What specialized cells do cnidarians use for protection

Explanation:

D. average hamster weight decreases with an increase in the daily amount of a drug until the hamsters reach a minimum possible weight.

Trend: There was a gradual decrease in the hamster's weight til a minimum was reached, after with the rate of its change in weight with treatment over time plateaued.

Trends are gradual notable changes or patterns over a series of data points on a line or curve of a graph. These allow for summarizing data and predicting results. A data summary provides a comprehensive report of experimental findings. This makes the analysis of data easier by answering key research objectives outlined in the experimental procedure.  Summaries allow for tracking trends and procedural changes, observations and potential; this makes it easier to arrive at conclusions faster.

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Answer:

the answer is D

Explanation:

just took it

Answer:

Reticular activating system.

Explanation:

Reticular activating system may be defined as the system containing different nerves stimulation and located in the mesopons. This system interacts with thalamocortical systems and  basal forebrain.

The reticular activating system is involved in the resting sleep, dreaming and asleep. The sound of a particular object or living organism play important role in the reticular activating system. The individuals asleep and waking and its regulation is controlled by this system of nervous system.

Thus, the correct answer is reticular activating system.

Answer:

The correct answer is e yellow; blue.

Explanation:

According to the opponent-process theory, cells that are stimulated by exposure to yellow light are inhibited by exposure to blue light. The opponent-process theory states that some colors suppress other colors. In this case, yellow is suppressed by blue.

According to the opponent-process theory of color vision, cells stimulated by exposure to green light are inhibited by red light. This theory explains why we don't perceive colors like greenish-red or yellowish-blue and causes the phenomenon of negative afterimages.

According to the opponent-process theory of color vision, cells are excited by exposure to light of one color and inhibited by exposure to the complementary color within the opponent pairs: black-white, yellow-blue, and green-red. Hence, for the specific pair that typically causes confusion, the correct answer is that cells stimulated by exposure to green light are inhibited by exposure to red light, and vice versa. There are no opponent cells for greenish-reds or yellowish-blues because our visual system is based on this opponent-process theory, which also explains the phenomenon of negative afterimages.

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Answer:

External

Explanation:

External or expiration is brought about by the external intercostal muscles relax while the internal intercostal muscles contract causing the rib cage to move downwards and inwards. At the same time the muscles of the diaphragm relax and the diaphragm regains its original dome shape. These movements decrease the volume of the thoracic cavity and increase the pressure inside it thus air is forced out of the lungs into the atmosphere and gaseous exchange is completed.

The exchange of gases between the lungs and blood happens during gas exchange, which is facilitated by the concentration gradient in the alveoli within the lungs.

The exchange of gases between the lungs and blood during respiration occurs in a stage known as gas exchange. This vital process takes place in the lungs, specifically within the tiny air sacs called alveoli. The alveoli are surrounded by a network of pulmonary capillaries, where the blood is low in oxygen concentration and high in carbon dioxide concentration. This creates a concentration gradient that facilitates the diffusion of oxygen from the air in the alveoli into the blood, and carbon dioxide from the blood into the air in the alveoli. Hence, gas exchange plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis by supplying cells with oxygen, carrying away carbon dioxide waste, and maintaining the proper pH of the blood.

Answer:

all of the above are true.

Explanation:

Answer:

Explanation:

The major reason is due to the different and diverse possible arrangements of chromosomes into gametes.

Answer:

Because they re located in the leaves, the part of the plan with wider area to receive the sunlight

Explanation:

Palisade cells are the plant cells that contain the largest amount of chloroplast per cell, this is convenient because they can be found on leaves, the portion of the plant with a wider superficial area, this means that a larger number of chloroplasts will receive the sunlight and therefore this will benefit the photosynthesis process.

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Answer:

The correct answer is A) translating polypeptides directly from DNA.

Explanation:

Transcription process is important for the production of proteins because mRNA is synthesized during the transcription process which has the correct sequence of codon which is read by ribosomes to make proteins.  

DNA does not contain the right codon sequence for the formation of proteins and does not have uracil nucleotide which is found in mRNA therefore if DNA is used for translation then the wrong amino acids will be added into the polypeptide chain which can generate non-functioning proteins or mutated protein.

Therefore translating polypeptide directly from DNA would be more disadvantageous to the cell.

Explanation:

d. 1 : 1 IAi (type A) : IBi (type B)

Answers & explanation:

I - False

A sympatric speciation can occur commonly in both animals and plants. Sympatric speciation events are very common in plants because it is normal for them to develop multiple sets of chromosomes.

II - False

Sympatric speciation occurs without geographic variation. When two populations of the same species live in the same area but there is no crossing between populations, sympatric speciation occurs.

III - True

Sympatric species may indeed lead to the formation of new species. Sympatric speciation is believed to be responsible, for example, for the large number of cichlid fish species found in Lake Victoria on the African continent. According to research, this lake was colonized by only one ancestral species.

Answer:

D. atmospheric aerosols.

Explanation:

Atmospheric aerosols are tiny particles that float in the air. These particles could be liquid or solid and are usually suspended primarily by direct emission into the atmosphere or secondarily by condensation process.

Atmospheric aerosols have numerous effects on the biotic and abiotic factors of the environment. They alter air quality and impact human health in some cases, they can reduce atmospheric visibility, and they also reduce the amount of radiation that reaches the earth by scattering or reflecting some of the radiations from the sun back into space, leading to cooling of the atmosphere.

Answer:

The answer is letter D.

Explanation:

The hamstrings are part of a third-class lever, where the applied force is between the load and the fulcrum.

Answer:

The correct answer is option C) phagocytosis in the inflammatory response.

Explanation:

Our body has an immune response mechanism for when we get hurt or when it feels that something outside our body wants to harm us, so its automatic reaction is to defend against all those bacteria and viruses that want to attack us.

The system is responsible for identifying the antigens and destroying them. The antigens are all bacteria, harmful viruses and dead substances that are found on the cells. Our system has its own proteins that are HLA antigens. But as these are normal for the body, it does not counterattack them.

There are several defense mechanisms that work as barriers to prohibit the passage of any bacteria that harm us, and one of these mechanisms is inflammation.

In this case, when our body suffers some kind of injury from a bacterium, a cut or a blow, the damaged cells release substances that spill onto the tissue through the blood vessels, causing inflammation.

This allows the foreign substance to be “locked up” and cannot enter the body.

These spilled substances also attract white blood cells, which are called phagocytes which are responsible for eating dead germs and cells through the phagocytosis process.

Answer:

the lacking in human is called Cellulase which is any of several enzymes produced chiefly by fungi, bacteria, and protozoans that catalyze cellulolysis and bring about the decomposition of cellulose and of some related polysaccharides.

Answer:

The correct option is b. LTM (long term memory) is not disrupted.

Explanation:

Amnesia is a type of disorder that affects our memory, we talk about anterograde amnesia when it involves a serious damage/lost in our short-term memory (the long term memory is not disrupted), that is, it is the inability to create new memories. This selective memory deficit is caused by a brain lesion located in the hippocampus and in the areas of the medial temporal lobe. The hippocampus has the function of generating new memories, if it is affected, then it will be impossible to establish the memories.

Anterograde amnesia is the inability to form new memories after a brain trauma. It does not disrupt long-term memory, but it hampers the transfer of information from short-term to long-term memory. Declarative memory is primarily affected, while procedural memory remains intact.

Anterograde amnesia refers to the inability to form new memories from a particular time forward. It is commonly caused by brain trauma, which affects the hippocampus. With anterograde amnesia, long-term memory (LTM) is not disrupted, but there is a loss of memory for events that occur after the brain trauma.

In anterograde amnesia, communication between the medial temporal lobe (where the hippocampus is located) and the association cortex remains unaffected. However, there is an inhibition of afferent inputs to the cerebral cortex, which hampers the transfer of information from short-term to long-term memory.

While anterograde amnesia primarily affects declarative memory (the conscious memory of facts and events), it does not significantly alter procedural memory, which involves skills and habits.

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Pyrimidine dimers are forms of DNA damage caused by exposure to ultraviolet light, leading to cell death, mutations and the potential development of cancer. These dimers distort the DNA helix causing replication errors. Excessive cell death can also be detrimental.

Pyrimidine dimers are forms of damage that can occur in DNA when it is exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light. Particularly, they form when two thymines or cytosines, which are pyrimidine bases in the DNA strand, get linked abnormally. Pyrimidine dimers can lead to problematic consequences.

Some of the main consequences include cell death, mutations and cancer. These result as the dimers cause distortion in the DNA helix. When the cells try to replicate, they can't correctly read the sequence of bases where a dimer is present, leading to mistakes or mutations. In some cases, these mutations can push cells to proliferate uncontrollably, a key characteristic of cancer.

Moreover, when cells recognize these dimers as damage, they can initiate a cascade of reactions resulting in cell death (apoptosis). This is another defense mechanism, but it can also be detrimental if too many cells die off.

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Pyrimidine dimers, especially thymine dimers, distort the DNA double helix structure. This can lead to issues during DNA replication, including mutations and stalled replication. Individuals with Xeroderma Pigmentosa cannot repair these dimers and are at increased risk of skin cancer.

Pyrimidine dimers, particularly thymine dimers, in DNA occur when two adjacent pyrimidines become covalently linked following exposure to UV light. These dimers distort the structure of the DNA double helix, which can present issues during DNA replication, leading to point or frameshift mutations, and can result in stalled replication or transcription.

A well-known example of the effects of unrepaired pyrimidine dimers is the condition Xeroderma Pigmentosa. Affected individuals have a defect in the nucleotide excision repair enzymes which prevents them from effectively repairing these dimers. As a result, these individuals are at an increased risk of skin cancer due to a higher likelihood of DNA mutations arising from these errors.

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Answer:Decarboxylation, the Reduction of NAD+, and the attachment of CoA.

Explanation:

Step 1 Decarboxylation: the co-enzyme thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) catalyzes the decarboxylation of the carboxyl group of pyruvate and given off as a molecule of CO2. The two carbon unit remains attached to the enzyme.

Step 2 Reduction: The remaining two-carbon (hydroxyethyl group) is oxidized to form acetyl group. The extracted electrons are transferred to NAD+, storing energy in the form of NADH.

Step 3. The last step is the attachment of coenzyme A, a sulfur compound derived from a B vitamin, is attached to the acetyl group to form acetyl CoA, the Co-enzymes TPP, Lipoamide and FAD will be regenerated.

The acetyl CoA will go into TCA for complete oxidation.

Answer:

K+

Explanation:

Leak channels are the gated channels that randomly open and close. The plasma membranes have many more potassium ion (K+) leak channels than the leak channels for other ions such as sodium ion. Also, the potassium ion leak channels are leakier than the sodium leak channels and allow exit of more and more K+ from the neurons. This makes the inside the neuron negative at rest and outside becomes more positive. In this way, the leakage of K+ across the K+ leak channels is mainly responsible for maintaining the resting potential.

Answer:

Both neurons carry different information

Explanation:

Both spinocerebellar tract neuron and sensory neuron originating in the quadriceps femoris carry different information to the brain.

spinocerebellar tract neuron has a function of transmitting information from Golgi Tendon organ and muscle spindle to brain for coordination in movement.  Whereas  sensory neuron originating in the quadriceps femoris have function sending sensory signals to the brain.  Both neurons have myelin sheathing and both pass through dorsal root ganglion.

Thus, we can say that Both neurons carry different information.

Answer:

The answer is true.

Explanation:

It was discovered that a silt loam soil with 6% organic matter will hold more than twice water of a the one with 2% organic matter.

This means that, the more the organic matter in the soil, the more the ability of the soil to hold water for the usefulness of the plants.

Answer:

Translation is the process by which protein product will form from the RNA molecule with the help of enzymes and protein. The three important process of translation are initiation, elongation and termination.

The mutation that prevent the removal of spliceosome from the intron, the introns will reside within the exons. The translation of this type of RNA a non dunctional protein product can be formed due to the insertion of the introns within the exon sequence.

A mutation preventing a spliceosome from removing an intron in a gene will result in an mRNA that includes the intron, leading to a potentially nonfunctional protein or altered protein function due to incorrect amino acid incorporation during translation.

If a mutation occurs such that a spliceosome cannot remove one of the introns in a gene, the resulting messenger RNA (mRNA) will retain that intron. Since introns are non-coding regions, their inclusion in the final mRNA can disrupt the proper sequence of the encoded protein. This can lead to a nonfunctional protein or change in protein function because the ribosome may incorporate incorrect amino acids during the translation process, ultimately altering the sequence of the protein product. Mutations in the spliceosome recognition sequence or in the components of the spliceosome itself can impair splicing, leading to retained introns that should be removed. These splicing errors could potentially result in severe consequences, including genetic diseases, as they can critically alter gene expression and the functionality of proteins, which are the workhorses of the cell.

Answer:

Reflexes that control skeletal muscle are called stretch reflex.

Explanation:

The stretch reflex (osteotendinous reflex) is a medullary reflex that occurs when the body responds to a mechanical stimulus, it is produced by stretching a skeletal muscle. Usually, this reflex occurs on the tendons and, in some cases, on the bone. Muscle fibers and muscle spindles extend during stretching. The latter activate the muscle that contracts. The muscle spindles are those that are responsible for sending the signal to the spinal cord, it receives and transmits messages to the brain. The spinal cord is responsible, among other things, for the control of movements.

Somatic reflexes are the type of reflexes which control the skeletal muscles. These are rapid, automated responses from the somatic nervous system for safety measures.

Reflexes that control skeletal muscle are called somatic reflexes. These are rapid, involuntary muscle reactions that are performed by the somatic nervous system. Somatic reflexes involve skeletal muscles and include actions like withdrawing your hand from something hot, or an automatic blink when something moves towards your eye. These reflexes are essentially automated responses to keep you safe from harm.

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Answer:

Melanin

Explanation:

Some races that are genetically programmed in such a way that the color changes according to the ambient temperature, as is the case of the Siamese cat.

Siamese cats has a gene that produces melanin (gives hair color) depending on body temperature.

This gene stops painting color when the average temperature of cats is exceeded. This absence of color (that is, white cat) causes several curiosities to occur:

1) Siamese cats that are subjected to higher temperatures, for example in summer, can develop a partial albinism.

2) Siamese babies are usually born very white, because in the mother's womb the temperature is warm. As they come in contact with the outside, the gene begins to color their fur.

3) Cat's body is colder around the ears, legs and tail. For that reason they are usually the most colored areas of the Siamese.

Answer:

Option A

Explanation:

The first stage in digestion is intake of food either liquid or solid

The second stage is mechanical digestion in which the solid food material is broken down into smaller digestible pieces through chewing. There is no change in the chemical properties of food

The third stage is the chemical digestion. In this stage, the food is digested chemically by action of bio –enzymes, hormones, temperature and pH.  

The next stage is absorption of nutrients in the blood through diffusion or absorption in the small intestine.  

The last stage is excretion in which undigested or waste food is excreted out through the rectum via large intestine.  

Hence, option A is correct

Answer:

A

Explanation:

Answer:

Medulla Oblongata

Explanation:

The brain stem is the posterior part of the brain that connects the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord. It is an area at the base of the brain located between the cerebral hemisphere and the spinal cord. The brain stem is composed of the following in order of inferiority: diencephalon (sometimes included but not main), midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.

This parts of the brain stem connects to one another upwardly and downwardly. The medulla oblongata is the lowest part of the brain stem which connects the pons to the spinal cord. It is the part of the brain stem that message is conveyed through to and from the brain and the rest of the body as it is continuous with the spinal cord.

Hence, it is the part of the brain stem that directly comes in contact with the spinal cord.

Answer:

D. All of these are correct.

Explanation:

Depending on the institution, substance-abuse treatments may vary in regard to duration and phases. Generally, treatments for substance abuse consist of four phases:

Answer:

The answer is C.The skin is hot and dry.

Explanation:

When someone experiences hypoglycemia the skin isn't hot and dry. Otherwise, the breathing does accelerate therefore the heart pumps faster and the blood vessels constrict. These in order to, for example, avoid arterial and general vascular damage.

Answer:

The correct answer will be-

1. decrease in blood volume

2. secretion of renin from juxtaglomerular apparatus

3. production of angiotensin II

4.  secretion of aldosterone

5. sodium reabsorbed from distal tubules and collecting ducts

Explanation:

The RAAS pathway or Renin-angiotensin II-aldosterone pathway gets activated in the human body to maintain the osmolarity and blood volume.

When the receptors in the blood sense the low volume of water in the body sends signals to the brain which activates the secretion of the renin from the juxtaglomerular cells. Renin helps converts the inactive angiotensin to angiotensin I and II which help reabsorption of sodium ions. This activates the production of aldosterone which increases the reabsorption of the sodium ions into distal and collecting ducts.

Answer:

Linkage

Explanation:

Linkage occurs when 2 genes are found close to each other on the same chromosome. Due to their closeness to each other on the same chromosome, the chances of both genes being inherited together, instead of being independently assorted during metaphase I of meiosis, becomes very high. Gene linkage could cause the phenotypes of an offspring not to fit the predicted phenotypes.

Answer:

Option B

Explanation:

Tick that contract the bacterium in the adult stage from its host then will not be able to infect humans as it will stay will that infected host for its adult phase and subsequently die as there are no other developmental phases.