Explanation:
DNA is fundamental to all life and contains the genetic instructions that determine traits. A specific section of DNA that codes for a particular trait is referred to as a gene. When it comes to inheritance, each parent contributes half of their DNA to their offspring, resulting in a combination of traits from both parents. Furthermore, DNA serves as a blueprint for proteins, which are crucial for numerous bodily functions. Lastly, due to variations in DNA among different organisms, proteins can vary greatly in their sequence of amino acids, which can lead to differences in traits across individuals.
Genes, Alleles, and Phenotypes
Each gene can exist in different versions, which are known as alleles. These alleles determine the genotype of an individual and, consequently, their phenotype, which encompasses all observable characteristics. An individual receives one allele from each parent, resulting in a unique combination that contributes to their individual traits.
Structure in the living world is organized into hierarchical levels. Which of the following correctly lists these from least inclusive to most inclusive? Structure in the living world is organized into hierarchical levels. Which of the following correctly lists these from least inclusive to most inclusive? molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism molecule, cell, organ, organ system, tissue, organism cell, molecule, tissue, organ, organ system, organism cell, molecule, organ, organ system, tissue, organism
Answer:
the right sequence is
molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
Explanation:
small molecules joined to form cells. cells joined together and bunches together to form a tissue. different types of tissue combined to form organ and these organs constitute an organ system. Organ systems which are responsible for performing specific function in body join to form a complete .organism.
The mitochondrial electron transport chain a. is the site of most of the reactions of the citric acid cycle. b. synthesizes ATP. c. pumps protons into the mitochondrial matrix during electron transport. d. oxidizes water to O2 and 2 H . e. oxidizes the intermediate electron carriers, NADH and FADH2.
Answer: c pump protons into the mitochondrial matrix during electron transport
Explanation: the movement of electrons from one protein carrier to another of different energy
Levels generated ENERGY. This is the quantity of energy needed to pump protons from the matix of the mitochondrial ithrough the inner intramembrane to the cystosol,to returm back to the matrix for ATP synthsis. Therefore protons concentration gradients build up
Hydrogen ions/protons move down the gradients through the proton channels of rhe ATPase synthase .
The latter extracted energy from the protons as it pass through it to phosphorylate ADP to form ATP.
ADP + Pi === ATP.
Therefore ,the electron transport chain generated energy for proton
Explanation:
The function of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases is to
a. Transcribe tRNA genes
b. Match tRNA anticodons and mRNA codons at the ribosome
c. Attach amino acids to tRNAs
d. Form the peptide bonds between amino acids at the ribosome
Answer:
Option c. Attach amino acids to tRNAs
Explanation:
The aminoacylation is the process of charging a tRNA molecule. The reaction is catalyzed by enzymes called AARSs (Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases).
The reaction occurs during the process of translation. The first step is involved in using a ATP molecule amino acid activation, thus forming AARSs-aminoacyl adenylate complex. The amino acid (active) is transferred to tRNA in the second step of aminoacylation process. Thus, the function of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases is to attach amino acids to tRNAs
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases link tRNA molecules to amino acids, enabling the correct amino acid to be added to the growing polypeptide chain. They first bind and hydrolyze ATP to form a high-energy bond between the amino acid and adenosine monophosphate (AMP), which is transferred to the tRNA. Charged tRNA molecules can then match their anticodons with the mRNA codons at the ribosome.
Explanation:Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are enzymes that link tRNA molecules to their corresponding amino acids, a process known as 'charging' the tRNA. Each of the 20 amino acids is linked to a specific synthetase. These enzymes first bind and hydrolyze ATP to form a high-energy bond between an amino acid and adenosine monophosphate (AMP), which is then transferred to the tRNA. This charged tRNA molecule is then able to match the tRNA anticodons with the mRNA codons at the ribosome, ensuring the correct amino acid is added to the growing polypeptide chain.
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We think of termites as insects that eat wood. However, termites cannot digest the wood and rely on a variety of eukaryotic and prokaryotic gut microbes to digest cellulose. Without the microbes, the termites will still ingest wood but will starve. This, then, is an example of a(n); obligate mutualism. obligate antagonism. facultative mutualism. facultative antagonism. None of the answer options is correct.
Answer:
Obligate mutualism.
Explanation:
Obligate mutualism: It is defined as each organisms are obligated to each other, they rely on one another, means one species cannot survive without the other species. It may involve the interchange of resources, for example food, shelter, and nutrients or may interchange services like transportation, and protection.
Termites are mutualistic related to protozoa which lives inside the insects gut. Termite gets benefits from the bacterial symbiont ability which is present in the protozoa to digest the cellulose. The termites do not have this ability to do this, without the help of protozoa. They are not able to use their energy from the food which is wood, cellulose comes from wood it chews.
So, termites are mutualistic related to protozoans and showing obligate mutualism.
Fill in the boxes to show the complete formation and breakdown cycle of ATP
We can fill in the boxes to show the complete formation and breakdown cycle of ATP as follows:
1. ATP contains 3 phosphate groups.
2. One phosphate group is released.
3. ADP contains two phosphate groups.
4. ADP adds one phosphate group to become ATP.
How ATP is formed
ATP can be formed through substrate-level phosphorylation. ] This process involves transferring a phosphate group directly from another molecule, the substrate to ADP, creating ATP. This process is much less efficient than cellular respiration but can be used in situations where oxygen is limited.
The process of forming ATP involves adding a phosphate group to ADP and the energy stored in the phosphate bonds of ATP fuels various cellular activities.
A major side effect that stress can cause on the gastrointestinal system is __________. A. Diminished levels of gastrin
Answer:
elevated level of cortisol causing overeating
Explanation:
The stress affects the gastrointestinal system negatively in a number of ways and thus imbalance the normal functions. The low oxygen and flow of blood, cramps can be caused by stress. The stress response allows the signal to adrenal gland by nerves and hormone. The adrenal gland secretes cortisol and adrenaline.
The elevated level of cortisol allows the body to demand for food and fats. Thus, this increases the craving for eating food. So, a major side effect that stress can cause on the gastrointestinal system is elevated level of cortisol causing overeating.
Use the drop-down menus below to match familiar genetics terms with their definitions. Is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic information for heredity in most organisms.
Answer:
The correct answer will be- Deoxyribose nucleic acid or DNA
Explanation:
DNA is the nucleic acid which acts as the genetic material of all the organisms on Earth except a few viruses where RNA is the genetic material.
The DNA is the genetic and heredity material of the organisms as the DNA stores the information of the organism in a coded form which is passed from parents to offspring through reproductive mechanisms.
The structure of DNA contains a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group and the nitrogenous bases. it is the sequence of these nitrogenous bases which contain the code of life in DNA.
Thus, DNA is the correct answer.
Answer:
1. DNA is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic information for heredity in most organisms.
2. A gene is a segment of DNA that is the basic unit of heredity and is transferred from parent to offspring.
3. A chromosome is a cell structure made of DNA that gives the master instructions for the cell.
4. Heredity is the process of passing characteristics from parent to offspring.
5. Genetics is the study of heredity in organisms.
Explanation:
Prokaryotes are surrounded by a ____________ that regulates the entry and exit of materials through the cell, the cell wall to help maintain cell shape and structure, and the ____________ , which increases the ability of pathogenic bacteria to cause disease.
Answer:
Prokaryotes are surrounded by a _plasma membrane_that regulates the entry and exit of materials through the cell, the cell wall to help maintain cell shape and structure, and the capsule bateria, which increases the ability of pathogenic bacteria to cause disease.
Explanation:
Procatyotic cells do not have a nucleos that surround the genetic material, but ther do have a plama membrane that regulates the entry and exit of materials trough the cell. Also the capsule bacteria is a layer that is outside de cell and can cause a disease.
If a species makes up a small portion of the community by weight, yet exerts a disproportionate influence on community diversity, it is recognized as a ________ species. Group of answer choices
Answer:
The correct answer will be- Keystone species
Explanation:
The structure of a community is largely determined by the number of species present in the community called species richness and the species diversity.
The species which can play an important role in determining the community could be of two types the foundation species and keystone species.
The species which directly influence the diversity of a community irrespective of their number and abundance is known as the keystone species.
In the given question since the question has discussed the species which disproportionately influence the diversity of the community is known as keystone species.
Thus, keystone species is the correct answer.
What part of the spinal cord represents an increase in cell body mass for upper limb control?
a. cervical enlargement.
b. lumbar enlargement.
c. conus medullaris.
d. cauda equina.
Answer: a. cervical enlargement.
Explanation:
Cervical enlargement corresponds to the enlargement of the spinal cord. The spinal cord is the origin of the spinal nerves that contribute to an important task of supplying blood to the upper limbs.
The cervical enlargement results in an increase in the volume of the motor cells in the ventral part inside the grey matter. The motor neurons which are sited posteriorly supply to the upper limbs. Those which supply to the distal muscles are situated further posteriorly.
The a. cervical enlargement represents an increase in cell body mass for upper limb control.
Explanation:Cervical enlargement is a region in the spinal cord characterized by an increased concentration of cell bodies of neurons. This enlargement primarily spans the spinal cord segments C4 to T1 and is particularly prominent due to its role in controlling the upper limbs.
Neurons in this area are responsible for transmitting motor signals from the brain to the muscles of the arms and hands. The greater cell body mass in the cervical enlargement reflects the heightened neural complexity required for precise and coordinated control of the upper limbs, facilitating activities like fine motor skills, grasping, and manipulation.
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A conditional mutation is one that allows a mutant gene product to function normally under the ________ condition, but to function abnormally under the ________ condition. Such mutations are especially useful for the study of ________ mutations.
Answer:
A conditional mutation is one that allows a mutant gene product to function normally under the permissive condition, but to function abnormally under the restrictive condition. Such mutations are especially useful for the study of lethal mutations.
Explanation:
A conditional mutation can be described as a form of a lethal mutation as it's effects can be devastating. This type of mutation functions like a wild type mutation under the normal conditions. When the condition becomes restrictive, these kind of mutations start to show their effect on the phenotype of the organism. The conditional mutations can cause an organism to not be able to survive under certain conditions, which eventually leads to the death of the organism.
A conditional mutation functions normally under permissive conditions and abnormally under restrictive conditions, aiding in the study of lethal mutations. Dominant negative mutations are gain-of-function mutations that affect the normal gene product, used in studying genetic diseases.
Explanation:A conditional mutation is one that allows a mutant gene product to function normally under the permissive condition, but to function abnormally under the restrictive condition. Such mutations are especially useful for the study of lethal mutations.
Conditional mutations can be crucial in the study of essential genes that are required for survival. These mutations can allow an organism to grow normally under the permissive condition, which is typically at a lower temperature, while causing the phenotype associated with the mutation to be expressed under a restrictive condition, usually at a higher temperature. This technique enables researchers to switch the mutant phenotype on and off and study the gene's function.
A dominant negative mutation is a type of gain-of-function mutation where the mutated gene product interferes with the normal, wild-type gene product, often leading to a nonfunctional protein or altered cellular function. Such a mutation can be particularly informative when studying genetic disorders, syndromes, or genetic diseases like cancer, where mutations lead to uncontrolled cell growth and may arise from damaged DNA that fails to repair itself correctly.
Long-chain fatty acids have an alkyl chain of more than 10 carbon atoms. Fatty acids with alkyl chains of this length are characterized as ____ in terms of polarity and ___ in terms of size. This length decreases their ability to cross the lipid bilayer of the mitochondrial membrane. As a result, such fatty acids are activated in the cytoplasm by ___ . However, the resulting molecule, fatty acyl-CoA, is still too ____ to cross the membrane. Therefore, a protein system involving carnitine is required for this transport to occur.
Answer:
Saturated fatty acids,long, thiokinase,large
Explanation:
Long chain fatty acids have an alkyl chain of more than 10 carbon atoms.Fatty acids with alkyl chains of this length are characterized as saturated fatty acids in terms of polarity and long in terms of size.This length decrease their ability to cross the lipid bilayer of the mitocondrial membrane.As a result such fatty acids are activated in the cytoplasm by thiokinase.However the resulting molecule fatty acyl CoA is still too large to cross the membrane.Therefore a protein system involving carnitine is required for this transport to occur.
The pectoral girdle is formed by the articulation of the hip bones and the sacrum. True or False
Answer:
False (The statement is true for pelvic girdle)
Explanation:
The pectoral or shoulder girdle is the set of bones in the appendicular skeleton (a portion of the skeleton that supports appendages) which connects to the arm on each side i.e. it connects upper limbs (arms) to the bones along the axis of the body.
In humans, the pectoral girdle is made up of two major bones viz: clavicle/collar bone and scapula/shoulder blade. These two bones which attaches the upper limbs to axial skeleton forms the pectoral girdle. Although, in species with three bones, coracoid bone is included in its formation.
The pelvic girdle is formed by the hip bone, which is the point of attachment for each lower limb (legs). The hip bone attaches the lower limb to the axial skeleton via its articulation with the sacrum. The sacrum is a triangular bone formed by the fusion of vertebrae and located in between the right and left hip bones. The association of the right and left hip bones, sacrum and coccyx forms the pelvis.