What is mitosis in a living cell?

a) the separation of the genetic material of a cell into two completely identical sets, one for each of the daughter cells created during cell division

b) the creation of two daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes that the parent cell has by the process of cell division

c)the creation of a larger amount of cytoplasmic material that can then be split among the daughter cells of a parent cell

d)the separation of existing genetic material by splitting chromatids at the centromere to create two similar nuclei in another cell​

Answer:

B

Explanation:

DNA is a double-strandard molecule, while RNA is a single-stranded. DNA and RNA base pairing is slightly different since DNA uses the bases adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine; RNA uses adenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanine.Uracil differs from thymine in that it lacks a methyl group on its ring.

The difference between DNA and RNA is that DNA is double- stranded while RNA is single stranded.

DNA is a hereditary material which is present in human beings as well as all other living organisms.  Every cell which is present in an organism's body has DNA  which is the same. Most of the DNA is situated in the cell's nucleus  and small amount of it can be found in the cell's mitochondria as well.

Information which is stored in DNA is stored as codes made up of four chemical bases namely, adenine, thymine , cytosine and guanine.Human DNA consists of 3 billion bases .The order of the bases determines information which is required for building and maintaining an organism.

DNA bases are capable of pairing up with each other. Adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs up with cytosine .Each base is also attached to a sugar molecule  and a phosphate group. A base, phosphate  sugar are together called as nucleotides.

Learn more about DNA,here:

https://brainly.com/question/31098

#SPJ2

Half of the total number of Opals children (50%) will have blue hair.

When an Oompah with purple hair (Pr) marries an Opal with blue hair (rr) out of the four children born two will have blue hair as represented by the below table.

From the table we find that two children are born with the dominant (purple) trait and two with the recessive (blue) trait. Allele is the other word for trait defined by Gregor Mendel in his Law of Segregation. Dominant allele is visible and recessive allele is masked.  

Answer:

The process that is used by producers to make glucose is called photosyntheis and the chemical process used by both producers ans consumers to make ATP ito contribute to the energy exchange is called cellular respiration.

Explanation:

Photosynthsis

Photosynthesis occue in the mesophyll tissue present in  leaves of plants .During photosynthesis the green plants or producers acquires CO2 from the atmosphere and utilizes water in presence of sunlight to produce glucose molecules along with the liberation of oxygen gas.

Cellular respiration

During cellular respiration the glucose molecules are oxidized to form energy in form of ATP along with the production of water and carbon dioxide.

    The O2 that formed during photosynthesis is inhaled by human beings for respiration whereas the CO2 that is produced as waste material inside our body is exhaled by us in the atmosphere.The CO2 is then used by the green plants to carry out photosynthesis.

Plants use photosynthesis to produce glucose and oxygen, and both plants and animals use cellular respiration to turn glucose into ATP, energy. The products of photosynthesis, glucose and oxygen, and the products of cellular respiration, ATP, carbon dioxide and water, contribute to the cycle of energy exchange in ecosystems.

Part A - The chemical process used by producers, such as plants, to make glucose is called photosynthesis. This process uses carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to produce glucose and oxygen. On the other hand, both consumers (animals) and producers (plants) use a chemical process called cellular respiration to convert glucose into a form of energy known as ATP (adenosine triphosphate).

Part B - The products of photosynthesis are glucose and oxygen. The glucose is used as a form of energy during cellular respiration to create ATP, and the oxygen is used by consumers in their own process of cellular respiration. The products of cellular respiration are ATP, carbon dioxide, and water. The ATP provides energy for various biological processes, while carbon dioxide and water are waste products or are used in other processes like photosynthesis.

https://brainly.com/question/37335064

#SPJ3

Answer:

D.) Biological activity

Explanation:

I got it correct

The Earth's atmosphere became oxygen-rich through photosynthesis by plants and the evolution of oxygen-producing organisms. Studies show that the atmosphere lacked oxygen until about 2 billion years ago. The increase in oxygen led to the formation of Earth's ozone layer.

The Earth's atmosphere became oxygen-rich through the process of photosynthesis by plants and the evolution of photosynthetic and oxygen-producing organisms, such as cyanobacteria. Studies of ancient rocks show that the atmosphere was anoxic, meaning there was no oxygen, until about 2 billion years ago. As the plant population grew, more oxygen was produced and accumulated in the atmosphere, eventually leading to the formation of Earth's ozone layer which provided protection from harmful solar ultraviolet light.

Answer:

Wow this is almost a year ago, anyway if u see this have a nice day :D

Explanation:

Answer:

1. Metaphase

2. Prophase

3. Telophase

4. Interphase

5. Interphase

6. Interphase

7. Anaphase

8. Interphase

9. Telophase

10. Metaphase

11. Interphase

12. Interphase

13. Interphase

14. Interphase

15. Prophase

16. Interphase

17. Metaphase

18. Anaphase

19. Interphase

20. Interphase

21. Prophase

22. Interphase

Explanation:

The cell cycle is divided into two main divisions. The Interphase ad the M phase or the Mitotic phase.

Throughout Interphase, the cell is not dividing yet, but it is preparing to divide. It synthesizes the nutrients it will need, and grows in preparation to become two cells. This is actually the phase the cell spends the longest time.

Mitotic phase is when the cell starts to divide. It is separated into:

Prophase:

In this phase the chromosomes are condensed and mitotic spindles start to form. These spindles are made up of microtubules that will help later on to split the chromosomes. The nuclear membrane disappears so that the chromosomes will be free to move.

Metaphase

This phase is marked by the alignment of the chromosomes in the middle of the cell. They line up and you will find the asters at the opposite ends of the cell, where the microtubules stem from, attaching themselves to the center of the chromosomes, which we call the kinetochore.

Anaphase

In this phase you will see that the chromosomes are separated by the spindle fibers and are pulled at opposite ends of the cell. The cell then becomes longer by the other spindle fibers that are not attached to a chromosome.

Telophase

This phase is the end phase. The two sets of chromosomes are then enclosed by new nuclear membranes forming two nuclei and other cellular structures just as the cells are about to separate completely. As the two new cells move further apart, in plant cells a cell plate forms, dividing the two cells. The movement of the two cells splitting apart is called cytokinesis and it happens just as mitosis is about to end.

Attached is a picture of the cell cycle of a plant cell.

In the plant cell cycle, the numbered stages typically include Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase. Each stage carries out specific tasks for cell division and growth.

The sequence of the numbered stages in the plant cell cycle typically follows this order:

FINA could possibly refer to the final phase or stage, but without further context, it's difficult to ascertain its meaning in this situation.

https://brainly.com/question/36482518

#SPJ2

Male calicos cat are rare cats, which displays the orange color present on the X chromosome.

The male calico cats have X and Y chromosomes. The X chromosome is responsible for the orange and red colors of the cats. The female cats can express both colors because females have XX chromosomes.

Since the male calico cat has only one X chromosome, it makes it rare for them to have the calico pattern.

The color of the fur color can be either black or orange, which is coded by two alleles present on the same locus of the chromosome.

One allele produces orange, whereas, the other allele produces orange. The X chromosome has an allele for orange color, which makes it rare for the male calico cats to express.

Therefore, the presence of X and Y chromosomes in males makes them have a rare orange color.

To know more about calico cats, refer to the following link:

https://brainly.com/question/22333643

Calix being a male calico cat is unusual because the gene for coat color in cats, which creates the tortoiseshell pattern, is located on the X chromosome. Male cats typically only have one X chromosome so they cannot produce a tortoiseshell pattern. Only exceptionally rare genetic conditions like Klinefelter syndrome can result in a male calico cat.

It is unusual for Calix to be a male calico cat because the gene for coat color in cats is located on the X chromosome. In females, who have two X chromosomes, one of the X chromosomes is randomly inactivated in each cell during embryonic development. This results in a variegated, or tortoiseshell, pattern in their coat, given that the cat has two different alleles for coat color.

Male cats, however, have only one X chromosome because their sex chromosomes are XY. Thus, they cannot have two different coat color genes expressed as in the tortoiseshell or calico pattern. Therefore, a male calico cat is extremely rare and usually happens due to genetic mutations like Klinefelter syndrome, where a male cat has two X chromosomes and one Y chromosome (XXY).

https://brainly.com/question/31946345

#SPJ3

In the seven-generation pedigree, there are seven individuals with blue skin, including Martin, his two daughters, two sons (one being Zach), Luna, and Benjy.

Let's break down the information further based on the provided hint:

1. Martin: The first individual with blue skin.

2. Martin's two daughters: Two more individuals in the second generation.

3. Martin's two sons (one is Zach): Two additional individuals in the second generation, one of whom is named Zach.

4. Luna: One individual in the third generation.

5. Benjy: One individual in the fourth generation.

If we count these individuals from each generation, we have a total of seven individuals with blue skin across the seven generations:

1. Martin (1st generation)

2. Martin's two daughters (2nd generation)

3. Martin's two sons (one is Zach) (2nd generation)

4. Luna (3rd generation)

5. Benjy (4th generation)

So, the seven individuals with blue skin span across these generations in the given pedigree.

By counting the blue symbols across all seven generations in the pedigree chart, we can determine the number of individuals with blue skin, as blue represents those with the genotype aa.

We need to identify individuals with the genotype aa. Pedigree charts represent affected individuals with specific colors, in this case, blue denotes individuals with blue skin. By carefully examining the chart and counting each blue symbol across all seven generations, we can determine the number of individuals with blue skin.

Overall, the process involves:

With this approach, you can accurately count and determine the number of individuals exhibiting the blue skin trait.

Answer:

Crossing over and independent assortment

Explanation:

Meiosis can be described as a type of cell division which occurs in the sex cells. All the other cells of the body divide by mitosis.

During the process of meiosis, crossing over and independent assortment of chromosomes takes place which is the reason for the genetic variety produced in offsprings.

During crossing over, exchange of DNA segment between homologous chromosomes occur due to which genetic variations occur.

Also, the chromosomes assort independently in gametes during the process of meiosis due to which genetic variability is produced.

Answer:

D

Explanation:

Mitosis is a form of reproduction in simple living organisms. The outcome of mitosis is two identical daughter cells, and it follows the process described in the prompt. It doesn't require genetic material from another organism, so it's asexual reproduction.

The correct option is (b) . Meiosis; asexual reproduction

Learn more about Meiosis; asexual reproduction https://brainly.com/question/1543404?referrer=searchResults here

#SPJ2

The word equation that summarizes the hydrolysis of a carbohydrate is presented in option C, which shows: sucrose + water-glucose + fructose.

What is hydrolysis?

The hydrolysis of carbohydrate is an important process through which living beings obtain quick energy for other metabolic processes. As the name suggests, hydrolysis requires water to come into contact with the carbohydrate, sucrose, for example, reacting with the molecule and releasing other molecules.

Full question:

Which word equation summarizes the hydrolysis of a carbohydrate

A. starch + water-glycerol + fatty acids

B. glycerol + fatty acids - triglyceride + water

C. sucrose + water-glucose + fructose

D. amino acids + oxygen

starch + water

Answer:

This historical data could have helped with the development of Tokyo’s new flood protection system:

Explanation:

Answer:

Viruses cannot be cultured in media like, bacteria, but in a living cells.

Explanation:

In order to identify a virus the following techniques are performed: PCR (single round) or nested/semi-nested PCR, real-time PCR, direct electronic microscopy, antigen capture, isolation (gold standard for viruses that can be cultured). Viruses cannot be cultured in media like, bacteria, but in a living cells.

Virus culture is based upon amplification of potentially infectious pathogens. Implies intracellular replication of viruses in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus. It is controlled by regulations (i.e. bio-safety level 2, 3 or 4). It is possible to identificate and further investigate for pathogenicity, and antiviral sensitivity.

The primary cell culture is developed directly from living tissue and contain several different kinds of cells. They are expensive as they cannot be subcultured (passaged) more than a few times and hence new tissue needs to be obtained from animals on a regular basis. One example of a primary cell line is chicken embryo fibroblasts.

Diploid cell lines can be subcultured about 100 times before they die. Much more useful in the laboratory and they can be stored indefinitely in liquid nitrogen. An example of this type is human embryonic fibroblasts.

Continuous cell lines have lost the normal constraints on cell growth such as contact inhibition and mortality. They can be subcultured indefinitely in vitro. They are Hep-2, HeLa (from human cancers) and VERO (from Green African monkey kidney).

In order to obtain suitable specimens it is necessary to identify specimens with suitable information and to evaluate the success percent of the process. Transport attributes are 4⁰C,-20⁰C, dry ice (-79⁰C). According to the protocol, in vitro/in vivo cell cultures are used. There are blood specimens, stool, throat swabs, naso-pharyngeal aspirat, urine, saliva and biopsy of certain areas.  

Virus detection may be non specific (cytopathogenic effect – microscope) or specific (immunological detection – antigen detection, PCR etc.).

Viral load estimation I performed by titration and/or plaque assay.

The most common culture limitations are the absence of detection system for the agent, inappropriate culture systems, viruses that cannot be cultured, a negative viral culture results does not mean that the agent is absent (PCR).

Final answer:

Water is crucial to life due to its unique properties such as high specific heat, low density as ice, polarity, and role as a universal solvent. These properties enable temperature regulation, solvent capabilities, metabolic reactions, and maintenance of homeostasis within living organisms.

Explanation:

Water is essential to life largely due to its unique properties. Its polarity and ability to form hydrogen bonds make it an ideal medium for biological processes. These bonds are responsible for water's high specific heat, which allows it to absorb heat without a significant change in temperature, protecting living organisms from drastic temperature swings. The density of water plays a crucial role in aquatic ecosystems, as ice, being less dense than liquid water, floats and provides insulation.

As a universal solvent, water can dissolve a wide range of substances, which is vital for cellular metabolism and transporting nutrients and waste materials. The cohesive and adhesive properties of water contribute to the movement of water against gravity in plants and the formation of droplets. Lastly, water's role in homeostasis is seen in its ability to buffer changes in pH, which is essential for the function of enzymes and other biochemical reactions.

Understanding the special properties of water is fundamental in comprehending how it supports life on Earth, from cellular functions to global climate patterns.

Lipids and carbohydrates both share the property of being hydrophobic, or insoluble in water. Lipids are nonpolar molecules, while carbohydrates have polar functional groups such as hydroxyl groups. This difference in polarity affects their solubility in water.

Lipids and carbohydrates both share the property of being hydrophobic, or insoluble in water. Lipids are nonpolar molecules, while carbohydrates have polar functional groups such as hydroxyl groups. This difference in polarity affects their solubility in water, with lipids being more soluble in organic solvents such as dichloromethane and carbohydrates being more soluble in water.

Answer:

karyotype is the array of chromosomes possessed by a certain specie or by an individual.

it can be used to study human chromosome by facilitating information on the type or array of the chromosomes, hence knowing the data, characteristics and effects of such a chromosome

Explanation:

This point mutation in the sex cell of the rabbit by the heart muscle building protein would cause death of the rabbit.  

Explanation:

Adult transgenic rabbits are used to represent human race to experiment different diseases and syndromes of humans. One such experiment is conducted to identify the cardiovascular disease and cardiac rhythm syndrome, known as LQT syndrome.

This disease leads to the cardiac death of patient the human mutants- KCNQ1, KCNH2, which causes this syndrome were represented by rabbits. This gene is overexpressed in the rabbit’s cardiomyocytes through the heavy chain of β-myosin. The LQT2 affected rabbits showed more prolongation of QT and increase in death.

Explanation:

Each codon codes for only one amino acid.

However, for one amino acid, multiple  codons maybe encoded. While there are 64 codons, and four nucleotides in groups of three, only 20 amino acids may be encoded by these triplets, showing that the code is degenerate.

RNA codons determine certain amino acids, so the order in which the bases occur within in the codon sequence designates which amino acid is to be made bus with the four RNA nucleotides (Adenine, Guanine, Cysteine and Uracil). Up to 64 codons (with 3 as stop codons) determine amino acid synthesis. The stop codons ( UAG UGA UAA) terminate amino acid/ protein synthesis while the start codon AUG begins protein synthesis.

Further Explanation:

The message on DNA, called genes is copied by RNA polymerase, to form mRNA complementary sequence to that of the DNA strand. These are then translated into proteins in ribosomes; RNA codons determine certain amino acids, so the order in which the bases occur within in the codon sequence designates which amino acid is to be made bus with the four RNA nucleotides (Adenine, Guanine, Cysteine and Uracil). Up to 64 codons (with 3 as stop codons) determine amino acid synthesis. The stop codons ( UAG UGA UAA) terminate amino acid/ protein synthesis while the start codon AUG begins protein synthesis.

Nucleic acids like DNA stores all of an organism’s genetic information. Nucleic acid molecules comprise the nitrogenous bases Guanine, Adenine, Cytosine and Thymine. Conversely, RNA nucleotides are Adenine, Guanine, Cysteine and Uracil. These pair up as base pairs due to their varied structure- largely influenced by the location of N molecule.

In certain combinations, these bases form codons which act as instructions for protein synthesis. Codons are three nucleotide bases encoding an amino acid or signal at the beginning or end of protein synthesis. Thus, these contribute to the broad diversity of living organisms, as varied combinations of these 64 codons can produce many proteins which can be organized into cells, tissues and organisms.

Learn more about transcription at brainly.com/question/11339456

Learn more about DNA and RNA at brainly.com/question/2416343?source=aid8411316

#LearnWithBrainly

Each codon, made up of three nucleotides, codes for one amino acid. But due to the degeneracy of the genetic code, most amino acids are specified by multiple codons, with a total of 64 possible codons and only 20 common amino acids.

Each codon is composed of three nucleotides and codes for a single amino acid. However, the genetic code is degenerate, meaning that most amino acids are encoded by more than one codon. There are 64 possible codons, but only 20 common amino acids. Among these codons, 61 code for amino acids and the remaining 3 are stop codons that signal the end of protein synthesis. The degeneracy primarily occurs in the third nucleotide of the codon, which is often referred to as the wobble position. Notably, the amino acids methionine (AUG) and tryptophan (UGG) are the only two encoded by a single codon each. This characteristic of the genetic code helps to protect against mutations that might otherwise be harmful if the code were not redundant.

Question:

Which of the following is an example of a non-Mendelian pattern of inheritance?

A. All traits are inherited through patterns found by Mendel.

B. When individuals with the genotype BB cross, all of the offspring have brown fur.

C. When pea plants that are heterozygous for a certain trait cross, some of the offspring express both distinct versions of the trait.

D. Human feet come in a wide range of sizes.

Answer:

Human feet come in a wide range of sizes is an example of a non-Mendelian pattern of inheritance

Explanation:

The Mendelian pattern of inheritance says single gene loci governs the physical feature of an organism or a trait. In two alternate form single genes are present i.e. recessive and dominant allele. This shows a particular trait like small or tall in pea plant. The variation of size of human feet shows the polygenic trait (depicting the variation) that is known to be controlled by more than two genes, so the human feet size variation is the non mendelian pattern of inheritance.  

Answer:

The correct option is A. Higher stomatal density would increase the amount of carbon incorporated into RuBP.

Explanation:

Stomata can be described as tiny structures present in the leaves of a plant which open and close to allow gaseous exchange. They might be present in the stems of some plants as well. The opening and closing of the stomata is controlled by a specialized type of cells which are known as the guard cells.

Option A is correct because it is the only option that correctly relates the function of the stomata.

Answer:

A. Higher stomatal density would increase the amount of carbon incorporated into RuBP.

Explanation:

The above explanation is correct.

Correct answer

A. Dishwasher Detergent

Explanation:

Dangers of Using Dishwashing Detergents will cause multiple carcinogens.

Carcinogens are things that can cause cancer, usually in the form of chemicals, viruses, or even drugs and radiation used to treat cancer itself. In essence, what causes cancer can be called a carcinogen. In general, cancer is caused by carcinogens or a combination of carcinogens themselves. Carcinogens can work in many ways, namely directly damaging DNA in cells, causing abnormalities in normal cells, and another way is by causing cell damage that causes cells to divide more quickly, which in turn can lead to the development of cancer.

Learn More:

Details:

Grade: Middle School

Subject: Biology

Keywords: Carciongens, Cancer

Answer:

B : Oven cleaner

Explanation:

Answer:

population

explanation:

Answer:

community

Explanation:

The informations that are examined when registering a pesticide are given below:

Pesticides may be defined as chemical substances that are sprayed in the crop field in order to prevent the infectious effect of any pest or pathogen.

The spraying the pesticides in the crop field increases the level of productivity.

Therefore, it is well described above.

To learn more about Pesticides, refer to the link:

https://brainly.com/question/6589507

#SPJ2

Without knowing the exact blood types (ABO and Rh) of Lisa and the men, it's not possible to definitively rule any man out as being Lisa's father or potential blood donors. However, a man with Type O, Rh- blood could donate blood to virtually anyone, including Lisa.

To answer all three questions regarding Lisa's potential father and the men that can donate blood to Lisa, we would require the ABO and Rh types of both Lisa and the potential fathers. The basic principle is that a person of a specific blood type can receive blood only from his own type or type O (universal donor), and a person with an Rh- blood cannot receive Rh+ blood but vice versa is possible.

Let's go through them one by one:

https://brainly.com/question/34203967

#SPJ12

Answer:

Purple : white = 3:1

Explanation:

Final answer:

The reintroduction of wolves into Yellowstone National Park helped restore stability and biodiversity to the ecosystem by altering elk behavior and allowing the regrowth of vegetation. Wolves also suppressed coyote populations and increased species diversity. They functioned as a keystone species, which played a crucial role in maintaining balance within the ecosystem.

Explanation:

Reintroducing wolves into Yellowstone National Park had a profound impact on the park's ecosystem, bringing back stability and biodiversity. Wolves preyed on elk, which caused the elk to change their foraging behavior and spend less time browsing near streambanks. This change resulted in the regrowth of important vegetation, which had positive impacts on the ecosystem as a whole. The reintroduction of wolves also suppressed coyote populations and provided more resources to detritivores, increasing species diversity in the habitat. Overall, the reintroduction of wolves as a keystone species helped restore balance and biodiversity to the Yellowstone ecosystem.

Answer and Explanation:

Answer:

The surface and atmosphere of Earth has been changing constantly throughout its history as a result, organisms continue to evolve to adapt to those changes only by evolutionary term.

Explanation:

Answer:

At the prophase stage of mitosis , the  DNA condense and form chromosomes.

Explanation:

The process in which new cells are made order to grow, replenish (repair), and reproduce is called cell division . The three main types of cell division are binary fission, mitosis, and meiosis. In prokaryotes like bacteria  cell division take place through binary fission, while eukaryotes uses two types of cell division - mitosis (the process of making new body cells like blood, muscle etc ) and meiosis (reproductive cell division that creates egg and sperm cells). In mitosis, a cell is replicated into exact copies of itself and duplicates all of its contents including the chromosomes and splits to form two identical daughter cells. During cell division, cells pass through different phases called cell cycle. During interphase of the cell cycle, which occurs prior to mitosis, there are 3 phases: G1, S, and G2. In the G phases , the organelles are duplicated and the cell grows in size while in the S phase, a duplicate copy of each chromosome is synthesized (DNA replication). After the DNA and organelles are replicated during interphase , the mitosis begins. The first step is prophase where the nuclear envelope surrounding the DNA and the nucleolus disappear and the DNA condenses into chromosomes. During metaphase, the chromosomes lined in the middle of the cell. In anaphase , the chromosomes get separated and move towards opposite sides of the cell. As mitosis proceeds to telophase, the cell forms two nuclear membranes around each set of chromosomes and the chromosomes uncoil. The cell cytoplasm separates, the cell walls then pinch off and split down the middle producing two new daughter cells by a process called cytokinesis or cell cleavage.  Cytokinesis takes place during anaphase and telophase.

Prophase is the phase of mitosis in which DNA condenses and forms visible chromosomes. In this stage, the chromosomes pair up with their identical partners to form sister chromatids, and the nuclear envelope disintegrates.

The stage of mitosis in which DNA condenses and forms chromosomes is Prophase. During this initial phase, loosely packed chromatin coils and condenses into visible chromosomes. These chromosomes appear with their identical partner attached, forming an X-shaped structure known as sister chromatids. Throughout this phase, the nucleolus disappears and the nuclear envelope disintegrates, proceeding towards the next stages of mitosis.

https://brainly.com/question/33441200

#SPJ11

Answer:

Because DNA is the one which is responsible for provision of Codes neccessary for protein synthesis

Answer:

Because DNA will be responsible for the next steps that will lead to the production of proteins, therefore, if there are errors in the DNA, the entire transcription and translation process will be compromised.

Explanation:

DNA has the formulas to form all the proteins in the body, each segment of DNA has a set of genes that indicate the order of placement of each amino acid, how many and which amino acids are used to form a certain protein, with a certain function. If there are errors in the DNA, the entire production of amino acids will be compromised, whereas errors in the production of proteins compromise only that protein.

A gene is what encodes a specific enzyme or protein. The genome is all encoded human genetic material, that is, it is all base pairs present in DNA.

The chromosome is a grouping of genes, that is, it is a strand of DNA condensed into historical proteins. A codon is just a crack of base pairs, and each crack represents an amino acid.