What does it mean to say that double-stranded nucleic acids are
antiparallel?

Answer: f. only b. and c. are examples of homozygotes

Explanation:

Diploid cells (all non-reproductive cells) have two copies of each gene, called alleles, one obtained from the father and one from the mother. In genetics, an organism is a homozygote for a gene if both alleles are the same. In contrast, heterozygotes have different alleles for the same gen.

Genes are represented with a letter, and you can differentiate between alleles if the letter is uppercase or lowercase.  

For example, if you wanted to represent the gene that encodes a flower color, you could call A the 'red' version of it and a the 'blue' version of it. A plant would be homozygote for that gen if it had the same version for both alleles, AA or aa.

Answer:a. Retention of five functional digits on the tore and hindimbs

Explanation:

The presence of five digits or pentadactyly on the fingers as well as on the toes makes the primates distinct from other mammals. Also the keratin nails are present on each digit makes these organisms distinct from other mammals.

The five digits on the hindlimbs helps in grip of objects and on toes helps in climbing.

Answer: True

Explanation:

The sunlight is required for the living organism because all the living organism on the earth are either autotrophs or depends on the autotropic organism for their survival.

The green plants perform the process of photosynthesis by trapping sunlight. The other organism depends on the plants for their survival.

Hence, the given statement is true that all the living organism depends directly or indirectly on the sunlight.

Answer:

d. 2x.

Explanation:

At metaphase the DNA chromatides are duplicated. This explains that if in G1 phase of the cell cycle the DNA content is x, then the content in metaphase of meiosis I is 2x.

Answer:

Cystic fibrosis mutation is recessive to normal allele because only one functional or normal allele is enough to produce a functional protein. So, if mutation is present in one allele then also, a normal protein can be made from normal allele. The presence of normal protein prevents the expression of disease.

In addition, mutated allele only results in the loss of function of protein which can be compensated by the expression of normal allele. It does not add any toxic effect to the protein. Consequently, the disease is inherited in autosomal recessive fashion.

In contrast, Huntington mutation not only alters the structure of the functional protein but also adds toxicity to it. The altered protein is enable to interact with 100s of other proteins and inhibit or decrease their function. So, if only one allele is present then also, the mutated protein will be produced and it will result in the phenotype. Consequently, it is inherited as autosomal dominant fashion.

Answer:

True

Explanation:

Arteriosclerosis is a degenerative disease affecting the heart by hardening of the arteries with deposits of fats in the arterial walls. It is categorized as a degenerative disease because it is a continuous process which causes cell and tissue changes from reducing blood circulation to tissues of the heart from low blood irrigation and extenuation from over pumping due to the reduction of the arterial diameter.

Answer:

e. The maximum number of individuals an environment can support

Explanation:

Carrying capacity refers to the largest population size that can be supported by a specific habitat for an indefinite period of time. The concept of carrying capacity assumes that the environment of the habitat should remain constant.

Carrying capacity is represented by letter "K" and changes in response to the changes in the environmental conditions of the system.

For example, good rainfall in grassland would increase its carrying capacity for grazing animals while a drought would reduce it due to reduced availability of food.

Answer:

41 chromosomes

Explanation:

Cats have a dipoid chromosome number of 38, so their gametes will have half that number: an haploid number of 19 chromosomes.

Rabbits have a dipoid chromosome number of 44, so their gametes will have an haploid number of 22 chromosomes.

When a cat gamete (n=19) joins with a rabbit gamete (n=22) to form the hybrid zygote, it will have 19+22=41 chromosomes. When it undergoes mitotic division, all its somatic cells will have 41 chromosomes.

The expected chromosomes number in the hybrid between a rabbit and a cat is 41, calculated by averaging the chromosome counts of the two species.

The expected chromosomes number in the somatic tissues of the alleged hybrid between a rabbit and a cat would be 41. This number is calculated by taking the average of the chromosomes found in both species. The cat has 38 chromosomes, and the rabbit has 44 chromosomes, so when added together and divided by 2, the hybrid would be expected to have 41 chromosomes.

Answer:

A. True

Explanation:

Cooking, not just heating up, but adequately cooking will help to kill a lot of microorganisms present in food. The majority of the microbes present in our food are mesophilic organisms, this means they grow best in temperatures between 68 and 113 °F, not too hot and not too cold. The only way to ensure these microorganisms are killed and prevent food-borne illness is to apply the correct amount of heat, more than 120 °F.

Answer: c. Hypotheses usually are relatively narrow in scope; theories have broad explanatory power.

Explanation:

In scientific decipline, the hypothesis is a tentative statement which is produced by the method of prediction and assumption based on direct observation of the natural phenomena or event. It can be tested by using the experimental methodology.

Theory is a explaination for the cause of natural event or phenomena. This is based on the evidences obtained after experimental trials. A hypothesis can be used for generation of theory. A theory is more explanatory approach because of the details and evidences than hypothesis. Hence, c is the correct option.

Answer: d. penis

Explanation:

In pigs some of the parts of the excretory system are related to the reproductive system. The urethra is the tube where the urine get collected from the urinary bladder so as to release through the external orifice. The urethra remains connected to the penis. The vas deferens are the tubes which drains the sperms from the testes into the urethra. The urine as well as the sperms are both drained into the urethra which are finally carries away and excreted out from the body by another tube like structure that is penis.

Answer: Option D

Explanation:

Chloroplast is a cell organelle which is found specifically in the plant cell. It stores pigment named as chlorophyll.

This pigment traps the sunlight which is used for the process of photosynthesis.

In the process of photosynthesis the light energy that is trapped in the chloroplast is converted into chemical energy.

This energy is used for the various metabolic processes in plant cell.

Answer:

a. A macromolecule composed of a "string" of subunits stands both for DNA as well as proteins. Both are the macromolecules (large molecule) made of their respective subunits ( DNA made of polynucleotides and Proteins made of amino acids) and contains the stretch of monomers in their structure.

b. Double-stranded stands for DNA as DNA is a double stranded molecule contains two nucleotide chains runs with anti parallel polarity. The one strain has polarity in 5' to 3' direction and other strand has polarity in 3' to 5' direction.

c. Four different subunits stands for DNA. DNA contains the four nitrogenous bases adenine, guanine, thymine and cytosine. These four different nitrogenous bases with deoxyribose sugar and phosphate group may be responsible for the four different subunits of DNA.

d. 20 different subunits stands for proteins. 20 different standard amino acids are known for the formation of proteins. These 20 different amino acids makes the subunits.

e. Composed of amino acids stands for proteins. Proteins are the polymers of the amino acids. Amino acid contain the amine group, carboxylic acid group, hydrogen and R hydrocarbon chain.

f. Composed of nucleotides stands for DNA. DNA are the polymers of nucleotides. The nucleotide contains nitrogenous base, pentose sugar and the phosphate group.

g. Contains a code used to generate other macromolecules stands for DNA. DNA contains nitrogenous bases in the form of codes to generate RNA as well as protein.

h. Performs chemical reactions stands for proteins. Enzymes are made of protein that are responsible for the metabolic and enzymatic reactions of the body.

Answer:

The outcome resulting from crossing over is increase in the variability of phenotypes.

Explanation:

The non-sister chromatids tend to exchange some of the segments of chromosomes during  the process of meiosis. This phenomenon is termed as crossing over or recombination.

Due to crossing over, a variety of different combinations are achieved in the genes. Hence, crossing over results in increased number of variability of phenotypes. The wide variety of genetic diversity produced is due to this phenomenon i.e crossing over or recombination.

Answer: increase in the variability of phenotypes

Answer:

Explanation:

The Crustaceans used for commercial sale are crabs, shrimps and lobsters. All these animals are subjected to the invasion of the marine parasites such as copepods, branchiura, anchor worms, fish lice, and gnathia. These parasites affects the body of the crustaceans and cause diseases and ultimate death. This will lead to decrease in number of commercial quantity of crustaceans and fisheries. Hence, will be responsible for high economic loss.

Answer:

d. if my hypothesis is correct, I can expect certain test results

Explanation:

To create a theory is not enough to state an assumption. Called scientific research, the practice tries, through a logical procedure, to produce tested, proven and safe scientific knowledge. This concept is based on the logic of scientific research that states that a hypothesis must be tested, because if the hypothesis is correct, certain test results can be expected. For this, some rules or phases are part of the process. And they are: observation, hypotheses, research method and conclusion.

Thus, we can conclude that among the alternatives presented, the one that best describes the logic of scientific investigation is the letter D.

If my hypothesis is correct, I can expect certain test results, best describes the logic of scientific inquiry.

The ways and the methods used by the researchers and scientists to analyze and study the natural environment based on the proof collected from their studies is called scientific inquiry.

The assumptions made by the researchers are not enough to postulate a theory and requires intense analysis and evidence to back the findings. The findings undergo many experiments, trials, and legal processes to establish it as a theory.

The scientific inquiry is based on the testing of the evidence and the results can be assumed of the assumptions by the method of the research and conclusions.

Therefore, option d is correct.

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Answer:

In human haploid cells there are 23 chromosomes.

Answer:

False

Explanation:

On the basis of their chemical composition, hormones are classified into two broad categories: lipid-soluble and water-soluble hormones. The water-soluble hormones include amine hormones, proteins, and peptide hormones and eicosanoid hormones.

Steroids hormones are lipid-soluble hormones. Examples of steroid hormones include aldosterone, cortisol, etc.  

The hormones that are made of more than 50 amino acids are categorized as protein hormones. These hormones generally have 50-200 amino acids in their chemical structure. Both growth hormone and insulin are the protein hormones.  

For example, insulin hormone consists of peptide chains A and B with 21 and 30 amino acids respectively. The peptide chains are joined together by disulfide bonds. Likewise, the growth hormone is made of as many as 191 amino acids.  

Answer:

b. 8P+ , 10no , 8e-

Explanation:

An isotope is a form of a chemical element whose atomic nucleus of an element contains a specific number of neutrons and protons. For example, the nucleus of a carbon atom contains 6 neutrons(no) and 6 protons(P+) and similarly in the nucleus of oxygen contains 8 neutrons and 8 protons . The number of neutron can varies in the nucleus of that element. Variation in neutrons form isotopes of the element. In nature, oxygen has three stable isotopes, ¹⁶O, ¹⁷O, and ¹⁸O, but ¹⁶O most abundant. The ¹⁸O isotope of oxygen contains 8 protons(P+), 8 electrons(e-) and 10 neutrons(no) instead of normal 8 neutrons.  

The isotope symbol for oxygen-18 is 8P+, 10no, 8e-.

The isotope symbol for oxygen-18 can be represented as 8P+, 10no, 8e-. The number 8P+ represents the number of protons in the oxygen atom, which is 8. The number 10no represents the number of neutrons, which is 10. And the number 8e- represents the number of electrons, also 8. Therefore, the correct answer is option b. 8P+, 10no, 8e-.

Answer:

Explanation:

Grain stain is a stain that is used for wood polishing. It is used for culture of new and young bacteria so as to support the innoculation of these young bacteria, supports their growth and survival.

Answer:

Grain stain is a stain that is used for wood polishing. It is used for culture of new and young bacteria so as to support the innoculation of these young bacteria, supports their growth and survival.

Explanation:

Answer:

The correct answer is option a. "lower melting temperature".

Explanation:

Food makers add hydrogen to vegetable oil in order to make them more solid. The melting point of vegetable oils that go trough a partial hydrogenation process do not lower, actually, the melting point increases. Vegetable oils that are partially hydrogenated are partially saturated, which in consequence increases its melting point to the point that they could be solid at room temperature.

Lowering of melting temperature isn't a consequence of partial hydrogenation of vegetable oils. Instead, it creates more saturated fats, increasing the melting temperature. Other consequences include conversion of cis double bonds into single or trans bonds, risk increase of cardiovascular diseases, and extended shelf life.

The partial hydrogenation of vegetable oils leads to several outcomes, but a 'lower melting temperature' is not one of them. On the contrary, hydrogenation causes an increase in melting temperature because it converts unsaturated fats (present in vegetable oils) into saturated fats, which are solid at room temperature. During partial hydrogenation, cis double bonds are converted into single bonds or trans double bonds, which is associated with a greater risk of cardiovascular disease when consumed by humans. Furthermore, these alterations enhance the oil's shelf life due to the increased resistance to rancidity.

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Chemical indicators are substances used to test for the presence of specific compounds or conditions. They undergo a noticeable change in color or form when they come into contact with the target compound or condition.

Chemical indicators are substances used to test for the presence of specific compounds or conditions. They are often used in laboratory experiments to detect the presence or absence of certain macromolecules or chemical reactions. A chemical indicator works by undergoing a noticeable change in color or form when it comes into contact with the target compound or condition.

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Answer:

Dominance:

Dominance may be defined as the phenomena in which intra allelic genes are involved in the process. The dominant trait hides the expression of the recessive trait. The same alleles of the gene are involved in this expression. Two loci of the same gene are involved in the dominance.

Epistasis:

Epistasis may be defined as the phenomena in which inter allelic genes are involved in the process. The one gene modifies the expression of the other gene. Different gene are involved in this process. Four loci of two different genes are involved in the process of epistasis.

Final answer:

Epistasis involves genetic interaction between two or more loci, leading to one gene masking the effects of another gene, while dominance refers to one allele masking another within the same gene. Epistasis often results in non-Mendelian phenotypic ratios, in contrast to the typical Mendelian ratios seen with dominance.

Explanation:

Difference Between Epistasis and Dominance

Epistasis is a form of genetic interaction between two or more loci, where the expression of one gene or locus masks or modifies the expression of another gene at a different locus. In epistatic interactions, we often see a deviation from the typical Mendelian ratios, such as 9:3:3:1, due to the suppression of one gene by another. For instance, in Labrador Retrievers, the E locus can mask the coloration effect of the B locus, leading to different coat colors.

Dominance, on the other hand, refers to the relationship between alleles at the same genetic locus, where the dominant allele masks the expression of a recessive allele at that locus. Unlike epistasis, dominance involves just one gene with two alleles, not multiple genes.

Epistasis can result in various phenotypic ratios depending on the type of epistasis (e.g., 9:3:4 in recessive epistasis or 15:1 in dominant epistasis), whereas dominance within a single gene locus follows the standard Mendelian 3:1 phenotypic ratio in a monohybrid cross.

Answer:

b. the presence of chloroplasts

Explanation:

The presence of chloroplast is a character being common to all the groups of green algae (to which charophytes belong) but also to plants, if one associates "plants" to the group formed by non vascular plants (mosses and relatives), non seeded vascular plants (ferns and lycophytes) and seeded plants (conifers or gymnosperms and flowering plants or angiosperms).

Thus, as the presence of chloroplasts is common throughout all these groups, it does not provide any taxonomic relevant information to particular link the charophytes to the land plants (or embryophytes, all the taxa above mentioned) as their closest relatives.  

Option B- The presence of chloroplasts is not unique evidence of the close relationship between charophytes and plants. Similarities in sperm structure, cell wall formation during cell division, and genetic similarities in chloroplasts are more specific indicators of their close evolutionary relationship.

Among the options you have provided, the correct one that doesn't serve as evidence that charophytes are the closest algal relatives of plants is b. the presence of chloroplasts. While it is true that both charophytes and plants have chloroplasts, the presence of chloroplasts is not a unique characteristic to these groups alone. Chloroplasts are found in a variety of photosynthetic organisms, including other types of algae. Therefore, the presence of chloroplasts does not specifically indicate a close relationship between charophytes and plants.

On the other hand, a. similar sperm structure, c. similarities in cell wall formation during cell division, and d. genetic similarities in chloroplasts all provide strong evidence for the close evolutionary relationship between charophytes and plants.

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Answer:

a. most genes encode one polypeptide and can be operationally defined by the complementation test

Explanation:

Genes are the stretch of DNA that code for specific polypeptides. In general, one gene codes for the only polypeptide.

Genes are defined by complementation tests which in turn tell if two mutations have occurred in the alleles of the same gene or different gene.

For the purpose, an organism with the homozygous genotype for one recessive mutation is crossed with an organism having the homozygous recessive genotype for another mutation.

If the two mutations are in the same gene, the progeny would show the mutant phenotype. On the other hand, if two mutations are in different genes, the progeny would exhibit normal phenotype.

The correct answer is 'a. Most genes encode one polypeptide and can be operationally defined by the complementation test.'

Answer:

Alleles

Explanation:

The genetic traits exhibit variations. The forms of a particular gene that govern the variations of a specific genetic trait are called alleles.

Alleles occupy corresponding loci on the homologous chromosomes. A gene may have two or more than two alleles. For a diploid organism, two alleles for a gene may be present in the genome irrespective of the multiple alleles for the trait present in the gene pool of the population.  

For example, "T" and "t" are the alleles for the plant height gene wherein the allele "T" imparts the "tall" phenotype and the allele "t" imparts the "dwarf" phenotype to the plants.

Answer:

B

Explanation:

Botulism is a classical example of a exotoxin-mediated disease.

When C. Botulism grows in food, for example, and you eat it, it is the toxins that were produced that gives you the disease, not the bacteria per se.

A very characteristic presentation of this is infants that contract botulism from the soil (were the toxins are, but not the bacteria). Infants are much more susceptible to botulism because adults GI tract is mature enough to protect from the toxins, but infants usually cannot.

Answer:

Comparison between the growth process and life cycle of plants and animals:

A single cell is enough to initiate life in plants and animals. The cells of both the plants and animals multiply to increase their number. The gametes in animals and the plants that produce flower, shows sexual reproduction and are haploid in nature. The egg and sperm of animal is similar in function with the megaspore and microspore of plants.

Differences between the growth process and life cycle of plants and animals:

The fertilization of plants depends on other animals ( like bees and bird) but the animal fertilization does not depends on other organisms. Well developed parental care is present in animals but absent in plants. The growth of most plants includes the alternation of generation whereas limited animals shows alternation of generation.

To determine the genotype of a Drosophila fly with normal wings, a test cross with a homozygous short-winged fly is conducted. If all offspring have normal wings, the parent is homozygous; if offspring show a 1:1 ratio of normal to short wings, the parent is heterozygous.

To determine if a fly with normal wings is pure-breeding or heterozygous for the wing-length trait, you would perform a test cross by crossing it with a fly that is homozygous for the short wings (the recessive allele). This means crossing the fly with the unknown genotype (normal wings) with a fly that is homozygous recessive (short wings).

If the fly with normal wings is homozygous dominant (pure-breeding), all offspring will have normal wings because they would all receive at least one dominant allele. However, if the normal-winged fly is heterozygous, approximately half of the offspring will have normal wings and half will have short wings, indicating the presence of the recessive allele in the parent with normal wings.

A Punnett Square can illustrate the expected outcomes:

If the normal-winged fly is homozygous (WW), all offspring will be Ww (normal wings).

If the normal-winged fly is heterozygous (Ww), the offspring will be 1:1, half Ww (normal wings) and half ww (short wings).

Answer:

d.) It decreases CO2 and H+ in the blood, increasing pH

Explanation:

Carbon dioxide is eliminated from the body as a gas in exhaled air, during hyperventilation the volume of air breathed in and our increased above the normal, causing more [tex]CO_{2}[/tex] to exit the body affecting the equilibrium between bicarbonate ion and carbon dioxide:

[tex]CO_{2}+H_{2}O <- H_{2}CO_{3} <- H^{+}+HCO_{3}[/tex]

This change in the equilibrium (to the left) results in a pH rising because of the loss of H+.

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