Time and concentration data were collected for the reaction A ⟶ products A⟶products t (s) [A] (M) 0 0.52 0.52 20 0.43 0.43 40 0.35 0.35 60 0.29 0.29 80 0.23 0.23 100 0.19 0.19 The blue curve is the plot of the data. The straight orange line is tangent to the blue curve at t = 40 s. t=40 s. Approximate the instantaneous rate of this reaction at time t = 40 s.

Answer:

27.3 kJ/mol

Explanation:

You would use the Arrhenius Equation to solve this problem.

[tex]ln(\frac{k_{2} }{k_{1} } )=\frac{E_{a} }{R} (\frac{1}{T_{1} } -\frac{1}{T_{2} } )[/tex]

Plug the rate constants into k1 and k2.  Plug the temperatures into T1 and T2. R is a constant and is equal to 8.314.  Solve for Ea.

Your answer should be 27,303.03 J/mol or 27.3 kJ/mol.

Hope this helps! <3

The activation energy will be equal to "12.40 kJ/mol". To understand the calculation, check below.

According to the question,

For 1st order, rate constant = 0.060 s⁻¹

Temperature, T₁ = 298 K

                       T₂ = 331 K

Increased rate constant = 0.18s⁻¹

We know the formula,

→ ln k = ln A - [tex]\frac{E_a}{RT}[/tex]

By substituting the rate constant value,

  ln 0.06 = ln A - [tex]\frac{E_a}{298 \ R}[/tex] ...(equation 1)

  ln 0.18 = ln A - [tex]\frac{E_a}{318 \ R}[/tex] ...(equation 2)

From "equation 1 and 2", we get

Activation energy, 1.09 = [tex]\frac{83 \ E_a}{113538 \ R}[/tex]

                                  [tex]E_a[/tex] = 12.40 kJ/mol

Thus the above answer is correct.

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Answer:

The rate of oxygen consumption by muscle and brain cells will decrease. The MT-ND5 mutation causes a buildup of lactic acid which occurs as a result of glycolysis not entering the Krebs cycle and instead entering fermentation. Because it is not entering the krebs cycle, there is no oxygen being consumed.

Explanation:

The MT-ND5 mutation potentially disrupts mitochondrial function, decreasing the rate of oxygen consumption in muscle and brain cells. Introducing a NADH-like vitamin may increase the activity of the affected NADH dehydrogenase enzyme, thereby restoring oxygen consumption and ATP production.

The MT-ND5 mutation would likely affect the rate of oxygen consumption by disrupting mitochondrial function in both muscle and brain cells. Mitochondria are responsible for cellular respiration where oxygen is consumed to create ATP, a high-energy compound. Any mutation disrupting this process would likely decrease the rate of oxygen consumption.

As the MT-ND5 mutation affects the NADH dehydrogenase enzyme, it impedes the electron transport chain which is critical for ATP production. The researcher's hypothesis is that introducing a vitamin similar to NADH could potentially increase the enzyme's activity. As NADH plays a crucial role in transferring electrons in the electron transport chain, increasing NADH or a similar compound could restore or enhance the function of the enzyme, thereby potentially increasing ATP production and oxygen consumption.

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Explanation:

To alive this you need the solubility product constant of NH4Cl at 45°C

The percent composition by mass of ammonium chloride in a saturated solution at 45°C is approximately 27.17%.

To find the percent composition, we use the formula:

[tex]\[ \text{Percent composition by mass} = \left( \frac{\text{mass of solute}}{\text{mass of solution}} \right) \times 100 \][/tex]

Given that the mass of ammonium chloride (the solute) is 37.2 grams and the mass of water (the solvent) is 100 grams, the total mass of the solution is the sum of the mass of the solute and the mass of the solvent:

[tex]\[ \text{Mass of solution} = \text{Mass of solute} + \text{Mass of solvent} \][/tex]

[tex]\[ \text{Mass of solution} = 37.2 \text{ g} + 100 \text{ g} \][/tex]

[tex]\[ \text{Mass of solution} = 137.2 \text{ g} \][/tex]

Now, we can calculate the percent composition:

[tex]\[ \text{Percent composition by mass} = \left( \frac{37.2 \text{ g}}{137.2 \text{ g}} \right) \times 100 \][/tex]

[tex]\[ \text{Percent composition by mass} = \left( \frac{1}{3.68} \right) \times 100 \][/tex]

[tex]\[ \text{Percent composition by mass} \approx 27.17 \% \][/tex]

Answer:

The value of Δ [tex]H_{rxn}[/tex] for the reaction =  463 [tex]\frac{KJ}{mol}[/tex]

Explanation:

[tex]q_{rxn} = - q_{sol}[/tex]

[tex]q_{rxn} = H_{rxn}[/tex]

Δ [tex]H_{rxn}[/tex] = - [tex]q_{sol}[/tex] ------ (1)

We know that

[tex]q_{sol} = m c ( T_{2} - T_{1} )[/tex]

[tex]q_{sol} =[/tex] (1)(100) × 4.18 × (32.8 - 25.6)

[tex]q_{sol} =[/tex]  3010 J = 3.01 Kilo Joule

From equation (1)

Δ [tex]H_{rxn}[/tex]  = 3.01 Kilo Joule

No. of moles

[tex]N = \frac{m}{M}[/tex]

m = 0.158 gm & M = 24.31  gm Mg

No. of moles    

[tex]N = \frac{0.158}{24.31}[/tex]

N = 0.0065

Therefore

Δ [tex]H_{rxn}[/tex]  = [tex]\frac{3.01}{0.0065}[/tex]

Δ [tex]H_{rxn}[/tex]  =  463 [tex]\frac{KJ}{mol}[/tex]

This is the value of Δ [tex]H_{rxn}[/tex] for the reaction.

Answer:

C7H603   +    CH3OH --> C8H803  + H2O

Balanced equation with corresponding stoichiometric numbers.

Explanation:

the salicylic acid, also called aspirin, when reacting with methanol produced an irreversible reaction giving methyl salicylate and water

Answer:

See explaination

Explanation:

Molar absorptivity, also known as the molar extinction coefficient, is a measure of how well a chemical species absorbs a given wavelength of light.

It is commonly used in chemistry and should not be confused with the extinction coefficient, which is used more often in physics.

Please kindly check attachment for the step by step solution of the given problem.

Answer : The moles of [tex]NH_3[/tex] formed are, 22.3 moles.

Explanation : Given,

Moles of [tex]N_2H_4[/tex] = 16.72 mol

The given chemical reaction is:

[tex]3N_2H_4(l)\rightarrow 4NH_3(g)+2N_2(g)[/tex]

From the balanced chemical reaction, we conclude that:

As, 3 moles of [tex]N_2H_4[/tex] react to give 4 moles of [tex]NH_3[/tex]

So, 16.72 moles of [tex]N_2H_4[/tex] react to give [tex]\frac{4}{3}\times 16.72=22.3[/tex] moles of [tex]NH_3[/tex]

Therefore, the moles of [tex]NH_3[/tex] formed are, 22.3 moles.

Answer:

[tex][SO_2Cl_2] = 0.09983 M[/tex]

Explanation:

Write the balance chemical equation ,

[tex]SO_2Cl_2((g) = SO_2(g) + Cl_2(g)[/tex]

initial concenration of [tex]SO_2Cl_2((g) =0.1M[/tex]

lets assume that degree of dissociation=[tex]\alpha[/tex]

concenration of each component at equilibrium:

[tex][SO_2Cl_2] = 0.1-0.1\alpha[/tex]

[tex][SO_2] = 0.1\alpha[/tex]

[tex][Cl_2] = 0.1\alpha[/tex]

[tex]Kc =\frac{0.1\alpha \times 0.1\alpha}{0.1-0.1\alpha}[/tex]

[tex]Kc =\frac{0.1\alpha \times \alpha}{1-\alpha}[/tex]

as [tex]\alpha[/tex] is very small then we can neglect  [tex]1-\alpha[/tex]

therefore ,

[tex]Kc ={0.1\alpha \times \alpha}[/tex]

[tex]\alpha =\sqrt{\frac{Kc}{0.1}}[/tex]

[tex]\alpha = 1.73 \times 10^{-3}[/tex]

Eqilibrium concenration of [tex][SO_2Cl_2] = 0.1-0.1\alpha = 0.1-0.1\times 0.00173[/tex]

[tex][SO_2Cl_2] = 0.09983 M[/tex]

Answer:

According to Le Chatelier's principle, increasing the reaction temperature of an exothermic reaction causes a shift to the left and decreasing the reaction temperature causes a shift to the right.

Explanation:

C6H12O6(s) + 6O2(g) ⇌6CO2(g) + 6H2O(g)

We are told that the forward reaction is exothermic, meaning heat is removed from the reacting substance to the surroundings.

According to Le Chatelier's principle,

1. for an exothermic reaction, on increasing the temperature, there is a shift in equilibrium to the left and formation of the product is favoured.

2. if the temperature of the system is decreased, the equilibrium shifts to right and the formation of the reactants is favoured.

3. if the reaction temperature is kept constant, the system is at equilibrium and there is no shift to the right nor to the left.

Answer:

Increasing temperature = balance will shift to the left

Decreasing temperature = balance will shift to the right

Explanation:

Step 1: Data given

The increase or decrease in temperature can have an influence on the position of the equilibrium.

If the temperature is increased, the system will ensure that less heat is released. So the balance will shift to the left.

When the temperature drops, however, the system will produce more heat: the balance will shift to the right.

Step 2: The balanced equation

C6H12O6(s) + 6O2(g) ⇌ 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(g)

This is an endothermic reaction

Step 3: Increasing the temperature

If the temperature were increased, the heat content of the system would increase.

In exothermic reactions, increase in temperature decreases the K value. This means less products will be formed. The balance will shift to the left.

Step 4: Decreasing the temperature

If the temperature were decreased, the heat content of the system would increase.

In exothermic reactions, decrease in temperature increases the K value. This means more products will be formed, less reactants. The balance will shift to the right.

Answer:

The gaps are filled using the following;

1. removes

2. from

3. less

4. Protonated

5. Ortho, para

Explanation:

Electron density is removed from nitrogen in acetyl group which is why it is less basic

The complete sentences is now written as;

The acetyl group removes some of the electron density from the nitrogen, making it much less basic; the nitrogen of this amide is protonated under the reaction conditions. The N retains enough electron density to share with the benzene ring, so the NHCOCH3 group is still an activating ortho, para director, though weaker than NH2.

Answer:

Formic acid can react to water, to give protons to medium:

  HCOOH     +     H₂O   →     H₃O⁺     +           HCOO⁻  

Weak acid         Base          Acid           Strong conjugate base

    HCOO⁻       +     H₂O  ⇄    HCOOH     +  OH⁻                 Kb

Strong base           Acid       Weak acid       Base          

So the formate can take a proton from water to become formic acid again and that's why it is a conjugate strong base.

Explanation:

HCOOH → Formic acid

To determine the conjugate pair and to know if they are weak or strong, we should know, if they can react to water. This is called hydrolisis.

For example: formic acid is a weak acid, so the formed formate will be its conjugate base and it will be strong because the formate can react to water, to make formic again.

Weak acid → Strong conjugate base

Strong acid → Weak conjugate base

Weak base → strong conjugate acid

Strong base → weak conjugate acid

For example HCl is a strong acid. When it is in aqueous solution, we have protons and chlorides.

HCl + H₂O → H₃O⁺  + Cl⁻

Chloride will be the weak conjugate base, because it can't react to water.

We can not make HCl again, according to this equation:

Cl⁻ + H₂O ← HCl + OH⁻    This is impossible.

Formic acid can react to water, to give protons to medium:

 HCOOH     +     H₂O   →     H₃O⁺     +    HCOO⁻

Weak acid         Base          Acid           Strong conjugate base

So the formate can take a proton from water to become formic acid again and that's why it is a conjugate strong base.

    HCOO⁻       +     H₂O  ⇄    HCOOH     +  OH⁻                 Kb

Strong base           Acid       Weak acid       Base          

HCHO2 can be used to defend the statement 'A weak acid has a stronger conjugate base' as its conjugate base CHO2- readily accepts a proton thus demonstrating its strength.

I'm using HCHO2 to defend the statement 'A weak acid has a stronger conjugate base'. The weak acid formula for HCHO2 is HCHO2 → H+ + CHO2-.

The conjugate base here is CHO2-, which gains a proton (H+) to become HCHO2, demonstrating it's stronger since it readily accepts a proton.

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Answer:

3.13g

Explanation:

First, we'll begin by writing a balanced equation between the reaction of gaseous ethane with gaseous oxygen to produce gaseous carbon dioxide and gaseous water. This is illustrated below:

2C2H6 + 7O2 —> 4CO2 + 6H2O

Next, let us calculate the mass of C2H6 and the mass of O2 that reacted from the balanced equation. This is illustrated below:

Molar Mass of C2H6 = (12x2) + (6x1) = 24 + 6 = 30g/mol

The mass of C2H6 that reacted from the balanced equation = 2 x 30 = 60g

Molar Mass of O2 = 16x2 = 32g/mol

Mass of O2 that reacted from the balanced equation = 7 x 32 = 224g

Now, to calculate the left over mass of ethane (C2H6), let us first calculate the mass of ethane (C2H6) that will react with 22g of oxygen(O2). This can be achieved by doing the following:

From the balanced equation above,

60g of C2H6 reacted with 224g of O2.

Therefore, Xg of C2H6 will react with 22g of O2 i.e

Xg of C2H6 = (60 x 22)/224

Xg of C2H6 = 5.89g

From the calculations above, 5.89g will react completely with 22g of O2.

The left over mass of C2H6 can be obtained as follow:

Mass of C2H6 from the question = 9.02g

Mass of C2H6 that reacted = 5.89g

The left over mass of C2H6 =?

The left over mass of C2H6 = Mass of C2H6 - mass of C2H6 that reacted

Left over mass of C2H6 = 9.02 - 5.89

Left over mass of C2H6 = 3.13g

The molality of the solution is 0.67 m, which is calculated using the moles of solute and mass of the solvent. The molar mass of the solute would depend on additional data such as osmotic pressure and temperature, and requires using the van't Hoff equation.

Calculating Molality and Molar Mass

To calculate the molality of a solution, which is the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent, you can use the formula:

Molality (m) = Moles of solute \/ Mass of solvent in kilograms

According to the given information, we have 0.20 moles of solute dissolved in 0.300 kg of solvent. Therefore, using the formula, we get:

Molality = 0.20 mol \/ 0.300 kg = 0.67 m (molal)

To determine the molar mass of a solute B from the given osmotic pressure, temperature, and the amount of solute (0.200 g) dissolved in a known molar volume (0.0180 L/mol) of solvent (1.00 mol), use the van't Hoff factor (i = 1 for non-electrolytes) and the equation:

y = i * (M/R * T)

Where,

n = number of moles of solute

R = gas constant (0.0821 L atm mol^-1 K^-1)

T = temperature in Kelvin

y = osmotic pressure of the solution

From the osmotic pressure formula, we can rearrange to solve for n, and then use the mass of the solute to find the molar mass:

n = y * V/(R * T)

and

Molar mass = mass of solute \/ n

The molar mass calculation will depend on more specific data such as the osmotic pressure and temperature data provided in your hypothetical variation of this exercise. To complete the calculation, one would need to work through the osmotic pressure formula with the given measurements (0.640 atm at 298 K).

Answer: Option (b) is the correct answer.

Explanation:

When the student opens up the bottle lid then due to the difference in atmospheric pressure and pressure inside the bottle will lead the carbon dioxide to form more number of bubbles.

Also, when the bottle opens up then tiny bubbles around the neck of bottle will tend to float towards the open surface. Hiss sound appears because on opening the lid of bottle excess gas tends to come out of the bottle causing the sound.

Thus, we can conclude that when the student opens the bottle and hears a loud hiss as gas under pressure escapes from the bottle the bubbles will grow, and more may appear.

When a carbonated soft drink bottle is opened, the decrease in pressure reduces the solubility of CO₂, leading to the formation of more bubbles. Thus, the correct answer is b) The bubbles will grow, and more may appear.

When a carbonated soft drink is in an unopened bottle, it is under high CO₂ pressure. This high pressure keeps a large amount of carbon dioxide dissolved in the liquid. The bubbles seen inside the bottle are carbon dioxide gas clinging to the container. When the bottle is opened, the pressure above the liquid decreases significantly, causing a loud hiss as the gas escapes.

According to Henry's Law, the solubility of a gas in a liquid decreases as the pressure decreases. Consequently, the solubility of CO₂ in the soda is reduced, which means that more dissolved CO₂ will leave the solution and form bubbles. This explains why more bubbles will appear and existing bubbles will grow after opening the bottle.

Answer:

1.12 g of oxygen.

Explanation:

First step is to determine the decomposition reaction:

Ammonium perchlorate → NH₄ClO₄

2NH₄ClO₄ (s) →  N₂(g) + Cl₂(g) + 2O₂(g) + 4H₂O(g)

We define the moles of the reactant:

4.1 g . /117.45 g/mol = 0.0349 moles

As ratio is 2:2, If I use 0.0349 moles of perchlorate I would produce the same amount of moles of oxygen.

0.0349 mol of O₂ are produced by the reaction

We convert to mass:  0.0349 mol . 32 g /1mol = 1.12 g

Answer:

a. NH₃(g) + HCl(g) →  NH₄Cl(s)

b. HCl is the limiting reagent

c. 7.35 g of NH₄Cl

d. 0.039 moles of NH₃ remains after the reaction is complete (0.663 grams of ammonia)

Explanation:

First of all, we define the reaction where the reactants are the ammonia and the hydrogen chloride. The product is the ammonium chloride.

NH₃(g) + HCl(g) →  NH₄Cl(s)

First of all, we need to determine the limiting reactant. As the ratio is 1:1, the compound that has the lowest mol, will be the limiting.

3 g / 17g/mol = 0.176 moles NH₃

5 g / 36.45 g/mol = 0.137 moles HCl (limiting reactant)

For 0.176 moles of ammonia, we need the same of HCl, but we have 0.137 moles. We convert the moles to mass, in order to know how many grams of NH₄Cl are produced → 0.137 mol . 53.45 g /1mol = 7.32 g

As ratio is 1:1, and the limiting reagent is the HCl, after the reaction goes complete, some ammonia remains. This is because, the ammonia is the excess reagent.

0.176 mol - 0.137 moles = 0.039 moles of NH₃ remains after the reaction is complete; we convert the moles to mass → 0.039 mol . 17 g /mol = 0.663 g are left over in the reaction mixture.

Final answer:

The balanced chemical equation for the reaction between ammonia and hydrogen chloride to form ammonium chloride is NH3(g) + HCl(g) → NH4Cl(s). Ammonia is the limiting reagent in the given mixture, and the theoretical yield of ammonium chloride is 9.42 g. No excess reactant will be left over after the reaction.

Explanation:

Chemical Reaction Between Ammonia and Hydrogen Chloride

When ammonia gas (NH3) combines with hydrogen chloride gas (HCl), solid ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) is formed. The balanced chemical equation for this reaction is:

NH3(g) + HCl(g) → NH4Cl(s).

Limiting Reagent and Yield

In a reaction mixture with 3.0 g of ammonia and 5.0 g of hydrogen chloride, to find the limiting reagent we must compare the mole ratio of the reactants to their stoichiometric ratio in the balanced equation. Using molar masses (NH3: 17.03 g/mol, HCl: 36.46 g/mol), we find that:

NH3: 3.0 g × (1 mol / 17.03 g) ≈ 0.176 moles

HCl: 5.0 g × (1 mol / 36.46 g) ≈ 0.137 moles

The stoichiometry of the reaction is 1:1, so ammonia is the

limiting reagent

because we have fewer moles of it relative to HCl.

The mass of ammonium chloride formed is based on the limiting reagent. Since all of the ammonia will react, the theoretical yield of NH4Cl is the moles of NH3 times the molar mass of NH4Cl (53.49 g/mol):

0.176 moles × 53.49 g/mol ≈ 9.42 g of NH4Cl.

Excess Reactant Left Over

To determine the amount of excess reactant left over, we subtract the number of moles of HCl that reacted (equivalent to the moles of NH3) from the initial moles of HCl:

0.137 moles HCl - 0.176 moles NH3 = -0.039 moles HCl (not possible, indicating no excess HCl remains).

Answer:

Explanation:

pKa = 3.86

-log Ka = pKa

- log Ka = 3.86

Ka = 1 / ( 10^(3.86)) = 1.38 × 10⁻⁴

lactic → (H⁺) + lactate

but Ka ( equilibrium constant ) = ( H⁺) (lactate) / ( lactic acid)

when HCl dissociate, it forms

HCl → H ⁺ + Cl⁻

0.08 M of HCl will yield 0.08 M H⁺, lactate ion = 0.1 M

1.38 × 10⁻⁴ = (0.08) (lactate) / 0.1

(1.38 × 10⁻⁴  × 0.1) / 0.08 = lactate

lactate = 1.73 × 10⁻⁴

Answer:2.50 gN2

Explanation:

Pair A is:

2.50 g N2

Pair B is:

21.5 g N2

Pair C is:

0.081 CO2

Answer:

D) The water is releasing energy as its temperature decreases, and that energy is absorbed by the surroundings.

Explanation:

When the temperature decreases it loses energy to the surroundings. When water cools and then freezes to ice it becomes a solid which has a lower energy compared to liquid and gas. Solid is more compact and little or no collision occurs between its particles.

This means energy was lost during the process of freezing to ice. The energy lost is normally absorbed by the surrounding environment.

Final answer:

The water releases energy as it cools and turns to ice, which is absorbed by the surroundings. This describes an exothermic process where the heat flow involves energy leaving the system and increasing the entropy of the surroundings. Thus, option D is correct.

Explanation:

When water cools from 10 °C and freezes to become ice, the correct description of the heat flow between the system and the surroundings is that the water is releasing energy as its temperature decreases, and that energy is absorbed by the surroundings. So the best answer is D) The water is releasing energy as its temperature decreases, and that energy is absorbed by the surroundings.

This process of cooling and freezing is exothermic, which means heat is exiting the system. During the phase change from liquid to solid, the temperature remains constant at the melting/freezing point, and the heat energy released due to the formation of a more structured lattice of ice molecules is absorbed by the surroundings. This results in an increased entropy in the surroundings which compensates for the decreased entropy of the system (water turning into ice).

Answer:

1.37 x [tex]10^6[/tex] CFU/mL

Explanation:

First, the dilution factor needs to be calculated.

Since four 9 ml dilution blanks were prepared, the dilution factor that yielded 137 colonies is of [tex]10^{-4}[/tex].

Next is to divide the colony forming unit from the dilution by the dilution factor:

   137/[tex]10^{-4}[/tex] = 137 x [tex]10^4[/tex]

In order to get the CFU/ml, divide the CFU from the dilution by the plated volume (1 mL) from the final dilution tube.

   137 x [tex]10^4[/tex]/1 = 1.37 x [tex]10^6[/tex]

Hence, the CFU/ml present in the original E. coli sample is 1.37 x [tex]10^6[/tex].

cfu/ml = (no. of colonies x dilution factor) / volume of culture plate

Answer:

C) 0.0532

Explanation:

Stoichiometry is an important concept in chemistry which helps us to use the balanced chemical equations to calculate the amount of reactants and products. Here the mass of 'Fe' produced from 0.0257 g Al is 0.0532 g.

Chemical Stoichiometry refers to the quantitative study of the reactants and products involved in a chemical reaction. Here we make use of the ratios from the balanced equation to calculate the amount of reactants and products.

The number of moles of 'Al' = Given mass / Molar mass

Molar mass of 'Al' = 27 g/mol

n = 0.0257 / 27 = 9.5 × 10⁻⁴ moles

Here the balanced reaction is:

Fe₂O₃  + 2 Al → Al₂O₃ + 2 Fe

using the mole ratio to determine the moles of Fe

The mole ratio of Al:Fe is 2:2 = 1:1

So the moles of Fe is also =  9.5 × 10⁻⁴ moles

The mass of iron is:

Mass = moles  x molar mass of Fe

Molar  mass of Fe=  56 g/mol

Mass=   9.5 × 10⁻⁴ x 56  =0.0532  grams

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Answer:

lemon juice

Explanation:

lemons are acidic.

Answer:

the answer is lemon.

Explanation:

Answer:

See explaination

Explanation:

Exothermic reactions are reactions or processes that release energy, usually in the form of heat or light.

Hence when heat is sent out or released we have an Exothermic reaction.

Check attachment for further detailed solution to the given problem.

Answer:

The answer is -791.5 kJ (option c)

Explanation:

You know:

SO₂ (g) → S (s) + O₂ (g) ΔH°rxn = +296.8 kJ

2 SO₂ (g) + O₂ (g) → 2 SO₃ (g) ΔH°rxn = -197.8 kJ

You must add them to obtain the desired equation:

2 S(s) + 3 O₂(g) → 2 SO₃(g) ΔH°rxn = ?

You want to calculate the ∆H (heat of reaction) of the combustion reaction, that is, the heat that accompanies the entire reaction. The calculation is made using Hess's law. This law states: when the reactants are converted to products, the enthalpy change is the same, regardless of whether the reaction is carried out in one step or in a series of steps.

In Hess's law he explains that the enthalpy changes are additive, ΔHneta = ΣΔHr and contains three rules:

The sum of the fitted equations should give the problem equation. In this case:

2*( S(s) +  O₂(g)  → SO₂ )     To obtain the desired reaction, this equation must be inverted, so the enthalpy value is also inverted.  It must also be multiplied by 2, then the whole equation is multiplied, both reactants and products and the value of the enthalpy.  So ΔH°rxn = (-296.8 kJ)*2= -593.6 kJ

2 SO₂(g) + O₂(g) → 2 SO₃ (g)               ΔH°rxn = -197.8 kJ

____________________________________________________

2 S(s) + 3 O₂(g) → 2 SO₃(g)    ΔH°rxn =  -791.4 kJ ( Enthalpies are added algebraically)

The answer is -791.5 kJ (option c)

The value of ΔH°rxn for the 2S(s) + 3O₂(g) → 2SO₃(g) is -791.4 kJ.

Enthalpy of the reaction tells about the amount of heat released or absorbed during any chemical reaction.

Given that,

2SO₂(g) + O₂(g) → 2SO₃(g)               ΔH°rxn = -197.8 kJ

SO₂(g) → S(s) + O₂(g)                         ΔH°rxn =  296.8 kJ

To obtain the required reaction first we have to invert the second equation and multiply that by 2 and then add with the left hand side as well as the right hand side of the reaction, we get:

2S(s) + 3O₂(g) → 2SO₃(g)

ΔH°rxn of the reaction will be calculated as-

ΔH°rxn = -2(296.8 kJ) + (-197.8 kJ)

ΔH°rxn = -791.4 kJ

Hence, option (C) is correct i.e. -791.4 kJ.

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Answer:

CN⁻(aq) + H⁺(aq) → HCN(l)

Explanation:

The reactants are aqueous solutions:

NaCN(aq) and HBr(aq)

When you mix these compounds you make pure HCN (l)

The molecular equation is:

NaCN(aq) + HBr(aq) → NaBr(aq) + HCN(l)

When you dissociate the reactants, you have:

Na⁺(aq) +CN⁻(aq) + H⁺(aq) + Br⁻(aq) → Na⁺(aq) + Br⁻(aq) + HCN(l)

Sodium bromide, it is a salt, that can also be dissociated in the solution

To make, the net ionic equation you remove the repeated ions

CN⁻(aq) + H⁺(aq) → HCN(l)

The net ionic equation for the reaction between sodium cyanide and hydrobromic acid, resulting in sodium bromide and hydrocyanic acid, is CN-(aq) + H+(aq) → HCN(aq). This equation only includes the reacting species.

The reaction between sodium cyanide (NaCN) and hydrobromic acid (HBr) results in the formation of sodium bromide (NaBr) and hydrocyanic acid (HCN). This can be written as a chemical equation: NaCN(aq) + HBr(aq) → NaBr(aq) + HCN(aq). The net ionic equation for the reaction is: CN-(aq) + H+(aq) → HCN(aq). This equation represents only the species that are involved in the reaction and doesn't include the spectator ions (in this case, Na+ and Br-).

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Answer:

19,623 J or 19.6 kJ of heat is needed to change ice at 0°C to water at 45°C

Explanation:

To calculate the energy needed to change 37.5g of ice at 0°C to water at 45.0°C, we obtain the individual values of energy needed to convert the ice from 0° to water at 0 °C and the value of energy needed to convert the water from 0 °C to water at 45°C and then add the values together.

Heat (q) = mΔHf + mCpΔT

So;

1. heat needed to change from solid to liquid = m ΔHf

q = 37.5 * 335

q = 12,562.5 Joules

2. heat needed to convert the water at 0C to water at 45 C

q = mcΔT

q= 37.5 * 4.184 * ( 45-0)

q = 37.5 * 4.184 * 45

q = 7,060.5 J

The heat needed to change the ice to water at 45 C = 12, 562.5 + 7.060.5 = 19,623 J or 19.6 kJ of heat.

Answer:

We need 19620 joules

Explanation:

Step 1: Data given

Mass of ice = 37.5 grams

Temperature of ice = 0.00 °C

Final temperature of water = 45.0°C

(Heat of fusion = 335J/g,

Specific heat of liquid water= 4.184J/g°C

Heat of vaporization = 2259 J/g

Step 2: Calculate the energy needed to melt ice to water at 0°C

Q = m*ΔHfus

Q = 37.5 grams * 335J/g

Q = 12562.5 J = 12.56 kJ

Step 3: Calculate energy needed to heat water from 0 to 45 °C

Q = m*c*ΔT

⇒with Q = the enegy needed to heat water from 0 to 45 °C

⇒with m =the mass of water = 37.5 grams

⇒with ΔT = the change of temperature = 45 °C

⇒with c = the specific heat of water = 4.184 J/g°C

Q = 37.5g * 4.184 J/g°C * 45 °C

Q = 7060.5 J = 7.06 kJ

Step 4: Calculate the total heat needed

Total heat = 12.56 kJ + 7.06 kJ

Total heat = 19.62 kJ = 19620 J

We need 19620 joules

Answer:

The correct answer is 0.61 ml

Explanation:

Nitric acid is a strong acid. That means that it dissociates completely in water as follows:

HNO₃ → H⁺ + NO₃⁻

As the dissociation is complete, the concentration of H⁺ ions is equal to the initial concentration of the acid (HNO₃). Thus, the pH can be calculated from the initial concentration of the acid:

pH= -log [H⁺] = -log  [acid]

We want a nitric acid solution with a pH of 2.0. so we first calculate the concentration of acid we need:

2.0 = -log [acid]

10⁻²=  [acid]

The chemist has a stock solution with C= 9.0 M and he/she wants a solution with C= 1 x 10⁻² M and V= 550 ml. We use the equation that relates the initial concentration and volume (Ci and Vi, respectively) of a solution with the final concentration and volume (Cf and Vf, respectively):

Ci x Vi = Cf x Vf

⇒ Vi= (Cf x Vf)/Ci = (1 x 10⁻² M x 550 ml)/9.0 M = 0.611 ml

Summarizing, the chemist must measure 0.611 ml of concentrated solution (9.0 M), add it to the flask and fill the flask to the mark until 550 ml in order to obtain a nitric acid solution with a pH of 2.0.

Answer:

Correct option: C

Explanation:

As given in the question that distance between two ions are same in all cases hence r is same for all.

potential energy:

[tex]P.E =\frac{k\times q_{1} \times q_{2}}{r}[/tex]

therefore potential energy depend on the two charge muliplication

so higher the charge multiplication higer will be the potential energy.

magnitude of charge multiplication follow as:

a. 1

b. 2

c. 6

d. 4

e. 2

in option C it is higher

so correct option is C

Final answer:

The ion pair with the greatest electrostatic potential energy among the given pairs is Al+3 - O-2, as it has the highest product of charges according to Coulomb's Law. Option C is correct.

Explanation:

The electrostatic potential energy between two ions is determined by Coulomb's Law, which states that the energy is proportional to the product of the charges of the ions divided by the distance between them. With all distances being equal, the pair with the greatest product of charges would have the highest electrostatic potential energy. Thus, we can compare the products of charges for each pair:

Therefore, the ion pair Al+3 - O-2 has the greatest electrostatic potential energy because the product of their charges (6) is the largest.

Answer:

okay so to tell the story short:

Explanation:

over the years farmers in agriculture businesses have decide to use safer chemicals. because since people have been getting food poisoning and been getting sick. but now farmer businesses now use some chemicals that have very low toxicity. When pesticides were first introduced, farmers were using chemicals that were very toxic. but then that's when they realised that the they had to be removed from the application and today they have been replaced with better and healthier ones just like (glyphosate.)

Answer:

The correct option is  d isothermal

Explanation:

Step 1: Data given

An adiabatic process is a process in which no heat is gained or lost by the system.

A constant- volume process, also called an isochoric process is a process in which the volume is held constant, meaning that the work done by the system will be zero.

An Isobaric process is a thermodynamic process taking place at constant pressure

An isothermal process is a thermodynamic process, in which the temperature of the system remains constant

Step 2: This situation

The container is slowly compressed, while the temperature is kept constant.

This is  an isothermal process.

The correct option is  d isothermal