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Related Questions
A) explain the difference between silent, missense and frameshift mutations,
b.rank them in the order of the most likely to be deleterious to the least likely to have an effect.
c.provide your reasoning for the ranking.
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Missense mutations: which code for a different amino acid.
Nonsense mutations: which code for a stop and can truncate the protein.
A. The mutation that result in production of same amino acid is called silent mutation. The mutation that result in production of different amino acid is called missense mutation. The mutation due to addition or deletion of nucleotides in a sequence is called frameshift mutation.
B. The order of the mutations most likely to be deleterious to the least likely to have an effect is frameshift, missense and silent mutation.
C. Frameshift mutation result in the insertion or deletion of amino acids which will results in production of different types of amino acids that has different functions, missense mutation results in production of different amino acids which changes the amino acid sequence of a protein and silent mutation codes for same amino acid and does not affect the amino acid sequence of a protein.
What is mutation?"A changes/alteration in nitrogenous bases sequence of DNA that can results in changes in the genotype and phenotype of an organism is known as mutation."A change in only single base pair of DNA is called point mutation.Mutation can be caused by: insertion (addition of base pair in DNA sequence), deletion (removal of base pair in DNA sequence), inversion (reverse attachment of base pair in DNA sequence) and translocation.Deletion and insertion of nucleotides result in the shift of frame for reading a codon, so this is called frame shift mutation.A changes in nucleotide which results in the production of same amino acids and does not have any effect is called silent mutation.A change in the nucleotide that result in the production of different amino acids which effects the amino acid sequence of protein is called missense mutation.Hence, frameshift mutation is most likely to be deleterious followed by missense mutation and silent mutation (least likely to have an effect).
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Which would be least likely to pollute water with heavy metals? A. a copper mine B. a plastics factory C. a paint factory D. a lumber mill
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Answer:
D. a lumber mill
Explanation:
Large quantities of heavy metals are used in wood to promote gloss, hardness and durability. During the sawing of this wood, many heavy metal particles are discharged into the air and can cause serious problems to human health, as well as contamination of water bodies such as rivers and lakes.
Metals make up a group of chemical elements, mostly solid in their pure state, characterized by their brilliance, hardness, yellow to silver color, good electricity and heat conductivity, malleability, ductility, and high melting and boiling points. They are used to make wood look nicer and more durable, especially arsenic.
Answer:
a lumber mill
Explanation:
if the engery (E) of a wave increases, what happens to the frequency (f) and the wavelength
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According to the formula for the energy of a photon or a particle of light.
E = hf
Where f = 1/wavelength.
Which mutation does the given change in nucleotide sequence represent?
ATTGCATC → ATACGTTC
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Answer:
Substitution Mutation (Transversion)
Explanation:
In a substitution mutation, the complementary base pairs of a gene get substituted.
Hence,a purine is substituted by a pyrimidine base or vice versa happens
ATTGCATC → ATACGTTC
In this set of gene , the bold highlighted base “TGCA” is replaced by its complementary base pair “ACGT”
A is complementary to T
G is complementary to C
Hence , this mutation is a tranversion substitution mutation
Please help!
Through which process are freshwater resources renewed?
A) Soil formation
B) Gas exchange
C) The water cycle
D) Ocean waves
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water cycle will renew water
Answer: C) The water cycle
Explanation:
Freshwater is a naturally occurring source of water. It exhibit very low salt concentration. It includes water of ice sheets, glaciers, rivers, bogs, lakes and underground water source called as groundwater. The freshwater is required for the survival of living organisms on earth. The freshwater is a renewable resource because it can be replenished after use by the water cycle. The water cycle involves the evaporation of water from the freshwater sources or other water sources, formation of water vapors in the atmosphere, condensation, and precipitation of water in the form of rain or snow. By this way the freshwater renews in nature in the form of precipitation by water cycle.
Which term represents the process of nuclear division in a cell?
Cytokinesis
Interphase
Mitosis
Synthesis
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Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world. Its peak is at an elevation of 8,848 meters (29,028 feet) above sea level. If you were standing on top of Mount Everest, which layer of the atmosphere would you be in?
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If you are at the summit of Mount Everest, you’ll be at the upper troposphere of the atmosphere. The troposphere is the lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere and is also where nearly all weather conditions take place. It contains approximately 75% of the atmosphere's mass and 99% of the total mass of water vapor and aerosols.
Sexual reproduction requires cells to undergo ______, whereas only _______ is necessary for asexual reproduction.
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If 2 organisms are in the same phylum, they are also in the same ____________.
a. kingdom
b. family
c. species
d. order
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Answer:
kingdom
Explanation:
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A woman has a mitochondrially-inherited autosomal dominant type of muscular dystrophy. she and her husband wish to conceive a healthy child that will have heritable characteristics of both parents, but will not have the the muscle disorder. describe a plausible way in which the parents' wishes might be realized.
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eggs tested 4
muscular dystrophy to find which or both parents, has the gene that causes this formality?? please d bl. check..
The study of how food interacts with genes is known as ____.
a. nutritional genomics
b. nucleotide expression
c. chromosomal nutrition
d. mutagenic expression
e. personalized nutrition
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The part of the eye that allows for varying amounts of light onto the retina is the
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Final answer:
The iris of the eye controls the size of the pupil, allowing more or less light onto the retina depending on light conditions.
Explanation:
The part of the eye that allows varying amounts of light onto the retina is the iris. The iris is the colored part of the eye and it controls the size of the pupil. When exposed to bright light, the iris causes the pupil to narrow, reducing the amount of light that enters the eye. In dim conditions, the iris allows the pupil to widen, permitting more light to enter. After light passes through the pupil, it then travels through the lens, which further refracts the light focusing it on the retina—a layer of photoreceptor cells which include rods sensitive to dim light and cones that detect different colors.
What are the distinguishing features of club mosses, whisk ferns, and horsetails? how are these plants different from ferns?
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They are all vascular by the way, including ferns. The familiar mosses are not, they are Bryophyes which you have not asked about. The club mosses for example are Lycophytes, and very dissimilar to familiar moss.
Club mosses, the first seedless vascular plants, are lycophytes with stems and microphylls. Horsetails are marsh plants with jointed hollow stems and whorled leaves. Whisk fern stalks photosynthesise without roots or leaves.
What are ferns?
Ferns are vascular plants that reproduce their offspring using spores rather than seeds or flowers since they lack both of these reproductive structures. Ferns, like blooming plants, are composed of roots, stems, and leaves in addition to their fronds. They reproduce sexually by means of spores that are very small, or sometimes they can reproduce vegetatively like the walking fern does.
Club mosses, whisk ferns, and horsetails differ from because Lycophytes, also known as club mosses, are the earliest known type of seedless vascular plants. They are characterized by the presence of a stem in addition to microphylls. Marshes are a common habitat for horsetails, which are distinguished by their jointed and hollow stems as well as their whorled leaves. Even though they lack roots and leaves, whisk ferns are able to perform photosynthesis in their stems.
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If a single DNA strand contains 40 adenines prior to replication, what conclusion can be made about its complementary strand after replication, assuming no mutations occurred?
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A diagnosis of hemophilia a is confirmed in an infant. which of the instructions should the nurse provide the parents as the infant becomes more mobile and starts to crawl?
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If the child is very active, it is advisable for the child to wear a helmet to prevent head injuries.
2. Regular exercise: Exercises will help strengthen the muscles and decrease the chances of bleeding from injuries. A good exercise is swimming, because it helps exercise all the muscles without putting street on the joints.
3. Caring for teeth: It is advisable for the child to brush twice daily and floss regularly. This would reduce the chances of the child's gum to bleed.
Which of the following is an example of geotropism helping a plant survive a change in its environment?
A.
At the edge of a forest, a tree angles away from the woods.
B.
The roots of a partially uprooted seedling grow straight down.
C.
A tulip bulb remains dormant in the ground through the winter.
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Answer:
its b
Explanation:
I can tell you how to do it Ahem, Because I did C:
The example of geotropism helping a plant survive a change in its environment is The roots of a partially uprooted seedling grow straight down.
What is geotropism?Geotropism is a process plants response to influence of gravity either by moving toward or away from the influence of gravity for their survival in their environment.
Therefore, The example of geotropism helping a plant survive a change in its environment is The roots of a partially uprooted seedling grow straight down.
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Hemoglobin has quaternary structure:
a. True
b. False 2. individual alpha-helices found in hemoglobin are stabilized by ionic bonds:
a. True
b. False 3. hemoglobin would be synthesized by a ribosome on the rough er:
a. True
b. False 4. a dna mutation that affects the primary structure of the alpha-globin protein subunit would also affect the primary structure of the beta-globin protein subunit.
a. True
b. False
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1. The right answer is True.
Hemoglobin, commonly symbolized by Hb, sometimes Hgb, is an iron-containing metalloprotein, found mainly in the blood of vertebrates within their red blood cells, as well as in the tissues of certain invertebrates.
Hemoglobin has a quaternary structure characteristic of many globular subunit proteins. Most of its amino acid residues are involved in α helices interconnected by non-helical segments.
2. The right answer is False.
The helicoidal sections of hemoglobin are stabilized by hydrogen bonds which give the protein its characteristic three-dimensional structure, called globin folding, as it is also found in other globins with prosthetic hemic groups such as myoglobin8. This characteristic folding has a cavity in which is closely inserted a heme molecule constituting the prosthetic group of the protein. Hemoglobin therefore contains one molecule of heme per subunit.
3 The right answer is False.
The biosynthesis of hemoglobin involves a complex set of steps. Heme is the result of a series of reactions that start in the mitochondria and continue in the cytosol of immature erythrocytes, while the apoprotein is produced at the ribosomes of the cytosol (and not those of the endoplasmic reticulum). Hemoglobin production occurs in the early stages of erythropoiesis, from the proerythroblast to the reticulocyte stage in the bone marrow.
4. The right answer is False.
Mutations on the hemoglobin genes can lead to hemoglobin variants. Most of these variants are functional and have no effect on health. Some mutations in hemoglobin, by contrast, are likely to cause genetic diseases called hemoglobinopathies.
Sickle cell disease is due to the substitution of a single amino acid residue for the β-chain of hemoglobin (without change in the alpha chain). This genetic mutation - replacement of glutamate in position 6 by a valine, giving hemoglobin S - promotes, under certain conditions, the appearance of rigid red cells of elongated shape, called sickle or acanthus leaf, likely to induce three broad categories of clinical manifestations.
Hemoglobin has a quaternary structure and is synthesized by ribosomes. Its alpha-helices are stabilized by hydrogen bonds, not ionic. And DNA mutation in the alpha-globin protein subunit does not necessarily affect the beta-globin protein subunit.
Explanation:1. Hemoglobin does indeed have a quaternary structure. This means that it's formed from multiple different protein subunits. In the case of hemoglobin, it's made up of 4 globin protein subunits.
2. Individual alpha-helices found in hemoglobin are stabilized mainly by hydrogen bonds, not ionic bonds. So the second statement is false.
3. The third statement is correct. All proteins, including hemoglobin, are synthesized by ribosomes. These ribosomes can be found both 'free' in the cytoplasm, and on the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
4. The fourth statement is false. A DNA mutation that affects the primary structure of the alpha-globin protein subunit would not necessarily affect the primary structure of the beta-globin protein subunit. These are different proteins encoded by different genes. Therefore, a mutation in one gene does not automatically mean a mutation in the other.
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Paramecia use _________ to move and capture food
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What is a start codon?
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Secretors (genotypes ss and ss) secrete their a and b blood group antigens into their saliva and other body fluids, while nonsecretors (ss) do not. what would be the apparent phenotypic blood group proportions among the offspring of an iaib ss woman and an iaia ss man if typing was done using saliva?
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Marked in red are the individuals whose A type blood we can determine from the saliva because they have at least one S allele.
Marked in light green are the individuals whose AB type of blood we can determine from the saliva too.
And marked in orange are the individuals that are homozygous recessive for the s allele, and we could not determine their blood type from their saliva.
Final answer:
The offspring of an IAiBss woman and an IAiAss man will have 50% blood type A and 50% blood type O phenotypic proportions.
Explanation:
Secretors are individuals who secrete their A and B blood group antigens into their saliva and body fluids. In the case of an IAiBss woman and an IAiAss man having offspring, the phenotypic blood group proportions would be 50% blood type A and 50% blood type O.
What is the function of the vacuole?
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Match the following terms and definitions 1. lysosomes and peroxisomes small storage sacs containing water, food, and waste 2. vacuoles powerful enzymes used to process cellular activity 3. cytoskeleton bundles of microtubules that separate to opposite poles of a cell 4. flagella chains of protein fibers that provide support and shape 5. vesicles prepares protein-packed vesicles for release outside of the cell 6. centrioles tiny sacs at the end of the ER which contain protein 7. endoplasmic reticulum (ER) whip-like structures on cells that are used for movement 8. ribosomes produces and assembles proteins 9. Golgi complex rough and smooth organelle that produces protein, steroids, and lipids
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Centrioles.
B. prepares protein-packed vesicles for release outside of the cell - vesicles
C. small storage sacs containing water, food, and waste - vacuoles
D. rough and smooth organelle that produces protein, steroids, and lipids - endoplasmic reticulum
E. tiny sacs at the end of the ER which contain protein - Golgi complex
F. chains of protein fibers that provide support and shape - cytoskeleton
G. powerful enzymes used to process cellular activity - lysosomes and peroxisomes
H. whip-like structures on cells that are used for movement - flagella
I. produces and assembles proteins - ribosomes
The overall folding of a single protein subunit is called
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Year old white male arrives in your clinic with general complaints of slight abdominal discomfort. he has a known history of smoking two packs per day for 40 years and hypertension. he also has copd and has been treated numerous times with oral steroids. you consider several optional diagnoses. of the ones listed below, which should be included as a potential top suspect in your choice of diagnosis?
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For a transverse wave, the particles of the medium move ______ to the direction that the wave moves. perpendicular parallel diagonal
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Answer:
Perpendicular
Explanation:
For USA Test Prep this is the answer.
Catabolic processes involve degradation of complex molecules into simpler molecules with the net release of chemical energy. catabolic processes involve degradation of complex molecules into simpler molecules with the net release of chemical energy.
a. True
b. False
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The correct answer is: True.
Catabolism together with anabolism is a part of metabolism. It is the set of metabolic pathways in which the molecules are broken down into smaller units and the energy is released. Released energy of catabolism (in a form of ATP) is used for the maintenance and growth of cells. Examples of catabolic processes are glycolysis, the citric acid cycle or degradation of macromolecules: proteins into amino acids, lipids into free fatty acids...
The statement about catabolic processes releasing chemical energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones is true. Catabolic reactions are critical for metabolism in cells, releasing energy that is partially captured in the form of ATP.
Explanation:The statement that catabolic processes involve the degradation of complex molecules into simpler molecules with the net release of chemical energy is true. Catabolic reactions break down larger molecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, which are found in food, into their smaller constituents.
In the process, energy is released, which is necessary for the metabolic processes in cells throughout the body. For example, as much as 40 percent of the energy yielded from these reactions is transferred to ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate), which is the energy currency of the cell and can power various cellular functions. The remaining energy is released as heat, absorbed by tissues and body fluids.
The body's reaction to long-lasting stress is associated with ____.
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Answer: The body's reaction to long-lasting stress is associated with impaired immune response.
The body immune system is the first defence mechanism against any invading pathogens, physical and mental stress. There are two ways by which stress can affect the immune system: firstly by the creation of chronic inflammation harming the tissues and secondly by the suppression of the immune cells for fighting the infection.
During stress or fight-or-flight condition, body starts to produce more amount of cortisol which is a stress hormone. The immune system is suppressed by lowering the amount of the protein needed to signal the immune cells. This reduces the number of lymphocytes or B cells and T cells.
Describe the relationship between fish and coral.
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Coral are under water plant and it has its on ecosystem
Fish live in the coral because of the nutreans and the hiding places.
Fish and coral have a symbiotic relationship, where fish benefit from the shelter and food provided by the coral, and coral benefits from the waste removal and nutrient delivery provided by the fish.
What is symbiotic relationship?A symbiotic relationship is a type of interaction between two or more species where both species benefit from the association. This can take various forms, such as mutualism, where both species receive benefits; commensalism, where one species benefits and the other is not affected; and parasitism, where one species benefits at the expense of the other.
Examples of symbiotic relationships include the relationship between bees and flowers, where bees collect nectar and pollen and pollinate the flowers, and the relationship between cattle and cattle egrets, where cattle stir up insects while grazing, making them easier for the birds to catch. The diversity of life on Earth is largely dependent on symbiotic relationships, and they play an important role in maintaining the balance of ecosystems.
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What is a cistron? 2)
a. if 2 different mutant rii phages are able to lyse
e. coli k (our lab manual's shorthand for k12(λ)) when they co-infect it, while neither mutant can lyse it separately, what can you say about the 2 mutations?
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2. The two mutations recombinant and reversed back to wild type.
The name of the test is Complementation test.
Final answer:
A cistron is essentially a gene, and if two mutant rII phages co-infect E. coli and only then can lyse it, it indicates the mutations are in different cistrons. This scenario, involving rIIA and rIIB mutations, illustrates complementation, a fundamental concept in genetics demonstrating how genetic mutations can compensate for each other's deficiencies in specific interactions.
Explanation:
A cistron refers to a gene, particularly defined by its ability to be complemented in a cis-trans complementation test. In the context of the rII phages infecting E. coli K12(λ), if two different mutant rII phages can lyse E. coli K12 when they co-infect, while neither can do so separately, it suggests that the mutations are in different cistrons (genes or functional units). Specifically, this scenario implies that one phage carries a mutation in the rIIA gene, and the other in the rIIB gene, allowing for complementation that enables the phages to complete their lytic cycle and produce plaques due to functional complementation between the two defective rII mutants.
The phenomenon of functional complementation elaborates on how genetic mutations within different functional units of phages working together can compensate for each other's deficiencies, a concept pivotal in understanding the modular structure of genes and the intricacies of genetic interactions. This insight was significantly advanced by Seymour Benzer's experiments, marking a watershed moment in molecular genetics.
Do you think most traits are inherited the way mouse fur color is ?
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Incomplete dominance likely explains the all gray offspring from true-breeding black and white mice. Human traits such as hair and eye color can show linkage, whereas hair color is a polygenic trait. This illustrates the complexity of inheritance, involving both genetic and environmental factors.
Inheritance Patterns in Mouse Fur Color
If black and white true-breeding mice are mated and the result is all gray offspring, the inheritance pattern indicated would likely be incomplete dominance. This is a scenario where neither parent's trait is completely dominant over the other, and the resulting phenotype is a blend of both parental traits. The concept of incomplete dominance differs from Mendelian inheritance, where one allele is completely dominant over the other.
Linkage and Human Traits
Linkage can lead to certain traits being inherited together due to their genes being located close to each other on the same chromosome. Hair color and eye color are traditional examples of linked traits, such as the common association of blonde hair with blue eyes, and brown hair with brown eyes. Other human traits that might be controlled by linked genes could include various physical features like height and body shape, as well as susceptibility to certain diseases.
Polygenic Traits and Human Hair Color
Human hair color is a polygenic trait, meaning it is influenced by multiple genes, such as MC1R, TYR, TYRP1, SLC24A5, and KITLG. These genes contribute to the production and ratio of melanin, which determines hair color. Variants in these genes lead to a wide range of hair colors, from black to blonde to red, indicating a more complex inheritance pattern than simple dominance.
Complexity of Inherited Traits
Traits in organisms can be determined by both inherited factors and environmental factors. For example, intellectual capacity and susceptibility to certain diseases like diabetes can be influenced by a combination of both genetics and environmental conditions.
The inheritance of traits such as mouse fur color or human hair color helps illustrate the complexity and diversity of genetic inheritance, which can range from simple Mendelian patterns to more complex polygenic or non-Mendelian inheritance.