Immune privileged sites, such as the brain, the eye, and the testis, are often the targets of autoimmune attack. Thus, once effector T cells are generated that have specificity for autoantigens expressed in these tissues, the effector cells can gain entry to the tissue and cause tissue damage. However, under normal circumstances, the priming and differentiation of effector cells specific for antigens found in the brain, for example, is generally prevented. This is because ‘immune privileged’ sites:
Answer:
express the cytokine, TGF-beta
Explanation:
An autoimmune disease is a condition in which your immune system attacks your body mistakenly. The immune system protects our body against germs including bacteria and viruses. It sends out an army of fighter cells to attack them.
Immune privileged sites, such as the brain, the eye, and the testis, are often the targets of autoimmune attack but the priming and differentiation of effector cells specific for antigens found in the brain, for example, is generally prevented as immune-privileged sites express the cytokine, TGF-beta.
Select the correct answer.
Respiration is a process where many chemical bonds inside the body break and release energy. This energy is used to perform various activities
such as moving muscles. Explain the energy transformation in this process.
A. Chemical energy from broken bonds is transformed into mechanical energy for muscles.
B. Mechanical energy from broken bonds is transformed into chemical energy for muscles.
C. Mechanical energy from broken bonds is transformed into electrical energy for muscles.
D. Heat energy from broken bonds is transformed into electrical energy for muscles.
Answer:
A
Explanation:
Food (glucose) is a store of chemical energy which is broken down to produce atp which is then transformed into mechanical energy for muscles.
Answer:
A. Chemical energy from broken bonds is transformed into mechanical energy for muscles.
Explanation:
this is the right answer trust me because i trust me
The nucleus ______________________ during prophase II. In Metaphase II the chromosomes line up single file down the __________________ of the cell. In ___________________ the sister chromatids split up.
Answer:
The nucleus is dissolved during prophase II. In metaphase II the chromosomes line up single file down the metaphase plate of the cell. In anaphase II, the sister chromatids split up.
Explanation:
After meiosis I, meiosis II happens, which is like mitosis in the fact that sister chromatids are separated and migrate towards different daughter cells, resulting in four daughter cells with an haploid number of chromosomes.
The cell division process in which the chromosome number and the ploidy reduce after division is called meiosis. It exclusively occurs in the reproductive cells of organisms.
The blanks are condensed, metaphase plate and anaphase II.
The steps of meiosis II can be explained as:Prophase II - It is the first step of meiosis II in which the genetic material condenses and the nuclear membrane dissolves. It is a similar process to that of mitosis.Metaphase II - the second step of meiosis in which the chromosomes line up at the middle of the cell at the metaphase plate for equal separation.Anaphase II - the sister chromatids of the chromosomes separate and move towards the opposite poles to form two equal cells.Therefore the correct blanks are condensed, metaphase plate and anaphase II.
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Explain why individuals are not typically heterozygous with respect to mitochondrial genes
It should be noted that mitochondrial genes aren't typically heterozygous because the DNA are inherited exclusively from the mothers.
Mitochondrial genes typically contain genome and they instruct cells to produce subunits of the enzyme.
Individuals are not typically heterozygous with respect to mitochondrial genes. Mutation can only lead to a state of heteroplasmy.
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Corn smut and wheat rust are crop diseases caused by_____fungi.
Answer:
Club Fungi
Explanation:
Club Fungi: with a simple or branched often club-shaped sporophore.
Answer:
Club fungi
Explanation:
Club Fungi: with a simple or branched often club-shaped sporophore.
Enzymes work in biological systems by _________. View Available Hint(s) Enzymes work in biological systems by _________. decreasing the equilibrium constant lowering the activation energy of a reaction increasing the equilibrium constant increasing the activation energy of a reaction g
The complete sentence should be, 'Enzymes work in biological systems by lowering the activation energy of a reaction.'
This is essential because the activation energy is the minimum amount of energy needed for a chemical reaction to occur. By reducing this energy threshold, enzymes make it easier for reactions to happen, thus speeding up biochemical processes.For example, without enzymes, many metabolic reactions in our bodies would proceed too slowly to sustain life. Enzymes achieve this by binding to the reactants and stabilizing the transition state, which ultimately reduces the energy needed to reach it.How does earths magnetic field provide evidence for seafloor spreading
Answer: A ;)
Explanation: DON'T WORRY BOUT IT SWEET HEART
The Earth's magnetic field provides the evidence for seafloor spreading by creating a pattern of alternating rock stripes on both sides of a mid-ocean ridge. Thus, the correct option is A.
What is Seafloor spreading?
Seafloor spreading is a process which occurs at the mid-ocean ridges where the new oceanic crust is formed by the volcanic activity and afterwards this gradually moves away from the ridge of the ocean.
During a seafloor spreading, a rift in the ocean can spill out the partially melted subducted rock present in the ocean. However, when the magma cools down, there is a change in the magnetic variation of rocks which were formed by the series of volcano that has occurred underwater.
The variation of rocks shows younger rocks closer to the mid-oceanic ridge in the process.
Therefore, the correct option is A.
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Your question is incomplete, most probably the complete question is:
How does Earth’s magnetic field provide evidence for seafloor spreading?
a. It creates a pattern of alternating rock stripes on both sides of a mid-ocean ridge.
b. It allows scientists to determine the age of drilling samples.
c. It causes magma to harden quickly underwater.
d. It shows that younger rocks are located deeper underwater than older rocks.
In which kind of solution is the concentration of solutes the same inside and outside of the cell?
Explanation: if im correct it should be isotonic solution because isotonic is when two solutions have the same osmotic pressure across a semipermeable membrane which allows for free movement of water across the membrane without changing the concentration of solutes on either side.
Hope this helps
Answer:
A.) isotonic
Explanation:
yes.
please answer quick Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a greenhouse gas. It traps the heat in the atmosphere. Humans have used fossil fuels for only the last few hundred years. When burned, fossil fuels release CO2 into the atmosphere. Why do you think our fossil fuel use is a concern for environmental scientists?
Answer:
Because its destroying our Ozone layer, we will die of UV light overdose
Explanation:
Answer:
Burning fossil fuels increases the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere. A high level of CO2 throws the carbon cycle out of balance. With more CO2 in the atmosphere, the temperature on Earth increases.
Explanation:
edmentum sample answer change it up a bit so you don't get caught
Primary succession occurs A. After a disturbance that removes an entire community leaving a sterile environment B. After a disturbance that disrupts a community but leaves a seed bank in the soil C. Right before the secondary succession D. After a severe drought in southwest US which kills all trees and crops
Answer:
Primary succession is one of two types of biological and ecological succession of plant life, occurring in an environment in which new substrate devoid of vegetation and other organisms usually lacking soil, such as a lava flow or area left from retreated glacier, is deposited.
Suppose a researcher introduces a mutation into the glucosidase domain of the mammalian glycogen debranching enzyme. The mutation inhibits the activity of the glucosidase but does not affect the other functions of the enzyme. The researcher then introduces the mutated enzyme into mammalian cells that do not express wild type glycogen debranching enzyme. Predict the effect of the mutation on glycogen metabolism. a. linear glycogen chains with minimal branching b. glycogen molecules with branches containing five or more glucose residues c. glycogen molecules with branches containing a single glucose residue d. glycogen molecules with branches containing four glucose residues
Answer:
c. glycogen molecules with branches containing a single glucose residue
Explanation:
The mutation inhibits the activity of the glucosidase but does not affect the other functions of the enzyme. The researcher then introduces the mutated enzyme into mammalian cells that do not express wild type glycogen debranching enzyme because glycogen molecules with branches containing a single glucose residue (single glucose molecule linked by alpha 1,6 linkage due to mutation in glucosidase activity of debranching enzyme).
Final answer:
Option c is the correct answer. The mutation in the glucosidase domain of the glycogen debranching enzyme leads to glycogen molecules with branches containing a single glucose residue, due to the inability to remove these residues at the branch points.
Explanation:
The question is relating to the effects of a mutation in the glucosidase domain of a mammalian glycogen debranching enzyme, specifically how this mutation affects glycogen metabolism when the mutated enzyme is introduced into mammalian cells. The glycogen debranching enzyme plays a critical role in glycogen breakdown, mainly by transferring a trisaccharide from an alpha-1,6 branch onto an adjacent alpha-1,4 branch and then hydrolyzing the remaining single glucose residue at the alpha-1,6 branch point. Since the mutation inhibits the glucosidase activity but does not affect other functions, this means the enzyme cannot properly process the remaining single glucose at the branch point.
The correct option is (c) glycogen molecules with branches containing a single glucose residue. This is because, with the inhibition of glucosidase activity, the debranching enzyme can no longer remove the single glucose residues at the branch points, leading to the accumulation of these residues in the glycogen structure.
A healthy radish plant growing in a greenhouse is covered with a screen box that blocks sunlight. After 10 days, the mass of the plants has ___________ because the rate of cellular respiration is _________ the rate of photosynthesis.
Answer:
A healthy radish plant growing in a greenhouse is covered with a screen box that blocks sunlight. After 10 days, the mass of the plants has decreased because the rate of cellular respiration is higher than the rate of photosynthesis.
Explanation:
If a healthy plant would be covered with a screen box for a period of 10 days, the rate of photosynthesis would be decreased significantly. We know that a plant essentialy needs sunlight to perform photosynthesis. Further, when the photosynthesis is already stopped, the cellular respiration would continue and the plant would loss most of its water content. Ultimately, after a few days, the plant biomass would start decreasing as well. The period of 10 days is sufficient enough to see the loss of plant biomass and decrease in photosynthesis rate. Normally, results are evident after 24 hours.
13.Certain species of whiptail lizards have only female individuals and no males. These lizards
reproduce asexually. What is one disadvantage of asexual reproduction for these lizards?
A new population can be established by a single individual in a relatively short period of
time.
B.All the members of a population are genetically very similar and less able to survive
environmental changes.
C.They are smaller than lizards that reproduce sexually.
D.They are more likely to develop a variety of tail lengths.
Answer:
The answer is B, All the members of a population are genetically very similar and less able to survive environmental changes.
Explanation:
The study of a living being is called biology.
The Correct Answer is B.
The production of new offspring from the single parent is called asexual reproduction.
The factor affecting asexual reproduction is that it is made from a single parent and there is not an exchange of genes which leads to the form offspring totally similar to the parent and having less chance to evolve in the environment.
Hence, the correct answer is B that is All the members of a population are genetically very similar and less able to survive
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What is the relationship between mutation, the cell cycle, and cancer? Select all statements that apply.
Generally, in an infection caused by a DNA-containing virus, the host animal cell supplies all of the following EXCEPT Generally, in an infection caused by a DNA-containing virus, the host animal cell supplies all of the following EXCEPT
a. tRNA.
b. DNA polymerase.
c. nucleotides.
d. RNA polymerase.
e. None of the answers are correct;
f. all of these are supplied by the host animal
Answer:
B- DNA polymerase
Explanation:
In an infection caused by a DNA-containing virus, the host supplies tRNA, nucleotides and RNA polymerase but with all this being supplied, then; we need to understand that DNA Virus has a large sum of plant viruses. What am simply trying to explain to us is that, this can bring about tumors, they usually occur not presently active infections in a host while Herpesviridae is one of the big DNA Viruses group that bring about disease in animal.
Which of the statements are true of both first- and second-division nondisjunction? Select all that apply. Sister chromatids fail to separate. Half of the gametes produced are wild-type, whereas half are mutated. Gametes are produced with extra chromosomes. Homologous chromosomes fail to separate. Gametes are produced with missing chromosomes.
Answer:
Gametes are produced with extra chromosomes. Gametes are produced with missing chromosomes.Explanation:
Non-disjunction is a genetic phenomenon that results in a failure in the segregation of sister chromatids. Non-disjunction can be classified as first or second division, however both result in genetic anomalies, because both cause excessive gamete production, or failure in gamete production, in addition to causing cells to be created with fewer chromosomes than they should It has.
For this reason, we can consider that the correct answer to your question is:
Gametes are produced with extra chromosomes. Gametes are produced with missing chromosomes.The statements "gametes are produced with extra chromosomes" and "gametes are produced with missing chromosomes" are TRUE.
Meiosis is a cell division by which a parent cell divides twice and duplicates its genetic material to produce four daughter cells (gametes) having half of the genetic material.These successive rounds of cell division are called Meiosis I and Meiosis II.Non-disjunction refers to either the faulty separation of either homo-logous chromosomes or sister chromatids during Meiosis I or Meiosis II.In conclusion, the statements "gametes are produced with extra chromosomes" and "gametes are produced with missing chromosomes" are TRUE.
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Experiments by Charles Yanofsky in the 1950s and 1960s helped characterize the nature of tryptophan synthesis in E.coli. In one of Yanofsky's experiments, he identified glycine (gly) as the wild-type amino acid in position 211 of tryptophan synthetase, the product of the trpA gene. He identified two independent missense mutants with defective tryptophan synthetase at these positions that resulted from base-pair substitutions. One mutant encoded arginine (arg) and another encoded glutamic acid (glu). At position 235, wild-type tryptophan synthetase contains serine (ser), but a base-pair substitution mutant encodes leucine (leu). At position 243, the wild-type polypeptide contains glutamine, and a base-pair substitution mutant encodes a stop codon.
The most likely wild-type codon for position 235 is AGT/C. Identify the most likely wild-type codon(s) for position 235 and 243.
Answer:
Charles yanofsky established gene sequence and protein sequences are collinear in bacteria. He explains changes in DNA sequence can capable to produce changes in protein sequence at corresponding positions of bacteria.
The most likely wild-type codon for position 235 is AGT/C
The most likely wild-type codon(s) for position 211 is GGA/G
The most likely wild-type codon(s) for position 235 is UCA/G
The most likely wild-type codon(s) for position 243 is CAA/G
What is the composition of VLP? What are its characteristics?
Answer:
Explanation:
VLP are virus like particles they resemble virus but are not virus because they do not have viral components, they lack genomic material but contain protein that makes up a viral plasmid. They cannot replicate in cells.
VLP occurs naturally and some could be synthesize artificially by inducing or express virus structural protein which later assembly to form VLP.
VLP have been produced from wide variety of virus depending on the purpose of synthesis example include Parvoviridae--- adeno-associated virus), Retroviridae --HIV) some are produce by class one retrotransposons that are not genetically effective because the do not posses a viral envelope.
A natural disaster wipes out most of a population. The allele frequencies of the surviving population may not be the same as the allele frequencies of the original population. This form of genetic drift is called
Answer:
Bottleneck effect
Explanation:
In bottle neck effect, the amount of genetic variation of a population reduces in lieu to its inability to adapt to new selection pressure such as climatic change, natural disaster etc. thereby reducing the size of the population by at least one generation.
For example –
The genetic variation of Northern elephant seals is caused by the human inflicted bottleneck i.e excessive hunting
What landslide will produce the highest amount of kinetic energy for an object of constant mass moving down it
Answer:
Landslide will produce the highest amount of kinetic energy if it moves with high speed and with a large mass.
Explanation:
Kinetic energy is type of energy which depends on the speed and mass of the body. Kinetic energy has direct relation with mass and speed of the body. If speed and mass of an object is higher, maximum kinetic energy will be produced in the object while the object has lower kinetic energy if it has lower speed and less mass. So this phenomenon is also apply on the kinetic energy of landslide. If mass and speed of the landslide is higher, its kinetic energy is also higher.
According to embryology, why do fish and birds have a common ancestor?
They both have embryos with gill slits and tails.
They both have embryos with traits that eventually disappear.
They both have embryos that develop into adults.
They both have embryos that form from a fertilized egg.
Answer:
A
Explanation:
Which of the following is not true of a drug?
a) it may change anyone's mood
b) it may help someone cope with life.
c) they may be prescribed by a doctor
d) they may be bought over a chemist's counter
e) some drugs are completely harmless
Answer:
B)t may help someone cope with life.
Explanation:
Not a long term fix
Cancer cells exhibit a variety of differences from normal cells in cell adhesion, cell junctions, and cell effects on the extracellular matrix, some of which facilitate metastasis. Explain three changes found in some cancer cells related to these aspects of cell structure and function.
Answer:
In cancer, cells loss their adhesion because protein expression involved in this process is dysregulated
Studies suggest that cell junctions are critical for cancer progression and metastasis
Finally, cancer cells modify the extracellular matrix since this matrix may act as a barrier for the migration of cancer cells
2 Points
The graph below shows how natural processes and human activities affect
climate
Which
claim
Thermal disruption (W/m)
NON
Agents of Climate Change
Natural Human
processes activities Halocarbons
Ozone
со,
Net change Greenhouse gases
Net change
in energy
Total aerosols due to human
from Sun
activities
Warming effect Cooling effect
supported by the data?
O
A. Natural processes have a larger impact on climate change,
O
B. Human activity has a larger impact on climate change.
O
C. Natural weather patterns are evidence against climate change.
O
D. There is no reason to believe humans are causing climate change.
Answer:B human activity
Explanation:
I just did it :)
Climate change is occurring at a very fast pace and human interventions are leading to a rise in global warming. Human actions are contributing to thermal disturbances as well.
The statement that supports the data is:
Option B. Human actions have a larger effect on climate change.
This statement can be supported by:
Human actions like the burning of fossil fuels including petrol, coal and diesel adversely affect climatic factors.Humans cut an enormous amount of plantations and clears lands for building dams and industries that result in soil erosion and flooding.Disproportionate use of fertilizers comprising toxic compounds deteriorates soil quality and emits nitrogen-containing compounds.Thus, humans are the main reason for climate change.
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You are performing an in vitro experiment in which you will expose a material you are considering for a medical device to synovial fluid, which contains the proteins albumin, transferrin, and IgM at concentrations of 5, 0.5, and 0.05 mg/ml, respectively. Each of these components has a particular affinity for your material, with IgM being the highest and albumin being the lowest.
Explanation:
Due to the Vroman effect, albumin will initially attach and eventually be replaced by the IgM, which has a higher affinity for the material
The higher concentration of the albumin results in a greater initial surface concentration via diffusion, but it will eventually be displaced by the proteins with greater surface affinity (first the transferrin, and finally the IgM)
If more addition of albumin occurs, which has less affinity for the material surface, will have minimal effect if IgM is already adsorbed to material surface
What are the medical uses of Interferon beta-1a?
Answer:
nterferon beta-1a is used to treat relapsing multiple sclerosis (MS) in adults. interferon beta-1a will not cure MS, it will only decrease the frequency of relapse symptoms. Interferon beta-1a may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide.
Consider the following experiment: True-breeding tall pea plants are cut short before being pollinated to determine if there is an effect on the offspring. Which explanation for trait inheritance is this testing?
This experiment is testing the principle of trait inheritance known as Mendelian inheritance. It aims to understand if cutting short the true-breeding tall pea plants before pollination affects the traits inherited by the offspring.
Explanation:This experiment is testing the principle of trait inheritance known as Mendelian inheritance. Mendelian inheritance refers to the idea that traits are determined by discrete units called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. By cutting short the true-breeding tall pea plants before pollination, the experimenter is investigating if this has an effect on the traits inherited by the offspring. This allows for the examination of whether the trait is dominant or recessive based on the appearance of the offspring.
What factors, other than exercise, would increase the heartbeat rate?
Answer:
Emotions and anxiety can raise your heart rate, Body Temperature: If you become too hot or too cold your body senses a thermal stress load, The terrain, Wind, Dehydration, Diminishing glycogen stores — your muscles primary fuel source.
Explanation:
what genotype does a person with AB have
Answer:
if talking about AB blood type then a person with blood type AB has the genotype AB.
Explanation:
The ends of the linear chromosomes of eukaryotes cannot be replicated by DNA polymerase. This problem is overcome through the use of telomerase, an enzyme implicated in aging and cell lifespan. Telomerase contains a noncoding RNA that acts as a moving template to add a repetitive DNA sequence at the chromosome tip, preventing the loss of essential DNA. In mammals, the ends of the chromosomes fold back to form a circular structure called a T‑loop.
Select the answers that correctly describe telomeres and the actions of telomerase.
a. Telomerase is a specialized reverse transcriptase and its presence within eukaryotic cells indicates that an early eukaryote was infected by a retrovirus.
b. Inappropriate activation of telomerase can result in cellular immortality, one of the cellular changes implicated in the development of cancer.
c. Telomerase activity is turned off in most human cells, causing the telomeres to gradually shorten as the individual ages.
d. The T-loop protects the chromosome ends from degradation by nucleases and double strand break repair enzymes.
e. Telomerase activity results in a telomere that is completely double-stranded with no single stranded region that would be susceptible to nucleases.
Answer:
B,C, D
Explanation:
Telemerase is a reverse transcriptase enzyme, which adds repetitive nucleotide sequences to the telomere ends of chromosomes.
This enable the telomere to protect the end of chromosomes from degenerating, and also prevent it from fusing with other adjacent chromosomes. Telomere shelved the gene ahead of it on the chromosomes from been truncated as its shorten with each division, It is in turn protected by protein shelterin
With each cell division, the shortened telomere length is replenished by the telomerase enzyme. Therefore, the telomerase maintains the stability of the telomeres.
Consequently the turning off of these enzymes shorten ages, in most human cells because, the telomere length is shortened , and cells failed to undergo cell division which leads to death of cells. Ageing. if this enzyme is over activated, cells undergo uninterrupted division,and multiplication which may lead to tumor.
Telomerase is a specialized enzyme that fills the gap left by DNA polymerase in the replication of the ends of chromosomes, known as telomeres. Its activity can influence processes related to aging and cancer development. The 'T-loop' at the end of chromosomes serves a protective function.
Explanation:The ends of eukaryotic chromosomes, known as telomeres, cannot be replicated by the DNA polymerase enzyme that is crucial in DNA replication. This gap is filled by a specialized enzyme called telomerase. This enzyme has an inbuilt RNA sequence that it uses as a movable template to append a recurring sequence that is DNA to the ends of chromosomes. This helps prevent significant DNA loss.
A few points help define telomeres and telomerase activity:
Telomerase is an exceptional reverse transcriptase. Suggesting that an early eukaryote was infected with a retrovirus is speculative.Uncontrolled activation of telomerase can result in cellular immortality, which is associated with the development of cancer.The activity of telomerase is usually switched off in most human cells, causing gradual shortening of telomeres with aging.The T-loop provides protection to the chromosome ends against disintegration by nucleases or double strand break repair enzymes.Telomerase activity results in a complete double-stranded telomere with no single stranded regions susceptible to degradation by nucleases.Learn more about Telomerase and Telomeres here:https://brainly.com/question/34616854
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