Cellular respiration converts the reactants' oxygen and glucose into carbon dioxide, water, and energy. The reverse reaction of photosynthesis converts reactants of carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and glucose. These two reactions are part of which biochemical cycle?
A) carbon cycle
B) water cycle
C) phosphorus cycle
D) nitrogen cycle
The following is an excerpt from the case study "It's All Greek to Me": "I am sorry to give you bad news. Nikoleta does have anemia but, unfortunately, giving her a high iron formula was exactly the opposite of what should be done. Nikoleta's disorder has a genetic basis."
Iron is an important structural component of hemoglobin. Explain why this treatment failed and how the true cause of Nikoleta's anemia was discovered.
Answer:
The prime reason for the treatment to get failed that though she has been suffering from anemia, it does not prove that she is low in iron. Providing her treatment with iron would possibly give her more than she required in her body.
The actual reason for anemia in the given case would be the lack of function of the beta proteins in the hemoglobin. This can be found out by looking through the family history, that is, if the family had anemia then the condition could be inherited, and it can be determined via blood examinations.
In eukaryotic cells, chromosomes are composed of both dna and proteins. true or false?
Final answer:
The statement is true; eukaryotic chromosomes are made up of DNA and proteins, forming a structure known as chromatin. This structure is only organized into distinct chromosomes during cell division, otherwise existing as a less condensed chromatin form within the nucleus.
Explanation:
The statement that eukaryotic chromosomes are composed of both DNA and proteins is true. In eukaryotic cells, DNA forms a complex with histone proteins to create chromatin, which makes up the substance of the chromosomes. Chromosomes are essential structures within the nucleus that contain the hereditary material, organized into a specific number for each eukaryotic species.
During the growth and maintenance phases of a cell's life cycle, the chromosomes are not easily distinguishable. Instead, they are present in a less condensed form known as chromatin, which is an unwound, jumbled arrangement of these DNA-protein complexes. This structure becomes more condensed and organized into clearly visible chromosomes only when a cell is preparing to divide.
The entire genetic content of a cell is known as its genome. In eukaryotic cells, the chromosomes play a crucial role in the genetic organization, whereas in prokaryotes, the DNA is typically found in a single, circular chromosome form that is not associated with proteins in the same way.
Swine are vulnerable to infection by bird flu virus and human flu virus, which can both be present in an individual pig at the same time. when this occurs, it is possible for genes from bird flu virus and human flu virus to be combined. if the human flu virus contributes a gene for tamiflu resistance (tamiflu is an antiviral drug) to the new virus, and if the new virus is introduced to an environment lacking tamiflu, then what is most likely to occur?
a.the new virus will maintain its tamiflu-resistance gene, just in case of future exposure to tamiflu.
b.the tamiflu-resistance gene will undergo mutations that convert it into a gene that has a useful function in this environment.
c.if the tamiflu-resistance gene involves a cost, it will experience directional selection leading to reduction in its frequency.
d.if the tamiflu-resistance gene confers no benefit in the current environment, and has no cost, the virus will become dormant until tamiflu is present.
Final answer:
In the absence of Tamiflu, a Tamiflu-resistance gene in a new virus strain will likely persist in the population if it neither benefits nor incurs a cost to the virus, due to the lack of selective pressure.
Explanation:
The scenario described outlines a process where swine, acting as an intermediate host, allow for the reassortment of genetic material between bird flu virus and human flu virus, potentially leading to the formation of a new virus strain that carries a gene for Tamiflu resistance. Given the absence of Tamiflu in the new environment, the fate of the Tamiflu-resistance gene depends on its impact on the virus's fitness in that environment. If the gene confers no advantage and also does not incur any cost to the virus, it is likely to persist in the population due to genetic drift, as there is no selective pressure for or against it. This is supported by evolutionary principles which state that in the absence of selective pressure, neutral mutations (those that neither benefit nor harm the organism) can persist in the gene pool.
If 2n = 20, how many chromosomes are present in each cell in prophase ii of meiosis?
Final answer:
In prophase II of meiosis, each cell contains 10 chromosomes (n=10), which are the haploid number resulting from the division in meiosis I.
Explanation:
If 2n = 20, this signifies that the organism's diploid number of chromosomes is 20. In meiosis, specifically during prophase II, the cells are haploid. This means that after the completion of meiosis I, each cell has already halved the number of chromosomes from the diploid number to the haploid number (n). Essentially, each cell in prophase II of meiosis contains n = 10 chromosomes. It's important to note that these chromosomes are still in the form of sister chromatids, which are duplicates of each other and connected at the centromere, ready to be separated into two cells at the end of meiosis II.
The most harmful by-product of nuclear energy is:
A:acid rain
B:sulfur dioxide
C:carbon dioxide
D:radioactive waste
A client at 42 weeks' gestation is 3 cm dilated and 30% effaced with membranes intact and the fetus at +2 station. fetal heart rate (fhr) is 140 to 150 beats/minute. after 2 hours, the nurse notes on the external fetal monitor that for the past 10 minutes, the fhr ranged from 160 to 190 beats/minute. the client states that her baby has been extremely active. uterine contractions are strong, occurring every 3 to 4 minutes and lasting 40 to 60 seconds. the nurse suspects fetal hypoxia based on which finding?
The large increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide in the last 50 years most likely comes from...
A. an increase in cellular respiration
B. increased decomposition by bacteria
C. an increase in the burning of fossil fuels
D. an increase in photosynthesis
How does the large amount of genetic variation observed in prokaryotes arise? see concept 27.2 (page 576) view available hint(s) how does the large amount of genetic variation observed in prokaryotes arise? see concept 27.2 (page 576) the mutation rate in prokaryotes is much higher than in eukaryotes. they have extremely short generation times and large populations. they can exchange dna with many types of prokaryotes by way of horizontal gene transfer. they have a relatively small genome. the second and third answers are correct?
Final answer:
Genetic variation in prokaryotes is primarily because They have extremely short generation times and large populations and They can exchange DNA with many types of prokaryotes by way of horizontal gene transfer.
Explanation:
The large amount of genetic variation observed in prokaryotes arises through several key mechanisms:
They have extremely short generation times and large populations, which contributes to a higher chance of mutations that can create genetic diversity.Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is another significant way through which prokaryotes can exchange DNA, not only with closely related species but even with distantly related ones. This occurs through processes such as transformation, transduction, and conjugation.These factors combined contribute to the rapid evolution of prokaryotes, allowing them to adapt quickly to environmental changes.
_____________ figured out that red blood cells transport oxygen by binding to hemoglobin and was a serious rival to mendeleev and even split the award that named the co-discoverers of the "periodic law"
Claude Bernard figured out that red blood cells transport oxygen by binding to hemoglobin and was a serious rival to Mendeleev and even split the award that named the co-discoverers of the "periodic law."
What is the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin called?The binding of oxygen to hemoglobin is called oxyhemoglobin. This is formed when oxygen binds to the heme component of the protein hemoglobin in red blood cells.
This process of formation of oxyhemoglobin takes place in the pulmonary capillaries that are typically adjacent to the alveoli of the lungs.
It was the time when Mendeleev and Claude Bernard were busy with their work respectively. Both works are extremely important for each of them. And it may be thought that it was a serious rivalry between both in their respective fields.
Therefore, Claude Bernard figured out that red blood cells transport oxygen by binding to hemoglobin.
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Corals are polyps of coelenterates (cnidarians) that contain numerous algae in their tissues. the algae contain photopigments that give the corals their color. when stressed by high temperatures, water pollution, or similar shocks, many corals expel their algae and turn white, a process called "coral bleaching." this appears to help the coelenterates survive the initial shock, but if they do not recover their native algae quickly, they soon die. similarly, the algae cannot live for long outside of the coelenterates' bodies. based on this information, the relationship between the two organisms is most likely
Both frogs and ducks have webbed feet. However ducks are more closely related to perching birds than to frogs.
Explain the process that has resulted in both frogs and ducks having feet that are similar
What type of bond holds the amino acids together in the proper sequence at the ribosome?
The peptide bond is responsible for holding the amino acids together.
What is the peptide bond?
A bond that is formed by a dehydration synthesis reaction happening at a molecular level between two molecules of amino acids is called a peptide bond.
This kind of reaction is also called a condensation reaction. This usually happens between amino acids. The two amino acids combine with each other to form a peptide bond through a reaction termed dehydration synthesis.
During this reaction, the carboxyl group of one of the amino acids loses a hydroxyl group. The amino group from the other amino acid also loses hydrogen from the ammonia group. The hydroxyl group in the first amino acid is replaced by nitrogen and that is how a peptide bond is formed.
Also, this is why the peptide bonds are also referred to as substituted amide linkages. Both the amino acids in the peptide bonds are covalently bonded with each other. The amino acids that are formed are also called a dipeptide.
Therefore peptide bonds hold amino acids together.
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Either type of reproduction will result in the continuation of a species, but one method results in genetic variation as well. All BUT ONE is a reason why sexual reproduction better serves survival of the fittest and evolution of a species.
Multicellular organisms first appeared during the Mesozoic Era.
True or False?
It is false that the multicellular organisms first appeared during the Mesozoic Era.
What is an era?In geology, an era is a period that lasts for many hundred million years. It gives a name to a lengthy group of geological layers, according to geologists. The Mesozoic age, when dinosaurs inhabited the Earth, serves as an illustration.
Era of the Cambrian. The Cambrian Period is a crucial juncture in the evolution of life on Earth since it is when the majority of the major animal groupings first appear in the fossil record.
Precambrian multicellular creatures were not thought to have existed until the late 1950s. However, using radiometric dating methods, it was discovered that the fossils originally discovered in Southern Australia's Ediacara Hills date back to the late Precambrian.
Thus, the given sentence is false.
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A group of the same species, living together and breeding is known as a ______________. community kingdom population
A proposed explanation in evolutionary biology stating that species are generally stable over long periods of time. occasionally there are rapid changes that affect some species which can quickly result in a new species.
A bunch of amino acids attach together is called a
A polypeptide is a single linear chain of many amino acids, held together by amide bonds. A protein consists of one or more polypeptides (more than about 50 amino acids long). An oligopeptide consists of only a few amino acids (between two and twenty).
A polypeptide
A bunch of amino acids attached together is called a protein.
What is protein?Protein can be found throughout the body in almost every organ or tissue, including muscle, bone, skin, and hair. It creates the hemoglobin that carries oxygen for your blood as well as the enzymes that drive numerous chemical reactions.
Amino acids join together to form polypeptides, which are another name for proteins, through a chain of peptide bonds.
Amide bonds connect the amino acids that make up a polypeptide to form a linear chain. A polypeptide or many polypeptides make up a protein (more than 50 amino acids long). Only a few amino acids make up an oligopeptide (between two and twenty).
Therefore, a protein is a collection of connected amino acids.
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The 8 levels of classification, from broadest to most specific are:
Domain, Genus, Family, Order, Class, Phylum, Kingdom, Species
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Domain, Species, Kingdom, Genus, Phylum, Family, Class, Order
Order, Kingdom, Species, Domain, Phylum, Family, Class, Genus
The correct sequence of classification levels from broadest to specific is Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species. Each classification sets apart characteristics, with the Domain being the broadest and Species being the most unique.
Explanation:In the field of Biology, the recognized hierarchy of classification, from the broadest to most specific, is as follows: Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species. Each level narrows down an organism's traits to distinctive aspects, with the Domain being the broadest and Species being the most specific. For instance, Homo sapiens (Humans) falls under Domain Eukarya, Kingdom Animalia, Phylum Chordata, Class Mammalia, Order Primates, Family Hominidae, Genus Homo, and Species sapiens.
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describe eggs and egg laying in monotremes
2. Which type of microscope can produce three-dimensional images of a cell’s surface? (1 point)
transmission electron microscope
scanning electron microscope
dissecting microscope
compound light microscope
3. Which of the following distinguishes a prokaryotic cell from a eukaryotic cell? (1 point)
the presence of a nucleus
the presence of a cell membrane
the ability to interact with the environment
the ability to reproduce
On which part of the body does long-term use of stimulants (e.g., nicotine, cocaine, and methamphetamine) have the most significant impact?
Poundja, j., fikretoglu,
d., & brunet,
a. (2006). the co-occurrence of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and pain: is depression a mediator?
Which labeled cell part contains DNA that codes for protein?
The cellular machinery responsible for assembling proteins, known as ribosomes, are synthesized in the nucleus (plural, nuclei), which also houses the genetic material, or DNA, of the cell. Therefore, R.
What is a nucleus?When discussing genomics, the term "nucleus" refers to the organelle within a cell that is surrounded by a membrane and houses the chromosomes. The nuclear membrane has a network of pores that allow for the controlled entry and exit of particular molecules (like proteins and nucleic acids) into and out of the nucleus.
The nucleus, which is also where ribosomes are made, houses the genetic material, or DNA, of the cell. The biological components known as ribosomes are in charge of assembling proteins.
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Most of the wood used for fuel comes from native forests around the world. The harvesting of wood for an energy source has serious environmental implications. Identify the environmental concerns of harvesting wood.
A) soil erosion
B) cost of harvesting
C) habitat destruction
D) habitat destruction and soil erosion
How do living organisms create macromolecules, organelles, cells, tissues, and complex higher-order structures? select one:
a. living organisms create order using energy from food molecules.
b. living organisms create order by using energy from the sun.
c. living organisms create order locally, but the energy transformations generate waste heat that increases the entropy of the universe as a whole.
d. the laws of thermodynamics do not apply to living organisms?
What holds the pollen and produces the males sperm on a flower?
13. Why do cells need both tRNA and mRNA? (1 point)
Only mRNA can be used to repair mistakes in the DNA sequence.
Only tRNA bends into a shape that can carry specific amino acids.
The tRNA in used on the ribosomes and the mRNA is used in the nucleus.
The mRNA brings information to the nucleus for the tRNA to use.
14. (03.06 LC)
Mutation does not always affect the evolution of a species because (1 point)
not all mutations are inherited
not all mutations are beneficial
not all mutations cause visible change
not all mutations affect an entire species
15. (03.06 MC)
A chromosome that is exposed to a mutagen breaks into two pieces. A portion off one of the ends is removed before the two pieces rejoin. The mutation that occurs is (1 point)
deletion
duplication
inversion
non-disjunction
16. (03.06 MC)
Which of the following mutations is least likely to develop into a cancerous tumor? (1 point)
A non-disjunction mutation
A chromosomal deletion mutation
A inversion chromosomal mutation
A single point mutation
17. (03.06 MC)
The mutagens that result in cancer damage DNA by (1 point)
destroying the cell's p53 gene directly thereby increasing cell production
weakening the DNA strand or interfering with base paring
altering the cell's pH and allowing increased cell production
becoming a virus that attacks DNA directly, impairing duplication
Answer:
Answer 1: Option (C):The tRNA in used on the ribosomes and the mRNA is used in the nucleus.
Answer 2:Option(C): There is no effect on the phenotype of a specie, as most of the species DNA is altered and there are a few changes which occurs inside the phenotype of any specie exposed to mutation in general.
Answer 3:Option(A):Deletion is a type of mutation during which the part of the genetic sequence or DNA is not placed at its original position but the loss of the fragment occurs, in the process causing the change in the genome of the specie.
Answer 4:Option (B): The weakening the DNA strand or interfering with base pairing of the DNA sequence inside the DNA molecules.
Explanation:
tRNA is present inside the ribosomes, as it operates by detaching the required number of amino acids and letting the sequence change into the required proteins, which then goes out of the ribosomes into the cell body.Mutation has no such effect on the phenotype or the visible properties of any specie. As much of the mutation which occurs is in the DNA sequence of the specie which is exposed to the effect.Mutations basically brings change to the actual or original DNA sequence of the specie, as during the process a fragment or any part or sequence of nucleotide's are altered and are lost in the process to create a new DNA molecule, as the process is called as Deletion in the mutation term. As it will cause different disorders and the diseases inside the organism.Carcinogen, there are different elements which causes different alterations in the DNA and in the over all genome of the specie. As the DNA sequence is altered and in the base pairing of the sequences inside the genome of the species.The offspring of a cross between parents with different true breeding traits
Answer:
Hybrid
Explanation:
The offspring of crosses between parents with different true breeding traits is called as hybrid. The true breeding parents are homozygous for the trait and carry two copies of either dominant or recessive allele for the trait. Crossing between two pure breeding parents produce a hybrid that is heterozygous for the trait. The hybrid carries one dominant and one recessive allele for the trait.
If the xylem in a young tree is damaged, which process is first affected?
a. performing photosynthesis
b. transporting sugar to the roots
c. transporting water to the leaves
d. absorbing water from the soil
Xylem- brings glucose and nutrients up from the roots to the rest of the plant; This tissue is dead at maturity.
I'd say the closest answer is probably d. absorbing water from the soil.