Use the model to explain how celiac disease interrupts the normal transportation of energy and other nutrients from the digestive system to the circulatory system.

Eukaryotic cells have the compartmentalized genetic material, that is, it is surrounded by a membrane called a library that separates it from the cytoplasm. The synthesis of proteins in this cell happens as follows:

Protein synthesis is a rapid process that occurs in all cells of the body, more precisely ribosomes, organelles found in the cytoplasm and the rough endoplasmic reticulum. This process can be divided into three steps:

1. Transcript

The message contained in the cistron (portion of the DNA that contains the genetic information needed for protein synthesis) is transcribed by messenger RNA (mRNA). In this process, the bases are similar: DNA adenine binds to RNA uracil, DNA thymine with RNA adenine, DNA cytosine with RNA guanine, and so on, with RNA enzyme intervening. -polymerase.  The sequence of 3 nitrogenous bases of mRNA forms the codon, responsible for the coding of amino acids. Thus, the mRNA molecule replicates the DNA message, migrates from the nucleus to ribosomes, crosses the pores of the plasma membrane and forms a template for protein synthesis.

2. Activation of Amino Acids

At this stage, transporter RNA (tRNA) acts, which takes the amino acids dispersed in the cytoplasm from digestion to the ribosomes. In one of the regions of tRNA is the anticodon, a sequence of 3 bases complementary to the mRNA codon.  The activation of amino acids is given by specific enzymes, which attach themselves to the carrier RNA, which forms the aa-tRNA complex, giving rise to the anticode, a trio of codons complementary to the mRNA codons. For this process to take place there must be power, which is provided by the ATP.

3. Translation

In the translation phase, the message contained in the mRNA is decoded and the ribosome uses it to synthesize the protein according to the given information.  

Ribosomes are formed by two subunits. In the smaller subunit, it binds to mRNA, in the larger subunit there are two sites (1 and 2), where each of these sites can join two tRNA molecules. An enzyme present in the larger subunit makes the peptide link between amino acids, the carrier RNA returns to the cytoplasm to join another amino acid. And so, the ribosome goes through the mRNA and causes the link between amino acids.

The process is terminated when the ribosome passes a stop codon and no tRNA enters the ribosome because they no longer have complementary sequences to the stop codons. Then, the ribosome is released from mRNA, the specific protein is formed and released from the ribosome.

To form a 60 amino acid protein, for example, it takes 1 mRNA, 60 codons (each corresponding to one amino acid), 180 nitrogenous bases (each sequence of 3 bases yields one amino acid), 1 ribosome and 60 tRNAs (each tRNA carries an amino acid). It can be noted, then, that this is a highly complex process, as there is the intervention of several agents.

Answer:

10 meters/second.

Explanation:

Unladen swallow consists of two species are Hirundo domicella and the Hirundo spilodera.

The average speed of unladen swallow comes out to be 10 meters/second. The maximum speed can go upto 13-14 meters/second. The speed of unladen swallow can be calculated by the formula given by Graham K. Taylor. According to graham the speed of unladen swallow is 3 times of the product of frequency and amplitude. ( v= 3fA, v is velocity, f is frequency and A is amplitude).

Answer:

Because of the natural selection

Explanation:

Variation in nature is all we can found out there. Through millions of years nature went with the survival of the fittests, like Darwin said.

When we talk about artificial selection, we talk about humans getting involve on that selection, but we deppend on variation in nature. We can't "create" a new species, but we do can choose the genetic traits we want to prosper and which no.

Answer:

producing heat is not a function of muscle tissue.

Explanation:

when we walk or run for a long time our muscles don't heat up.

Hope it's helpful....

Creating heat is not a normal function of muscle tissue.

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"The correct option is C. Aggressive behavior is displayed to establish hierarchy without violence. The statement that does not describe a function of aggressive animal behavior is aggressive behavior is displayed to establish hierarchy without violence.

Aggressive animal behavior serves several functions within a species, including establishing territorial boundaries (Option A), allowing stronger animals to potentially kill off weaker members of the species through fights (Option B), and determining which individuals are allowed to mate (Option D). These behaviors are typically associated with the survival and reproduction of the species.

However, Option C, Aggressive behavior is displayed to establish hierarchy without violence, is not a typical function of aggressive behavior. Aggressive behavior, by definition, involves actions that are intended to cause harm or intimidate. When animals establish hierarchy within a group, they may engage in displays or posturing that appear aggressive, but these behaviors are often ritualized and do not necessarily lead to violence. The purpose of these displays is to avoid the costs associated with actual fighting, such as injury or death. Therefore, establishing hierarchy without violence is more accurately described as a way to prevent unnecessary aggression rather than a function of aggressive behavior itself."

Answer: Recommend further assessment.

Explanation:

Psychologists can usually tell if you have depression by asking you specific questions and doing a physical exam. Psychologists may, however, ask for lab tests to rule out other diagnoses. They will likely do blood tests to check for medical conditions that may cause depressive symptoms.

Answer:

An example of a mineral composed of isolated tetrahedra is the gemstone peridot. peridot is a member of the Olivine group, the largest group of minerals with isolated tetrahedron structure.

Answer: B. Bacteria

Explanation:

Meningitis is disease in which the inflammation or swelling of the membranes of the brain and spinal cord takes place. This results in symptoms of fever, stiff neck and headache. It is caused by a bacterial infection in the membranes of the brain and spinal cord.

Food poisoning is a condition which is caused by the consumption of contaminated food. Infectious agents like virus, bacteria and parasites. These infectious agents consume the food and liberate their toxins which makes the food unfit for human consumption. This involves symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.

On the basis of the above explanation, bacteria is the correct option. As it is the pathogen which is responsible for both meningitis and food poisoning.

Answer:

Option (C).

Explanation:

Aggressive behavior is a type of animal behavior that has the potential to harm the other animals. Aggressive behavior can be used for the establishment of territorial boundaries and protect the other members of the population.

Aggressive behavior is generally shown by the conflict or fight between the species. The strong animals kill the weaker animals in case of predatory type of aggressive behavior. The hierarchy in case of aggressive behavior cannot be performed without violence. Violence or fight must occur between the species in case of aggressive behavior.

Thus, the correct answer is option (C).

B. Aggressive behavior leads to fights that allow strong animals to kill off weaker members of the species.

Aggressive behavior does commonly lead to fights, but it usually ends when the weaker animal retreats, not to the death.

Answer:

D.  

The zone has very few mammalian species that compete for the fish.

Explanation:

The zone has very few mammalian species that compete for the fish is the significance that the temperate zone have on commercial fishing.

Answer:

It is most definitely C

Explanation:

Answer:

A new mutation

Explanation:

A mutation refers to the random changes in the DNA of organisms. A mutation changes the allele and genotype frequencies by the introduction of a new allele in the gene pool.

However, mutations are not the major factor responsible for changes in the gene pool of a population as mutations are rare. The rate of mutations is very slow and does not allow it to serve as a major factor to change the allele and genotype frequencies.

Random mating does not, by itself, promote widespread changes in allele or genotype frequencies within a population. Instead, mutation and gene flow are the processes that can introduce new genetic variation into a population.

The question you've asked about the factors that do not promote widespread changes in allele or genotype frequencies refers to the concept of genetic equilibrium in population genetics. Given the options provided, random mating (option c) is the factor that, by itself, does not necessarily cause changes in allele frequencies within a population. On the contrary, it is assumed for a population in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium, a state where allele and genotype frequencies remain constant from generation to generation assuming no other evolutionary forces are acting upon the population. Looking at the evolutionary forces that can introduce new genetic variation into a population, the correct answers are mutation and gene flow (option b), as these processes can directly increase the genetic diversity within a population. Mutation introduces new alleles by changes in the DNA sequence, and gene flow occurs when individuals move between populations, bringing new alleles into the gene pool.

Answer: the most likely cause of this case of food intoxication is Erythrogenic toxin.

Explanation:

Erythrogenic toxins are streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins and are secreted by strains of the bacterium Streptococcus Pyogenes.

The likely cause of food intoxication at a church picnic with symptoms showing in 3-6 hours is Staphylococcal food poisoning, caused by toxins from Staphylococcus aureus, generally treated with oral rehydration therapy.

The most likely cause of food intoxication after attending a church picnic where attendees developed symptoms of nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea within three to six hours is Staphylococcal food poisoning.

This condition is caused by the ingestion of enterotoxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus when it grows in food, particularly in protein-rich foods like ham and cream sauces that are present in casseroles.

These toxins can cause the symptoms mentioned above and are typically resolved within 24 to 48 hours.

Risk factors include leaving food at temperatures below 60 °C (140 °F), which allows the bacteria to grow, and poor food handling practices.

Oral rehydration therapy is important for treatment of dehydration caused by the resulting diarrhea.

Answer:

A

Explanation:

mtDNA is inherited from the mother of a child, this is because mitochondria are in the cytoplasm and the father's gamete (sperm cell) contributes very little or no cytoplasm to the zygote. We know that mitochondrial Eve came from Africa because the mutations in the mtDNA occurred before the out-of-Africa dispersal.

Answer: A. Thorough hand hygiene

Explanation:

The nurse is a medical practitioner, who works in clinics, hospitals and research institutes. The role of the nurse is to assist the doctors, and provide care to the patients.

Nurse can control the spread of infection by maintaining the hand hygiene. Since the hands remain in the close contact with the patients who are under care and diagnosis. They also handle the equipments used for the purpose of the operation, injections and other instruments that are used for treatment. Thus, the possibility of transfer of infection causing germs becomes prominent. Hence, the hand hygiene is required to care of.

Answer:

fertilizers leads to algal blooms that eventually deplete lake oxygen

The effects of fertilizer input into lakes are they cause toxic algal blooms that affect aquatic life and humans.

To encourage development and productivity, fertilizer—a natural or synthetic substance—is added to the soil or plants. They provide nutrients to the plants. Examples include urea and anhydrous ammonia.

A plant can really die from too much fertilizer, and excess fertilizer can cause toxic algal blooms in lakes and streams that are dangerous to people and their pets, as well as other aquatic life.

Aquatic "dead zones" are also a result of excessive fertilizer runoff from agricultural and lawn applications in coastal areas.

Therefore, the input of fertilizer into lakes results in toxic algal blooms that are harmful to both humans and aquatic life.

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Answer:

Elderly  people are more likely to have cognitive deficits as part of brain senescence.

Explanation:

Aging is a gradual and inevitable process throughout living beings. Along with this aging occurs brain senescence, which is a process of losing brain connections due to lack of intellectual activities.

While this is not a rule, the elderly are the most common people going through the brain senescence process. For this reason, the elderly are also the most common people to develop cognitive deficits.

Cognitive Deficit consists of the learning disability that some people have and that ends up limiting their life in many ways. The problem is directly related to the mental capacity of information assimilation, which causes the individual to develop intellectual limitations.

Answer:

PLATELETS

They have clotting factors that help along with calcium

When a blood vessel is damaged, blood loss can have side effects ranging from minor to severe. To prevent blood loss, several protein clotting factors and calcium ions participate in the formation of a blood clot.

.Blood clotting is a complex process that involves a series of steps aimed at stopping bleeding and beginning the repair of damaged vessels.

The initial response to vascular injury is a vascular spasm, where the smooth muscle in the vessel wall contracts. Then, platelets converge to form a platelet plug. At the site of the injury, these platelets release contents that activate more platelets and interact with coagulation factors, like thrombin, to convert fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin, creating a clot.

Coagulation factors circulate as inactive precursors in the bloodstream and are activated by a process called proteolytic cleavage. They work together in a cascade, ultimately resulting in the formation of a stable clot. Vitamin K and calcium ions are essential for this process, with the former necessary for the liver to produce many of the clotting factors, and the latter designated as factor IV in the clotting cascade. An adequate intake of vitamin K and calcium is thus important for proper blood clotting.

Answer:

•Protiens

•Nucleic Acids

•Lipids

•Carbohydrates

The four main groups of organic compounds in living things are carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, each playing a vital role in energy supply, structural support, metabolic reactions, and genetic information storage.

The four major classes of organic compounds essential for life processes in living things are:

Carbohydrates serve as a primary source of energy and structural components. Monomers, such as glucose, are the building blocks for carbohydrate polymers like starch and glycogen.

Proteins, composed of amino acid monomers, perform a vast array of functions including catalysis of metabolic reactions, DNA replication, and transport of molecules.

Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules. Fats, oils, waxes, and steroids are examples of lipids that serve as energy storage and constitute cellular membranes.

Nucleic Acids, such as DNA and RNA, are polymers made of nucleotide monomers and are essential for storing and transmitting genetic information.

Saltatory conduction is made possible by the presence of myelin sheaths around axons.

Saltatory conduction speeds nerve impulses along myelinated axons. Myelin sheaths, manufactured of fatty substances by central nervous system oligodendrocytes and peripheral nervous system Schwann cells, allow it.

Nodes of Ranvier separate myelin sheaths. Saltatory conduction skips the insulated regions as the nerve impulse "jumps" between nodes. Since depolarization only occurs at the nodes of Ranvier, where the axon membrane is exposed, the electrical signal propagates faster.

Myelin sheaths enable saltatory conduction to save energy and expedite signal transmission through the axon. This effective conduction helps the nervous system quickly and efficiently transmit sensory information, motor orders, and body-wide communication.

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Answer:

Kentucky

Explanation:

Limestone is a sedimentary rock which forms from the calcareous remains of dead organisms. Most limestones are made of shells and tests of organisms that have accumulated over a long period of time. These makes limestones fossilized.

Granite is an igneous rock that forms from the solidification of magma within the earth crust. Due to the high temperature of magma, extreme conditions of the interior of the earth where magma is sourced and other unfavorable geologic conditions, igneous rocks do not contain fossils. They would easily be destroyed.

Final answer:

Kentucky would be the best state to visit for collecting fossils due to its limestone, which is a sedimentary rock rich in fossils, unlike the granite in Yosemite which is an igneous rock and not known for containing fossils.

Explanation:

If the purpose of your trip is to collect fossils, Kentucky would be the best state to visit, primarily due to its abundance of limestone. Limestone is a type of sedimentary rock that is known for containing fossils. These fossils are common because limestone forms in marine environments where numerous organisms can become preserved.

In contrast, granite, which is prevalent in Yosemite National Park, is an igneous rock and is typically not associated with fossils. Igneous rocks form from cooled volcanic material and generally do not contain the layered sediments necessary for the preservation of fossils.

Answer:

They can prevent new development that would harm established residents.- b.

Answer:

The correct answer is option b. "They can prevent new development that would harm established residents".

Explanation:

Zoning laws, also known as zoning ordinance, is a series of regulations that define how properties at certain geographic locations can be used. These laws are beneficial to city's residents by preventing new developments that would harm established residents. For instance, a company that emits gas pollutants can not be established at residential zones because that action would harm's the city's residents health.

Final answer:

Without its horizontal velocity, Earth would not be able to maintain its orbit around the Sun due to the lack of counteracting centripetal force and would start moving towards the Sun because of gravitational attraction.

Explanation:

If the Earth did not have velocity horizontal to the pull of the Sun’s gravity, the Earth would begin to move directly towards the Sun due to gravitational attraction. This is because the current horizontal velocity that the Earth possesses is what keeps it in a stable orbit around the Sun, acting as the centripetal force necessary for circular motion. Without this sideways velocity, there would be no force to counteract the pull of gravity, and the Earth would spiral into the Sun.

The current horizontal velocity is essential in creating the balance required for orbital motion. This velocity ensures that as the Earth falls towards the Sun due to gravity, it also moves forward, thus continuously 'missing' the Sun and remaining in orbit. If the Earth were to lose this velocity, the balance would be disrupted, and the Earth would not be able to stay in its current orbital path.

Answer:

Autocrine stimulation

Explanation:

In autocrine signaling, the cell produces ligands that are also able to bind receptors on its surface. This is different from paracrine signaling whereby a ligand produced by a cell does not bind its surface receptors but does so on other cell types. These two types of signaling are important for the development of an organism.

Stimulation of a cell by its own signaling molecule is termed autocrine signaling, involving cytokines and regulating multiple cellular processes.

Stimulation of a cell by a molecule that the cell itself makes is called autocrine signaling. This process allows a cell to send a signal to itself, which can then bind to its own receptors on the cell surface or inside the cell, leading to a variety of responses. Autocrine signals are part of a complex system of cell communication that includes cytokines, protein molecules that act as chemical signals produced by cells in response to stimulation. This type of signaling is crucial for various cellular functions including development, inflammatory responses, and programmed cell death, particularly if the cell is infected with a virus. In addition to affecting the signaling cell, autocrine signals can influence neighboring cells, allowing for coordinated responses among a group of similar cells.

Answer:

False

Explanation:

Capsular hydrostatic pressure is not the main force that pushes water and solutes out of the blood and through the filtration membrane.  On the contrary, this pressure acts against the filtration membrane, making it difficult for water and solutes to escape from the blood.

Increasing this pressure decreases the infiltration rate and causes obstruction of the urinary tract that tends to accumulate urine, causing a lot of pain to the patient with  Renal Failure.

Answer:

(B) The concentration of ATP in cells is generally much lower than that of AMP.

Explanation:

AMP is 5’-adenylic acid or adenosine monophosphate. It has only one phosphate group attached to the sugar as compared to three phosphate groups of ATP. In general, cells have a much lower concentration of AMP than ATP. ATP is found in much higher concentration in cells than the AMP since ATP serves as energy currency for the cells while AMP is involved in relatively few metabolic pathways.

Answer:

Animal spirit

Explanation:

According to the French philosopher Rene Descartes, reflexes are caused by some fluid flowing in nerves of animals and human. The fluid flows in the same way as water flows in the pipes Accordingly, nerves as hollow and the fluid "animal spirit" flows through the nerves. The flow of animal spirit through nerves makes the animals and human to bring about the reflex actions in response to stimuli.

In René Descartes' hydraulic analogy of human physiology, the 'fluid' flowing in the nerves is analogous to water flowing in the pipes of statues. This 'fluid' could be interpreted as the electrical signals transmitted within our nerves, contributing to various bodily functions, an understanding that underscores the principles of fluid dynamics.

When theorizing about human physiology, René Descartes, a prominent figure in the realm of philosophy and science, relied heavily on a hydraulic model he observed in moving statues. In understanding the workings of the human body, Descartes drew an analogy between the fluidic mechanism of these statues and human physiology. So, in terms of this hydraulic analogy, the 'fluid' flowing in nerves in Descartes' view is analogous to water flowing in the pipes of the statues. Descartes introduced a model where the mind and body were separate, two different substances, a theory known as substance dualism.

Applying this understanding to the human body, the 'fluid' can be interpreted as the electrical impulses or signals transmitted throughout our nervous system. Just as water in the pipes of a statue enables movement, the electric signals in our nerves constitute the information exchange mechanism leading to various bodily functions. This analogy aligns with the principles of fluid dynamics in biological and medical applications, emphasizing a fluid's role in transmitting pressure changes within a system, similar to Pascal's Principle.

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Answer:

Memory consolidation

Explanation:

Short term memory is stored in the brain for relatively short period of time especially for few minutes. Long term memory is stored in brain for long period ( years or lifetime).

Short term memory can be converted into the long term memory by association, rehearsal and involved with emotional state. Memory consolidation is the process of learning new things and store them in previously stored memories. Hence, memory consolidation does not increase the conversion of short memory to long term memory.

Thus, the correct answer is option (1).

Answer:

Pre-zygotic isolation prevents a zygote from being formed that cannot survive or provide more offspring in the future

Explanation:

If pre-zygotic isolation was not in place hybrid offspring would be possible, but then there might be hybrid inviability, sterility and breakdown (post-zygotic isolation). Inviability when the hybrid does not survive to reproduction. Sterility is when the hybrid is not able to produce offspring. Breakdown is when the hybrid is viable and fertile but its offspring is not. Pre-zygotic isolation is in place to prevent wasting energy on reproducing and creating offspring that would not be able to add to the species.

Natural selection might favor traits that prevent individuals from two long-time reproductively isolated populations from mating, notably when hybrids have reduced fitness. These traits strengthen pre-zygotic barriers, ensuring the species remain separate. This process, called reinforcement, drives divergence between the species.

Natural selection might favor traits that prevent individuals from two long-time reproductively isolated populations from mating, creating pre-zygotic isolation due to various reasons. The process of reproductive isolation plays a crucial role in this context. Genetic and phenotypic divergence over time might affect characteristics influencing reproduction, making mating less likely or the offspring less viable.

Pre-zygotic mechanisms include traits that control mating behavior, such as mating time, sensitivity to pheromones, choice of mating sites, and courtship rituals. Physiological changes might also prevent successful fertilization. If two closely related species continue to produce hybrids, they would develop reproductive barriers to prevent hybrid production and ensure that they remain separate species.

Instances where hybrids have reduced fitness compared to the parent species, there is a process called reinforcement that further drives divergence between the two species. This is because the low success of the hybrids reinforces the original speciation, leading to the strengthening of pre-zygotic barriers.

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Answer:

C) They are the principal molecules in lard and butter.

Answer:

C) They are the principal molecules in lard and butter.

Explanation:

Saturated fatty acids have only single bonds between their carbon atoms.  The absence of double bonds make their breakdown more difficult hence they are more stable and can be stored for a longer time. They are also solid at room temperature.

Lard and butter are produced by hydrogenation of oils. The double bonds in oil are broken into single bonds and valency is completed using hydrogen atoms. Hence lard and butter consist of single bond saturated fatty acids

In organisms that use aerobic respiration, pyruvic acid is converted into acetyl CoA and enters the citric acid cycle to produce energy-rich molecules.

During aerobic respiration, pyruvic acid is further oxidized in the mitochondria. It enters the mitochondria where it is converted into acetyl CoA through a process called pyruvate decarboxylation. Acetyl CoA then enters the citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle, where it is completely broken down to produce energy-rich molecules such as ATP and NADH.

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In an organism that uses aerobic respiration, pyruvic acid is transported into the mitochondria, where it undergoes the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) to generate ATP and carbon dioxide.

Aerobic respiration is the process by which cells produce energy in the presence of oxygen. One of the key initial steps in this process is the conversion of glucose into pyruvic acid during glycolysis in the cytoplasm. After glycolysis, pyruvic acid has several possible fates, but in the presence of oxygen, it enters the mitochondria for further processing.

Once in the mitochondria, pyruvic acid is converted into a molecule called acetyl-CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle). In the citric acid cycle, acetyl-CoA is further metabolized to produce carbon dioxide, water, and high-energy molecules such as NADH and FADH2. These high-energy molecules are used in the electron transport chain to generate a significant amount of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the cell's primary energy currency.

In summary, in aerobic respiration, pyruvic acid serves as the entry point to the citric acid cycle, where it is further metabolized to produce ATP and carbon dioxide, ultimately providing the cell with the energy it needs for various biological processes.

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