what are the three types of nuclear radiation?



alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma rays


alpha particles, beta rays, and gamma rays


alpha rays, beta particles, and gamma rays


alpha rays, beta rays, and gamma particles

Question:

a. Diffusion

b. Facilitated diffusion

c. Both

d. Neither

1. movement to area of lower concentration

2. movement across a membrane

3. steroid transport into cell

4. requires energy

5. movement assisted by proteins

6. glucose transport into cell

Answer:

The sorting is as follows

a. (1)

b. (5 and 6)

c. (1 and 2)

d. (4)

Explanation:

Diffusion is the movement of particles across a membrane from a high concentration region to one with a lower concentration of the diffusing substance

Here we have the correct sorting as follows

a. Diffusion

3. steroid transport into cell

b. Facilitated diffusion

5. movement assisted by proteins

6. glucose transport into cell

c. Both

1. movement to area of lower concentration

2. movement across a membrane

d. Neither

4. requires energy

Answer: The answer is c

Explanation:

Answer: The amount of water formed is 12 moles

Explanation: Please see the attachments below

0.216 g of water is formed.

According to the question,

The concentration of HCl and NaOH are:

→ [tex]CHCl = \frac{20\times 0.80}{50}[/tex]

             [tex]= 0.32 \ M[/tex]

→ [tex]CNaOH = \frac{30\times 0.40}{50}[/tex]

                  [tex]= 0.24 \ M[/tex]

Upon the reaction,

It will form 0.24 M of NaCl as well as 0.24 M of H₂O in 50 mL solution.

In 1000 mL,

→ [tex]1 M \ H_2O = 18 \g \ H_2O[/tex]

Now,

→ 50 mL of 0.24 M H₂O will contain:

= [tex](18\times 0.24)\times \frac{50}{1000}[/tex]

= [tex]0.216 \ g[/tex] (water)

Thus the response above is right.

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Answer:

There are 0,106 mol of glucose in 19,1g.

Explanation:

First we calculate the weight of 1 mole of Glucose whose molecular formula is C6 H12 0 6, with the atomic weights of each element obtained from the periodic table. Then, by means of a simple rule of three we calculate the moles that are in 19.1 grams:

Weight 1 mol C6H1206 = (Weight C)x 6 + (Weight H)x12 + (Weight 0)x6=

                                       = 12 g x 6 + 1g x12 + 16 g x 6= 180 g/mol

180 g ----1 mol glucose

19,1 g-----x= (19,1 g x 1 mol glucose)/ 180 g= 0,106 mol

Final answer:

To find the number of moles of glucose in 19.1 grams, divide the mass by the molar mass of glucose (180 g/mol), resulting in approximately 0.106 moles.

Explanation:

The student's question is about determining the number of moles of glucose in a given mass of glucose. To calculate this, we need to use the molar mass of glucose, which is 180 g/mol. The mass of glucose given is 19.1 grams.

To find the number of moles, we use the formula:

Number of moles = mass (g) / molar mass (g/mol)

So for glucose, it would be:

Number of moles of glucose = 19.1 g / 180 g/mol

Calculating this gives us:

Number of moles of glucose = 0.106 moles (rounded to three decimal places)

Answer:

C. A stretch of raised land, often built to help control flooding and the flow of a river.

Explanation:

Embankments are made typically of construction adjacent to the river from spoil excavated from its bank.

Answer:

Forming acids and alkalis. Soluble metal oxides (or metal hydroxides) produce alkaline solutions. Soluble non-metal oxides produce acidic solutions. Insoluble oxides will not affect the pH of water.

Explanation:

While most metal oxides form basic solutions by reacting with water, this is not universal; some metal oxides, particularly those with higher oxidation states, can be amphoteric or acidic and do not produce alkaline solutions.

Not all metal oxides produce alkaline solutions when reacted with water, as the reaction depends on the properties of both the metal and its oxide. Most metal oxides are base anhydrides and will react with water to produce basic solutions, especially if the oxides are soluble and thus form metal hydroxides. However, this does not apply to metal oxides across the board. Some metal oxides have low oxidation states and are amphoteric or primarily acidic, meaning they can behave as either acids or bases depending on the conditions. For instance, metal oxides at lower oxidation states tend to react with aqueous acids forming solutions of salts and water rather than acting as bases. Oxides of metals with high oxidation states (4+ or more) such as vanadium(V) oxide and chromium(VI) oxide are acidic and will react with solutions of hydroxides to form salts and water, rather than producing alkaline solutions.

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Answer:

The answer is community

I got it correct

Explanation:

Answer:

community is the answer

Explanation:

Answer: True.

Explanation: Two icebreaker ship polarstern from Germany and the Akademik fedoeov from Russia sailed on a mission towards central Arctic. Their tasks were to find an ice floe so strong and thick it would ultimately freeze the polarstern, entrapping the ship for a whole year within the ice.

There is the danger of been attack by polar bears, because polar bears lives in the Arctic. And there is also the risk of the ship been crushed by frozen ice.

Answer: 86.7 %

Explanation:

To calculate the moles, we use the equation:

[tex]\text{Number of moles}=\frac{\text{Given mass}}{\text {Molar mass}}[/tex]

a) moles of [tex]CaCO_3[/tex]

[tex]\text{Number of moles}=\frac{30.7g}{100g/mol}=0.307moles[/tex]

[tex]CaCO_3\rightarrow CaO+CO_2[/tex]

According to stoichiometry :

1 moles of [tex]CaCO_3[/tex] give = 1 mole of [tex]CO_2[/tex]

Thus 0.307 moles [tex]CaCO_3[/tex] give =[tex]\frac{1}{1}\times 0.307=0.307moles[/tex] of [tex]CO_2[/tex]

Mass of [tex]CO_2=moles\times {\text {Molar mass}}=0.307moles\times 44g/mol=13.5g[/tex]

[tex]\%\text{ yield }=\frac{\text{Actual yield}}{\text{Theoretical yield }}\times 100=\frac{11.7g}{13.5g}\times 100=86.7\%[/tex]

Therefore, the percent yield for the reaction is, 86.7%

The percent yield for the decomposition of calcium carbonate producing 11.7 g of carbon dioxide, from an initial 30.7 g of calcium carbonate, is calculated to be 86.5% through a step-by-step process involving molar mass and stoichiometry.

The question involves determining the percent yield for the reaction of heating limestone (calcium carbonate) to produce carbon dioxide.

This calculation demonstrates that the reaction had an 86.5% efficiency in producing carbon dioxide from calcium carbonate.

Answer:

Directly Proportional

Explanation:

The partial pressure is defined as the pressure exerted by an individual gas that are present in a mixture as if it were alone in that particular system.

The kinetic molecular theory of gases is explained as the state of matter that is composed of tiny particles in constant motion even though there are distance between the colliding particles.They posses low density and Because of their nature gases can expansion and contraction of gas can be influenced under some condition.Unlike other fluid like liquids, the volume that gas usually occupied is empty space.

The gas particles are always in constant motion, and all the particles of the individual gases move and collide with one another and with the walls of the container they occupied. The magnitude of the gas pressure is been determined by the force with which they collide with one another.

Therefore,The rate at which collision occurs depends on the number of collisions which occur and this rate is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the vapor

Answer:

Clouds form when air reaches its dew point, the temperature when the air is saturated. This can happen in two ways. First, the air temperature can stay the same while the humidity increases. This is common in locations that are warm and humid.

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Explanation:

Final answer:

Clouds form when the air temperature cools to the dew point, causing water vapor to condense into liquid droplets around condensation nuclei. Without reaching this temperature, the air cannot saturate and clouds will not form. Understanding dew point is essential for predicting weather conditions.

Explanation:

Cloud formations occur in the atmosphere when the air temperature cools to the dew point, the temperature at which water vapor present in the air begins to condense into liquid water droplets, forming clouds. The air must reach saturation, which can happen either by adding moisture through evaporation or by cooling the air until it can no longer hold the water vapor, causing condensation.

Clouds may form due to contact cooling or uplift mechanisms, where air rises, expands, and cools. Condensation also necessitates the presence of condensation nuclei such as dust or smoke particles, around which moisture droplets can form. The importance of dew point lies in its role in forecasting weather; when the air temperature drops to the dew point, latent heat is released, stopping the temperature from falling further, and possibly leading to precipitation if clouds are formed.

Answer : The number of molecules of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and argon is, [tex]1.88\times 10^{23}[/tex], [tex]5.03\times 10^{23}[/tex], [tex]1.19\times 10^{20}[/tex] and [tex]2.23\times 10^{21}[/tex] respectively.

Explanation :

First we have to calculate the total moles of mixture of gas by using ideal gas equation.

[tex]PV=nRT[/tex]

where,

P = Pressure of mixture of gas = 1.59 atm

V = Volume of mixture of gas = 6.51 L

n = number of moles mixture of gas = ?

R = Gas constant = [tex]0.0821L.atm/mol.K[/tex]

T = Temperature of mixture of gas = [tex]43^oC=273+43=316K[/tex]

Putting values in above equation, we get:

[tex]1.59atm\times 6.51L=n\times (0.0821L.atm/mol.K)\times 316K[/tex]

[tex]n=0.399mol[/tex]

Now we have to calculate the moles of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and argon.

Moles of nitrogen = [tex]78.08\% \times 0.399=\frac{78.08}{100}\times 0.399=0.312mol[/tex]

Moles of oxygen = [tex]20.94\% \times 0.399=\frac{20.94}{100}\times 0.399=0.0836mol[/tex]

Moles of carbon dioxide = [tex]0.0500\% \times 0.399=\frac{0.0500}{100}\times 0.399=0.000199mol[/tex]

Moles of argon = [tex]0.930\% \times 0.399=\frac{0.930}{100}\times 0.399=0.00371mol[/tex]

Now we have to calculate the number of molecules of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and argon.

As, 1 mole of nitrogen contains [tex]6.022\times 10^{23}[/tex] number of molecules of nitrogen.

So, 0.312 mole of nitrogen contains [tex]0.312\times 6.022\times 10^{23}=1.88\times 10^{23}[/tex] number of molecules of nitrogen.

and,

As, 1 mole of oxygen contains [tex]6.022\times 10^{23}[/tex] number of molecules of oxygen.

So, 0.0836 mole of oxygen contains [tex]0.0836\times 6.022\times 10^{23}=5.03\times 10^{23}[/tex] number of molecules of oxygen.

and,

As, 1 mole of carbon dioxide contains [tex]6.022\times 10^{23}[/tex] number of molecules of carbon dioxide.

So, 0.000199 mole of carbon dioxide contains [tex]0.000199\times 6.022\times 10^{23}=1.19\times 10^{20}[/tex] number of molecules of carbon dioxide.

and,

As, 1 mole of argon contains [tex]6.022\times 10^{23}[/tex] number of molecules of argon.

So, 0.00371 mole of argon contains [tex]0.00371\times 6.022\times 10^{23}=2.23\times 10^{21}[/tex] number of molecules of argon.

Therefore, the number of molecules of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and argon is, [tex]1.88\times 10^{23}[/tex], [tex]5.03\times 10^{23}[/tex], [tex]1.19\times 10^{20}[/tex] and [tex]2.23\times 10^{21}[/tex] respectively.

To calculate the number of molecules of each gas in the sample, use the ideal gas law equation and the percent composition given. Then, calculate the number of molecules using Avogadro's number.

To calculate the number of molecules of each gas in the sample, we need to use the ideal gas law equation, PV = nRT, where P is the pressure, V is the volume, n is the number of moles, R is the gas constant, and T is the temperature in Kelvin.

To calculate the number of moles for each gas, we can use the percent composition given in the question and assume the sample contains 100 moles of total gas. From there, we can calculate the number of molecules using Avogadro's number, which is approximately 6.022 x 10^23 molecules/mole.

The number of molecules of nitrogen (N₂) in the sample is (78.08/100) x 100 moles x 6.022 x 10^23 molecules/mole, and similarly, the number of molecules of oxygen (O₂), carbon dioxide (CO₂), and argon (Ar) can be calculated.

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Answer:

PV = nRT

Explanation:

P=pressure

V=volume

n=amount of substance

R=ideal gas constant

T=temperature

Answer:

C) It contains little or no HA.

Explanation:

Answer:

0.03 mol H₂

Explanation:

In a diprotic acid titration, the first equivalence point relates to the equilibrium:

And the second equivalence point to:

We can add those two equations and we're left with:

So to calculate the moles of H₂ that were in the original acid solution we use the total volume used (in this case 600 mL).

600 mL ⇒ 600/1000 = 0.6 L

We calculate the moles of LiOH, using its molar concentration:

And now we convert moles of LiOH (or OH⁻) to moles of H₂ using the  stoichiometric ratio:

Answer:

In sea water;

The salt is the solute while the water is the solvent

In soda water;

The water is the solvent, the carbon dioxide is the solute

In air;

The nitrogen is the solvent while the oxygen and the other substances in small amounts are the solutes

Explanation:

A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances which includes a solvent and a solute. A solute in a solution is dissolved in the solvent of the solution.

Therefore, the solvent is the major part of a solution as it takes in the solvent to form the solution.

In sea water, a solution with a high concentration of salts

The salt is the solute while the water is the solvent

In soda water,  which is a mixture of CO₂ in water,

Here we have in the soda solution, the water is the solvent while the carbon dioxide is the solute

The water is the solvent, the carbon dioxide is the solute

Air a solution made up by a mixture of Nitrogen 78%, oxygen 21%, and small amount of water carbon dioxide and argon

The nitrogen is the solvent while the oxygen and the other substances in small amounts are the solutes.

Answer:

1)solute 2) sovolent 3) sovolent

Explanation:

edgyyy

Answer:

It's because the perfume bottle contains ethyl alcohol.

Answer:    side by side overlap of two p orbital---B

Explanation: pi bonds denoted by Greek letter , π are covalent chemical bond where there is a  side-by-side overlap of two p orbitals laterally illustrated by when two lobes of an orbital on one atom overlap two lobes of an orbital on the other atom.

At the shared nodal plane of the overlapping orbitals, there exists an electron density which is equal to zero which also serves as a nodal plane for the molecular orbital of the pi bond. Double and triple bonds contain one sigma bond with one or two pi bonds between atoms.

A pi bond (π bond) is formed by the side-by-side overlap of two p orbitals, creating areas of orbital overlap on opposite sides of the internuclear axis with a nodal plane where no electrons can be found. Pi bonds are significant in molecular chemistry, particularly in unsaturated hydrocarbons and other molecules with multiple bonds.

A pi bond (π bond) is a type of covalent bond that is formed by the side-by-side overlap of two p orbitals. This overlap occurs in a manner such that the regions of orbital overlap are situated on opposite sides of the internuclear axis, which is the line running directly between the nuclei of the bonding atoms. In addition, within a pi bond, there exists a nodal plane along the internuclear axis, which means there is a plane with zero probability of finding an electron.

In molecular structures, pi bonds are significant because they contribute to the bonding interactions that occur in addition to sigma bonds, which are formed by end-to-end overlap of orbitals. It is important to note that pi bonds provide molecular systems with additional stability and are typically found in unsaturated hydrocarbons such as alkenes and alkynes, as well as in many other types of molecules with multiple bonds between atoms.

Answer:

B. created by man made dams

Explanation:

I live in Texas

Answer:

B. created by man made dams

Explanation:

I had this question pls mark brainliest

FeCO₃ and PbCrO₄ is insoluble in water.

Explanation:

If any substance added to water and it form ions then it is soluble in water otherwise it is insoluble in water.

a. NH₄OH - soluble in water

b. NaNO₃ - soluble in water

C. PbCrO₄ is insoluble in water

d. SrSO₄ slightly soluble in water

e. K₃PO₄ - Soluble in water

f. AgClO₄- Highly Soluble in water

g. HgCl₂ - Slightly soluble in water

h. FeCO₃ -  insoluble in water

i. NH₄Br - soluble in water

j. Li₂Cr₂O₇ - soluble in water

7.5 M is the concentration of 60 ml of H3PO4 if it is neutralized by 225 ml of 2 M Ba(OH)2.

Explanation:

Data given:

volume of phosphoric acid, Vacid =60 ml

volume of barium hydroxide, Vbase = 225 ml

molarity of barium hydroxide, Mbase = 2M

Molarity of phosphoric acid, Macid =?

the formula for titration is used as:

Macid x Vacid = Mbase x Vbase

rearranging the equation to get Macid

Macid = [tex]\frac{Mbase x Vbase}{Vacid}[/tex]

Macid =[tex]\frac{225 X 2}{60}[/tex]

Macid = 7.5 M

the concentration of the phosphoric acid is 7.5 M and the volume is 60 ml. Thus 7.5 M solution of phosphoric acid is used to neutralize the barium hydroxide solution of 2M.

Answer:

= 5 M

Explanation:

2H3PO4 + 3Ba(OH)2 ----> Ba3(PO4)2 + 3H2O

moles Ba(OH)2 = molarity x litres

= 2 M x 0.225 L

= 0.45 mol

3 moles Ba(OH)2 react with 2 moles H2SO4

So moles H2SO4 = 2/3 x moles Ba(OH)2

= 0.3 mol

molarity = moles / litres

= 0.3 mol / 0.06 L

=5M

Answer:

Flammability is a chemical property

Explanation:

It can only be observed or measured during a chemical change known as combustion

Answer:

flammability is a chemical process

Explanation:

burning of something is causing a chemical reaction. for example a physical property is changing the way it looks, not its chemical structure (ex. ripping up paper)

Among the substances tested, table salt (NaCl) is the one that caused the lightbulb to burn the brightest because it is a strong electrolyte that dissociates completely into ions in an aqueous solution, enabling efficient electrical conductivity.

In Professor Popsnorkle's demonstration of electrical conductivity in solutions, the substances tested included ethanol (CH3CH2OH), methanol (CH3OH), table salt (NaCl), table sugar (C12H22O11), and acetic acid (CH3COOH). To identify which substance caused the lightbulb to burn the brightest, we must understand that only solutions containing freely mobile, charged species—ions—can conduct electricity. Among the choices, table salt, or NaCl, when dissolved in water, dissociates into sodium ions (Na+) and chloride ions (Cl-), making it a strong electrolyte and allowing the solution to conduct electricity very well.

The other substances listed are either weak electrolytes or nonelectrolytes. Ethanol and table sugar are nonelectrolytes and do not contain dissolved ions, and thus they would not make the lightbulb shine brightly. Methanol is also a nonelectrolyte like ethanol. Acetic acid is a weak electrolyte because it only partially dissociates in solution. Therefore, table salt (NaCl) is the one that caused the bulb to burn the brightest due to its ability to completely dissociate into ions, which conducted the electrical current efficiently in the aqueous solution.

Answer:

The answer to the given question is: dioxin acts by mimicking the role of transcription factors.

Explanation:

Dioxin acts by mimicking the action of regulatory proteins that influence the binding of RNA polymerase to a promoter.

Transcription occurs in the three steps—initiation, elongation, and termination. Transcription factors are proteins that controls the rate of transcription of genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA, by binding to a specific DNA sequence. Transcription factors are directly involved in regulating gene expression.

Transcription factors are a very diverse family of proteins and generally function in multi-subunit protein complexes.

Dioxins are unwanted by-products of a wide range of manufacturing processes that are harmful to health. They can cause problems with reproduction, development, and the immune system. They can also disrupt hormones and lead to cancer.

Dioxins have no common uses. They are manufactured on a small scale for chemical and toxicological research.

Dioxins are absorbed into the human body through the digestive and respiratory tracts or through skin contact. They are then distributed throughout the body. Once dioxins enter the body, they last a long time because of their chemical stability and their ability to be absorbed by fat tissue.

The highest levels of dioxins are found in some soils, consumer products such as; cigarettes, pesticides, and herbicides,  sediments and food, especially fatty foods such as meat, poultry, seafood, milk, egg and their products.

Dioxin is a by-product of various industrial chemical processes. It is suspected of causing cancer and birth defects in both humans and other animals. Apparently, it acts by entering cells and binding to proteins, altering the pattern of gene expression. Therefore, it is reasonable to propose that dioxin acts by mimicking the role of transcription factors.

Dioxin acts by mimicking the action of regulatory proteins that influence the binding of RNA polymerase to a promoter.

Transcription occurs in the three steps—initiation, elongation, and termination. Transcription factors are proteins that controls the rate of transcription of genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA, by binding to a specific DNA sequence. Transcription factors are directly involved in regulating gene expression.

Transcription factors are a very diverse family of proteins and generally function in multi-subunit protein complexes.

Dioxins are unwanted by-products of a wide range of manufacturing processes that are harmful to health. They can cause problems with reproduction, development, and the immune system. They can also disrupt hormones and lead to cancer.

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Answer:

Option (C) is correct.

Explanation:

Decomposition reaction: [tex](NH_{4})_{2}CO_{3}\rightarrow 2NH_{3}+CO_{2}+H_{2}O[/tex]

Molar mass of [tex]CO_{2}[/tex] = 44.01 g/mol

No. of moles = (mass)/(molar mass)

So, 6.52 g of [tex]CO_{2}[/tex] = [tex]\frac{6.52}{44.01}[/tex] moles of [tex]CO_{2}[/tex] = 0.148 moles of [tex]CO_{2}[/tex]

According to balanced equation-

1 mol of [tex]CO_{2}[/tex] is produced from decomposition of 1 mol of [tex](NH_{4})_{2}CO_{3}[/tex]

So, 0.148 mol of [tex]CO_{2}[/tex] is produced from decomposition of 0.148 mol of [tex](NH_{4})_{2}CO_{3}[/tex]

Hence, option (C) is correct.

Answer:

A single-replacement reaction is a chemical reaction in which one element is substituted for another element in a compound, generating a new element and a new compound as products.

The answer for the following problem is mentioned below.

Explanation:

Given:

molarity of the potassium chloride solution (m) = 0.7 M

no of moles present in the potassium chloride solution (n) = 8.30 moles

To find:

volume of the potassium chloride solution (V)

We know;

m = [tex]\frac{n}{V}[/tex]

Where;

m represents the molarity of potassium chloride solution

n represents the no of moles of potassium chloride solution

V represents the volume of the solution

So;

0.7 = [tex]\frac{8.30}{V}[/tex]

V = 11.8 litres

Therefore the volume of potassium chloride solution is 11.8 litres.

The vapor pressure of a solution with a dissolved ionic compound is less than the vapor pressure of pure water. To determine the molecular formula of the compound Xy, calculate the moles of Xy using its total mass and molar mass, then find the subscript y for the number of Y atoms or groups present.

When a chemist dissolves an ionic compound in water, the vapor pressure of the solution is less than the vapor pressure of pure water. This phenomenon is explained by Raoult's law, which states that the vapor pressure of a solvent above a solution is lowered by the presence of a non-volatile solute. In the given question, after dissolving 110 g of substance Xy in 500 g of water, the vapor pressure drops from 17.5 mmHg to 15.0 mmHg. This decrease is due to the solute particles in the solution, which interfere with the evaporation process of the solvent (water) molecules.

To determine the molecular formula of the substance Xy, you first need to calculate the number of moles of Xy. Then, use the total mass of Xy and its molecular mass to find the number value of the subscript y in the molecular formula. Here's how the calculation is done:

Answer:

its b I believe of it's not sorry

Answer:the answer is b

Explanation:

Answer:

Because allowing the water to get too cold implies that some precipitate will be formed.

Explanation:

If you allow the hot tub to cool down, there will be a reduction in the solubility of the solutes. In this light, if its then get too could, the solubility of the solutes will be so low in such a way that it becomes inevitable that some of the solute must then leave the solution, hence creating a precipitate which is the fine solid that has been mentioned in the question.

Final answer:

In hot tubs, a drop in water temperature leads to decreased solubility of solutes, causing precipitation and cloudiness. The human body's natural cooling mechanisms are not effective in 40°C water, as sweating does not cool the body underwater and heat cannot be transferred to the hotter surrounding water.

Explanation:

Hot tubs are often equipped with water at a temperature of around 38°C to maintain hygienic conditions, since the heat assists with dissolving various solid solutes that keep the water clear. If the water temperature drops, the solubility of these solutes decreases, leading to a precipitation of solid particles, which causes the water to appear cloudy and fill with a fine solid. This effect is due to the dependence of solubility on temperature; as the water cools, it is less able to hold the dissolved solutes in solution.

When our bodies are immersed in a hot tub with water at 40.0°C, physiological responses such as sweating and increased blood circulation to the skin's surface occur to dissipate excess heat. However, this has little cooling effect in the hot tub scenario because sweating does not lead to evaporative cooling underwater, and the hot tub's water temperature being above typical human body temperature means that the body cannot effectively transfer heat to the surroundings.