What is the heat energy released?

Estimate the heat energy released when one mole of the of the fuel molecule acetylene C2H2 undergoes complete combustion with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water.

At equilibrium, the composition of the system is determined by the stoichiometry of the reaction. Doubling the pressure will not have a significant effect on the composition of the system at equilibrium.

At equilibrium, the composition of the system can be determined using the stoichiometry of the reaction. In this reaction, one N2 molecule reacts with one C2H2 molecule to produce two HCN molecules. Therefore, at equilibrium, the concentration of N2 and C2H2 will both decrease by the same amount, while the concentration of HCN will increase by twice that amount.

If the pressure is doubled, the system will try to relieve the stress by shifting the equilibrium to the side with fewer moles of gas. In this case, the total number of moles of gas will remain the same, so doubling the pressure will not have a significant effect on the composition of the system at equilibrium.

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Answer: A

Explanation:

Hydrolysis reactions break down not only feldspars but many other silicate minerals as well, amphiboles, pyroxenes, micas, and olivines.

The properties of matter including structure, composition, and behavior can all be explained on a submicroscopic level. The atoms or molecules' arrangement, what they are composed of, and their response to different conditions, helps in understanding the properties of the matter.

The properties of matter such as structure, composition, and behavior can all be explained on a submicroscopic level. In fact, observing matter at this level allows us to understand why material behaves in the way that it does.

Structure refers to the arrangement of atoms in a material. For example, diamonds and graphite are both made of carbon atoms, but their different structures make them drastically different in hardness.

Composition refers to what a material is made of at the elemental level. For example, water is composed of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom, leading to its unique properties.

Behavior can be understood as the way that material reacts under different conditions, this can be due to the interaction of its molecules. For example, water boils at 100 degrees Celsius because that's the temperature at which its molecules have enough energy to change from a liquid to a gas.

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Answer:

Nitrification is a biological process by which ammonia is oxidized to nitrites ([tex]NO_{2} ^{-}[/tex]) and then to nitrates ([tex]NO_{3} ^{-}[/tex]) by action of specialized bacteria in nature (such as nitrosomonas and nitrobacter).

Explanation:

This two-step process utilizes molecular atmospheric oxygen and ammonia and ammonium components of soil and nature.

(a.) Ammonia and ammonium compounds to nitrite

[tex]NH_{4} ^{+} + O_{2}[/tex] → [tex]NO_{2} ^{-} + 4H^{+}[/tex]

[tex]2NH_{3} ^{+} + 3O_{2}[/tex] → [tex]2NO_{2} ^{-} + 2H^{+} + 2H_{2} O[/tex]

(b.) Nitrite to nitrate

[tex]2NO_{2} ^{-} + O_{2}[/tex] → [tex]2NO_{3} ^{-} + energy[/tex]

(c.) The reverse process involves reduction of nitrates to molecular nitrogen, called denitrification (with succinic acid in the equation below).

[tex]4NO_{3} ^{-} + 10H^{+} + (CH_{2})_{2}(COOH)_{2}[/tex] → [tex]2N_{2} +4CO_{2} + 8 H_{2} O[/tex]

([tex]NO[/tex] and [tex]N_{2}O[/tex] is an intermediate product in this process.)

Answer:

4.95×10^22 atoms of hydrogen.

Explanation:

Now, we must remember that the number of elementary entities in one mole of a substance (atoms, molecules, ions,etc) is given by the Avogadro's number. Avogadro's number is numerically equal to 6.02×10^23.

We must first find the number of moles of hydrazine corresponding to 2.65 g

We find that from;

Number of moles= mass of hydrazine given/ molar mass of hydrazine

Molar mass of hydrazine= 32.0452 g/mol

Number of moles of hydrazine= 2.65/32.0452 g/mol= 0.0823 moles

If 1 mole of hydrazine contains 6.02×10^23 hydrogen atoms

0.0823 moles of hydrazine will contain 0.0823 moles × 6.02×10^23 = 4.95×10^22 atoms of hydrogen.

Final answer:

The IUPAC name for the compound is 4-sec-Butyl-2,4-dimethylheptane, which is determined by identifying the longest continuous carbon chain and naming the substituents.

Explanation:

The IUPAC name for the compound is 4-sec-Butyl-2,4-dimethylheptane.

The name is determined by identifying the longest continuous carbon chain, which in this case is heptane. The substituents are then named using prefixes such as sec-, iso-, or tert-, which indicate the position of the substituent on the main chain. The substituents are listed alphabetically, followed by the position number and the main chain name.

In this case, the compound has a butyl group attached at the 4th position on the main chain, and two methyl groups attached at the 2nd and 4th positions. Therefore, the IUPAC name is 4-sec-Butyl-2,4-dimethylheptane.

Answer:The general properties of matter such as color, density, hardness, are examples of physical properties. Properties that describe how a substance changes into a completely different substance are called chemical properties. Flammability and corrosion/oxidation resistance are examples of chemical properties.

Explanation:

Answer:

1.45 *10^23 atoms C

Explanation:

3.50 g butane * 1 mol butane/58.1 g butane =0.06024 mol butane

in 1 mol C4H10           -------- 4 mol C

in 0.06024 mol C4H10 -------- 4*0.6024 = 0.241 mol C

0.241 mol C * 6.02*10^23 atoms C/1 mol C = 1.45 *10^23 atoms C

Answer:

Explanation:

1. Number of moles of gasoline

a)  Convert 60.0 liters to grams

b) Convert 46,200 grams to moles

2. Number of moles of carbon dioxide, CO₂ produced

a) Balanced chemical equation (given):

b) mole ratio:

Solve for x:

3. Convert the number of moles of carbon dioxide to volume

Use the ideal gas equation:

Substitute and compute:

Round to two significant figures (because the density has two significant figures): 79,000 liters ← answer

The liters L of carbon dioxide at 1.00 atm and 298.15 K released from the car's engine upon consumption of a 60.0 L LIQUID tank gasoline is 79230.76 L

From the given information;

The equation for the reaction can be expressed as:

[tex]\mathbf{C_8H_8 _{(l)} + \frac{25}{2}O_2_{(g)} \to 8 CO_2_{(g)} + 9H_2O_{(g)}}[/tex]

Given that:

The first thing to do is to determine the mass amount of gasoline used by using the relation:

[tex]\mathbf{Density = \dfrac{mass}{volume}}[/tex]

[tex]\mathbf{0.77 \ kg/L = \dfrac{mass}{60 \ L}}}[/tex]

mass amount of gasoline used = 0.77 kg/L × 60 L

mass amount of gasoline used = 46.2 kg

mass amount of gasoline used = 46.2 × 1000g

mass amount of gasoline used = 46200 g

Now, since we know the mass amount of the gasoline used, we can determine the number of moles of the gasoline by using the formula:

[tex]\mathbf{number of moles = \dfrac{mass}{molar \ mass}}[/tex]

[tex]\mathbf{number of moles = \dfrac{46200 \ g}{114.2 \ g/mol}}[/tex]

[tex]\mathbf{number \ of \ moles = 404.6 \ moles }[/tex]

From the given reaction, 1 mole of gasoline react to produce 8 moles of CO₂

As such, 404.6 moles of gasoline will produce = (404.6 moles × 8)/ 1

= 3236.8 moles of CO₂ is produced.

Now, using the ideal gas equation to determine the volume of CO₂ that  are released;

PV = nRT

[tex]\mathbf{1.00 atm \times V = 3236.8 moles \times 0.0821 atm L /K/mol \times 298.15 \ K}[/tex]

[tex]\mathbf{V = \dfrac{3236.8 moles \times 0.0821 atm L /K/mol \times 298.15 \ K}{1.00 atm}}[/tex]

V = 79230.76 L

Therefore, we can conclude that the liters L of carbon dioxide at 1.00 atm and 298.15 K released from the car's engine upon consumption of a 60.0 L LIQUID tank gasoline is 79230.76 L

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Answer:

0.73M

Explanation:

Answer:

A. In the formation of water, H2 is the limiting reactant and O2 is the excess reactant.

B. In the Combustion of methane (CH4), O2 is the limiting reactant and CH4 is the excess reactant.

C. In the formation of ammonia (NH3), H2 is the limiting reactant and N2 is the excess reactant.

Explanation:

The question suggests that each reactant has 5 moles.

A. Formation of water. Water is produced when H2 and O2 combine together according to the balanced equation below:

2H2 + O2 —> 2H2O

From the balanced equation above,

2 moles of H2 reacted with 1 mole of O2.

Therefore, 5 moles of H2 will react with = 5/2 = 2.5 moles of O2.

From the above calculations, we can see that there are left over for O2 as only 2.5 moles reacted out of the 5 moles that was given.

Therefore, H2 is the limiting reactant and O2 is the excess reactant.

B. Combustion of methane. Combustion is simply a reaction in the presence of oxygen. The balance equation for the Combustion of methane (CH4) is given below:

CH4 + 2O2 —> CO2 + 2H2O

From the balanced equation above,

1 mole of CH4 reacted with 2 moles of O2.

Therefore, 5 moles of CH4 will react with = 5 x 2 = 10 moles of O2.

From the calculations made above, we can see that it requires higher amount of O2 to react with 5 moles CH4. Therefore, O2 is the limiting reactant and CH4 is the excess reactant.

C. Formation of ammonia.

Ammonia is obtained when N2 and H2 combine according to the balanced equation below:

N2 + 3H2 —> 2NH3

From the balanced equation above,

1 mole of N2 reacted with 3 moles of H2.

Therefore, 5 moles of N2 will react with = 5 x 3 = 15 moles of H2.

From the calculations made above, a higher amount of H2 is required to react with 5 moles of N2. Therefore, H2 is the limiting reactant and N2 is the excess reactant.

Final answer:

To determine limiting or excess reactants, compare the stoichiometry of the balanced equations to the amounts provided. For reactions involving the formation of water or ammonia, and the combustion of methane, the limiting reactant is based on the stoichiometric ratio required for each reactant. Hence, O2 typically ends up as the limiting reactant for the formation of water and combustion of methane, while N2 is the limiting reactant in the formation of ammonia.

Explanation:

When determining whether a reactant is a limiting reactant or an excess reactant, you must look at the balanced chemical equations for the reactions. Consider the stoichiometric coefficients, which tell you the proportions in which reactants combine to form products. If starting with five moles of each reactant:

To identify the limiting reactant, compare the molar ratios of the reactants to those in the balanced equation. The reactant that is in a smaller proportion relative to its stoichiometric coefficient in the equation is the limiting reactant. The one in the larger proportion is the excess reactant.

Answer:

Thermal decomposition

Explanation:

Calcium carbonate can be broken  down by heating. The following equation represents this chemical change.

CaCO₃(s) ⇒ CaO(s) + CO₂(g)

The scientific term for this process is thermal decomposition.

The breakdown of calcium carbonate by heating is called thermal decomposition. This process involves a single substance breaking down into simpler compounds upon heating. The process is demonstrated in the reaction - CaCO3 (s) -> CaO(s) + CO2 (g), where calcium carbonate decomposes into calcium oxide and carbon dioxide.

The process of breaking down Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) by heating is scientifically known as Thermal Decomposition. This is a chemical process where a single substance breaks down into two or more simpler substances when heated. To demonstrate this, let's use the following reaction:

CaCO3(s) → CaO(s) + CO2(g)

In this instance, calcium carbonate (which can come from limestone or chalk) decomposes into calcium oxide and carbon dioxide when heated. It's important to note that the reaction is reversible and to ensure a 100% yield of CaO, the CO2 should be allowed to escape.

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The nucleus of an atom, comprised of protons and neutrons, contains most of the atom's mass. Despite its relatively minuscule size, it is much heavier than the electron cloud surrounding it, which occupies most of the atom's volume.

The statement that correctly describes the nucleus of an atom is: D. the nucleus of the atom contains most of the mass of an atom.

Modern atomic theory has shown us that the nucleus of an atom is made up of positively charged protons and uncharged neutrons, and overall, carries a positive charge. The nucleus is incredibly tiny, with its diameter being about 100,000 times smaller than the diameter of the atom. However, it contains almost all of the atom's mass as protons and neutrons are significantly heavier than electrons, thus making statement D accurate.

Electrons, on the other hand, occupy the majority of an atom's volume, constituting an 'electron cloud' around the nucleus. Because they are very lightweight, their specific locations can't be definitively pinpointed and are often represented as probabilities within this cloud. Hence, options A, B, and C are incorrect.

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Answer:

The volume of HCl required is [tex]V = 420 mL[/tex]

Explanation:

From the question we are told that

    The chemical equation for this reaction is

             [tex]2 Al _{(s)} + 6 HCl _{(aq)} -----> 2 Al Cl_{3} _{(aq)} + 3 H_2 _{(g)}[/tex]

    The mass of Al  is [tex]m__{Al}} = 2.00g[/tex]

    The concentration of HCl is [tex]C__{HCl}} = 0.500M[/tex]

The number of moles of [tex]Al[/tex] given is [tex]n__{Al}} = \frac{mass \ of Al}{Molar \ mass \ of \ Al}[/tex]

   The molar mass of Al is  [tex]M = 27 g/mol[/tex]

       So

               [tex]n__{Al} = \frac{2}{27}[/tex]

               [tex]n__{Al} = \ 0.07 \ moles[/tex]

From the balanced equation

           2 moles of  Al  reacts  with  6 moles of  HCl

So        0.07 moles of Al will react with x

  Therefore

                [tex]x = \frac{0.07 *6}{2}[/tex]

                [tex]x = 0.21 \ moles[/tex]

Now the volume of HCl can be obtained as

           [tex]Volume(V) = \frac{moles}{concentration }[/tex]

 So       [tex]V = \frac{0.21}{0.500}[/tex]

             [tex]V = 420 mL[/tex]

Final answer:

The formation of xenon compounds such as xenon difluoride is made possible due to the displacement of xenon's outer electrons, which can occur under certain conditions like high pressure and temperature.

Explanation:

The formation of compounds containing Xe is made possible by the fact that the outer electrons of the larger noble gases like Xe (xenon) are far enough away from the nucleus that they can be displaced under certain conditions. The noble gases were long thought to be entirely unreactive due to their filled outer electron shells, which provide a stable electronic configuration. Despite this, experiments in the early 1960s confirmed that noble gas compounds can indeed be synthesized, with xenon forming stable compounds with fluorine. For instance, xenon difluoride (XeF2), xenon tetrafluoride (XeF4), and xenon hexafluoride (XeF6) are all compounds that form when xenon reacts with varying amounts of fluorine, producing stable crystals that are inert at room temperature. These reactions typically require the noble gas to be exposed to high pressure and temperature conditions.

Answer:

The proposed mechanism is shown on the first uploaded image

Explanation:

Answer:

Check the explanation

Explanation:

The Grignard Reaction refers to the organomagnesium halide (also known as the Grignard reagent) addition to a ketone or aldehyde, just to create a secondary or tertiary alcohol, respectively. When there’s a reaction with the formaldehyde, it leads to a primary alcohol. It is a multipurpose material that can be utilized in creating new carbon–carbon bonds.

Kindly check the image below to see the structure of the organic product(s) of the Grignard reaction between dimethyl oxalate and excess methylmagnesium bromide.

The product of the reaction is a diol obtained by nucleophilic addition of methylmagnesium bromide to each ester group in dimethyl oxalate, followed by aqueous acid workup.

The organic product of the Grignard reaction between dimethyl oxalate and excess methylmagnesium bromide, followed by aqueous workup, is the diol resulting from the nucleophilic addition of the Grignard reagent to the carbonyl group of the ester. Each ester group in the dimethyl oxalate is replaced by a methyl group from methylmagnesium bromide. After acidic workup, the final product is a diol with two primary alcohol groups. The mechanism involves the formation of a magnesium alkoxide intermediate, which upon acid treatment, delivers the alcohol. To start, the Grignard reagent methylmagnesium bromide acts as a strong nucleophile, attacking the electrophilic carbonyl carbon of the first ester group, then similar addition occurs to the second ester group after another equivalent of the Grignard reagent. Finally, hydrolysis during the aqueous workup completes the reaction.

Explanation:

Water Content of Epidermal Cells

Temperature: Increase in the temperature causes stomata to open

Answer:

Temperature: Increase in the temperature causes stomata to open

Explanation:

Answer:

Check Explanation

Explanation:

The Mathematical expression of the first law is given as

ΔU = Q - W

Note that depending on convention, the mathematical expression for the first law can be written as

ΔU = Q + W

a) Yes, the gas does work on its surroundings. Since it expands; indicating that there is a change in volume.

The work done is given as -PΔV if we are using the convention of (ΔU = Q + W). And this work is negative work done, since the system expands and does work on the surroundings.

But if we are using the convention of (ΔU = Q - W), the work done is given as PΔV and the workdone by the system on the environment is positive work during expansion.

b) Since this all takes place at constant temperature and against a constant atmospheric pressure, the change in internal energy for this system is 0. Change in internal energy depends on a change in temperature.

So, from the mathematical expression,

ΔU = Q + W or ΔU = Q - W

If ΔU = 0,

Q = - W or Q = W

But either ways,

Q = PΔV

(because, W = -PΔV for ΔU=Q+W and W = PΔV for ΔU=Q-W)

So, either ways, the heat transfer is the same and it is positive. This indicates heat is transferred from the surroundings to the system.

(c) What is ΔU for the gas for this process?

Since this all takes place at constant temperature and against a constant atmospheric pressure, the change in internal energy for this system is 0. Change in internal energy depends on a change in temperature.

Hope this Helps!!!

Based on the given question, we can state that Yes, the gas does work on its surroundings because it expands, this shows that there is a change in volume.

Based on the second question, we can state that because this takes place at constant temperature and against a constant atmospheric pressure, then the change in internal energy for this system is zero.

Based on the third question, we can see that the ΔU for the gas for this process is zero because of the constant temperature and atmospheric pressure.

This is given as

ΔU = Q - W

Hence, from the mathematical expression,

Regardless,

Q = PΔV

This means that the heat transfer remains the same and is positive

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Explanation:

1. When sodium phosphate is added to copper (II) sulfate it gives solid precipitate of copper(II) phosphate and solution of sodium sulfate.

The balanced equation is given as:

[tex]2Na_3PO_4(aq)+3CuSO_4(aq)\rightarrow Cu_3(PO_4)_2(s)+3Na_2SO_4(aq)[/tex]

2. When sodium phosphate is added to iron(III) chloride it gives solid precipitate of iron (III) phosphate and solution of sodium chloride.

The balanced equation is given as:

[tex]Na_3PO_4(aq)+Fe(Cl)_3(aq)\rightarrow FePO_4(s)+3NaCl(aq)[/tex]

Answer: Time required for 100 molecules of valinomycin to transport enough [tex]K^{+}[/tex] to change the concentration inside an erythrocyte is 10 minutes.

Explanation:

The given data is as follows.

 Ions to be transported = [tex](10 mM) \times (100 \mu^{3})(N)[/tex]

            = [tex]0.010 mol \times 10^{-13} L \times 6.02 \times 10^{23} ions/mol[/tex]

             = [tex]6.02 \times 10^{6}[/tex] ions

Here, there are 100 ionophores are present and each one of ionophores are required to transport a value of  ions.

Therefore, the time required for 100 molecules of valinomycin to transport enough [tex]K^{+}[/tex] to change the concentration inside an erythrocyte is as follows.

   [tex]6.02 \times 10^{6} ions \times \frac{1 sec}{10^{4} ions}[/tex]

              = 602 sec

or,          = 10 minutes        (as 1 min = 60 sec)

Thus, we can conclude that time required for 100 molecules of valinomycin to transport enough [tex]K^{+}[/tex] to change the concentration inside an erythrocyte is 10 minutes.

Answer:

The pH shifts less with small additions of titrant near the equivalence point.

Explanation:

Explanation:

In an acid-base titration, the titration curve reflects the strengths of the corresponding acid and base.

If one reagent is a weak acid or base and the other is a strong acid or base, the titration curve is irregular, and the pH shifts less with small additions of titrant near the equivalence point.

Acid-base titrations depend on the neutralization between an acid and a base when mixed in solution.

The endpoint and the equivalence point are not exactly the same: the equivalence point is determined by the stoichiometry of the reaction, while the endpoint is just the color change from the indicator.

Explanation:

The only flaw I can find is you squared 3 instead of cubing it and it will be 27X^4 instead of 9x^4.

This reduces the amount slightly, but the number is still incredibly high (about 10 ^ 5 L is what I've calculated). Your professor might want to point out that this will not be a effective experiment due to the large volume of saturated

The Ksp value of Ca(OH)2 on the site (I used 5.5E-6 [a far more soluble compound than Al(OH)3]) and estimated how much of it will be needed. My calculation was approximately 30 ml. If you were using that much in the experiment, it implies so our estimates for Al(OH)3 are right, that the high amount is unreasonably big and that Al(OH)3 will not be a suitable replacement unless the procedure was modified slightly.

Answer:

Motorcycle

Explanation:

Answer:

26 g

Explanation:

Write the balanced reaction first

CH4 + 2 O2 --> CO2 + 2 H2O

9.3g + 52.3g --> ? CO2

You must determine how much carbon dioxide can be made from each of the reactants. The maximum mass that can be made is the lower of the two.

From CH4:

9.3g CH4 (1molCH4/16.05gCH4) (1molCO2 / 1molCH4) (44.01g CH4 / 1molCO2) = 26 g

From O2:

52.3g O2 (1molO2/32gO2) (1molCO2/2molO2)(44.01g/1molCO2) = 36 g

Answer:

0.0626 M

Explanation:

Equation of the reaction

CH3COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) ---------> CH3COONa(aq) + H2O

Concentration of acid CA= ???

Concentration of base CB= 0.1943 M

Volume of acid VA= 10.0ml

Volume of base VB= 32.22 ml

Number of moles of acid NA= 1

Number of moles of base NB= 1

From

CA= CB VB NA/VA NB

Hence ;

CA= 0.1943 M × 32.22 ml × 1/10.0ml ×1

CA= 0.0626 M

Answer:

A rapid reaction is distinguished by having a relatively small value of activation energy.

Explanation:

Chemical kinetics is involved in determining the rate of a reaction, how fast or slow a reaction will occur in a particular condition. The factors affecting the rate of reaction determining whether it will be a rapid reaction includes nature of the reactants, temperature, pressure, surface area of solid state, catalysts, concentration and so on. Based on temperature, temperature affects the collision frequency of a reaction and this contributes to a portion of the increased rate of reaction. At a given temperature, the rate of  a reaction depends on the magnitude of the activation energy, pre-exponential factor A, molar gas constant, R, and temperature. This is true based on the Arrhenius equation K = Ae^-Ea/(RT). So therefore, from the equation, it is revealed that at small activation energies, reaction rate is rapid and slow at high activation energies.

Final answer:

A rapid reaction is characterized by a low activation energy, which allows for a faster reaction rate. Catalysts can lower this energy barrier, further speeding up the reaction without altering the overall energy change of the reaction.

Explanation:

A rapid reaction is distinguished by having a small value of activation energy. Activation energy (Ea) is the barrier that must be overcome for reactants to transform into products. A low activation energy indicates that the reactants can more easily reach the transition state and react to form products, leading to a faster reaction rate.

Catalysts are substances that lower the activation energy and provide a new pathway for the reaction to occur, thus speeding up the reaction without being consumed in the process. They do not affect the overall energy change of the reaction (∆H), but they make it easier for the reaction to occur.

This is especially valuable in biological systems where catalysis allows for important cellular reactions to occur at appreciable rates without the need for high temperatures that could harm the cell.

It is the heat of the reaction (∆H) that determines whether a reaction is exothermic or endothermic, not the activation energy.

Therefore, whether a reaction has a large heat of reaction or a small heat of reaction does not directly relate to its speed.

Answer:

The Phosphorylated  glucose(glucose +inorganic phosphate), with the energy supplied from ATP hydrolysis formed glucose 6- phosphate, which is later converted to 2 molecules of fructose 6-phosphate- this is phosphorylation.And  represented the fate of  glucose -6-phosphate.

The fructose 6-phosphate are converted to triose phosphate- which is a 2-molecules of 3C compound. The latter is oxidized by NAD→ NADH+ to form intermediates in the glycolytic pathways .

These intermediates are converted to ribose 5-phosphates in the presence of transketolase  and transaldolase enzymes.And they are finally   converted to pyruvate in the glycolytic pathway with the production of 2ATPs per molecule of glucose.

Basically the phosphate pathway reaction is very slow due to enzyme catalysis.