When fracking liquid waste is left in pools on the surface, _ can evaporate into the air and contribute to pollution

Answers

Answer 1
When fracking liquid waste is left in pools on the surface, Toxic Waste or Toxic Chemicals can evaporate into the air and contribute to pollution. A new study shows that these spills have left surface waters in the area carrying radium, selenium, thallium, lead, and other toxic chemicals that can continue for years at unsafe levels. 
Answer 2

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can evaporate from fracking liquid waste pools, contributing to air pollution. These pools may also contain hazardous air pollutants and heavy metals, requiring careful handling to avoid environmental contamination.

When fracking liquid waste is left in pools on the surface, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can evaporate into the air and contribute to pollution. These wastewater ponds can contain a variety of pollutants, including hazardous air pollutants such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene. Moreover, fracking fluid, also known as flowback, can contain chemicals used in the drilling process, heavy metals, and radioactive materials. These substances pose a significant risk to both environmental and human health if they are not properly managed and treated.

The process of hydraulic fracturing or 'fracking' involves injecting high-pressure fluids to fracture shale deposits, which releases trapped gas and oil. The wastewater from this process may return to the water cycle, but the large volume of contaminated water requires careful handling to prevent land and water pollution. As a proactive measure, governments around the world have taken steps, in some cases banning the practice due to the severe risks associated with fracking.


Related Questions

What is the general formula for a straight-chain alkane? cnhn cnh2n+2 cnhn+2 cnh2n?

Answers

General formula for alkane is CnH2n+2

Option B: [tex]C_{n}H_{2n+2}[/tex]

Alkane is defined as series of hydrocarbons which are saturated (all the carbon-carbon bonds are single) for example: methane, ethane, propane etc.

In alkane, carbon has 4 valence electrons so, it can make single bonds with 4 hydrogen atoms.

In the series, the first alkane is methane, it has 1 carbon atom thus, 4 hydrogen atoms are attached to it and molecular formula becomes [tex]CH_{4}[/tex]. Similarly, the second alkane in the series is ethane, it has 2 carbon atoms, both attached with single bond. The remaining three electrons in each carbon are shared with 3 hydrogen atoms each thus, it has total of 6 hydrogen atoms. Molecular formula of ethane will be [tex]C_{2}H_{6}[/tex].

Now, for general formula, let the number of carbon atoms be n thus, number of hydrogen atoms will be [tex]2n+2[/tex]

Therefore, general formula of straight chain alkane is [tex]C_{n}H_{2n+2}[/tex].


Which pH range is basic?
A. 0.00 to 2.00
B. 3.00 to 5.00
C. 6.00 to 8.00
D. 9.00 to 11.00

Answers

Basic  should be higher than 7. So only choice we have here is D. 9.00 to 11.00.
The correct answer is:  [D]:  "9.00 to 11.00 " .
_____________________________________________________
Note that "basic" refers to a "pH" that is greater than " 7 " .
______________________________________________________

During a thunderstorm, Charles watched flashes of lightning through his window. Which process best describes the cause of the lightning?

Answers

A thunderstorm is described as a storm where lightning happens. Flashes of lightning are mainly caused by ion movements along the clouds, or in other words, charged particles moving between negatively and positively charged parts of clouds cause lightning flashes.

Answer: This is induction - charged particles moving between positively and negatively charged parts of clouds

What is the molality of a solution of water and kcl if the freezing point of the solution is –3mc030-1.jpgc?

Answers

We will use the expression for freezing point depression ∆Tf
     ∆Tf = i Kf m
Since we know that the freezing point of water is 0 degree Celsius, temperature change ∆Tf is 
     ∆Tf = 0C - (-3°C) = 3°C 
and the van't Hoff Factor i is approximately equal to 2 since one molecule of KCl in aqueous solution will produce one K+ ion and  one Cl- ion:
     KCl → K+ + Cl- 
Therefore, the molality m of the solution can be calculated as 
     3 = 2 * 1.86 * m
     m = 3 / (2 * 1.86)
     m = 0.80 molal

PLEASE HELP! I'll mark brainliest!

What is the concentration of H+ ions at a pH = 8?
mol/L
What is the concentration of OH– ions at a pH = 8?
mol/L
What is the ratio of H+ ions to OH– ions at a pH = 8?

Answers

Acidic and basic are two extremes that describe chemicals, just like hot and cold are two extremes that describe temperature. Mixing acids and bases can cancel out their extreme effects, much like mixing hot and cold water can even out the water temperature. A substance that is neither acidic nor basic is neutral. 
The character of acidic, basic and neutral is defined by the concentration of hydrogen ions [H+](mol/L). A solution with a concentration of hydrogen ions higher than 10-7mol/L is acidic, and a solution with a lower concentration is alkaline (another way to say basic). Using the formula, pH=-log[H+], a pH of 7 is neutral, a pH less than 7 is acidic, and a pH greater than 7 is basic. As one can see from this formula, ten times a given concentration of hydrogen ions means one unit lower in terms of pH value (higher acidity), and vice versa. 
The formula for ph is given by:pH=−log10[H+]

What is the concentration of H+ ions at a pH = 8?

In calculating for the concentration of hydrogen ion, the formula is given by:[H+]=(10)^(-pH)
Solution:
[H+]=(10)^(-8)[H+]=0.00000001 mol/L

What is the concentration of OH– ions at a pH = 8?pH+pOH=148+pOH=14pOH=6
[OH-]=(10)^(-pOH)[OH-]=(10)^(-6)[OH-]=0.000001
What is the ratio of H+ ions to OH– ions at a pH = 2?The ratio is 0.00000001:0.000001 which is equal to 0.01

Answer:

0.00000001

0.000001

0.000001 : 1 or 1 : 100

Explanation:

answer on e2020

When bringing water to a boil in the mountains, the time needed to reach the boiling point is?

Answers

The boiling point is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the surrounding pressure. At this temperature, liquid gets converted into vapour phase.

Now, if one goes to higher heights, i.e. mountains, pressure decreases. Since, pressure decreases the boiling point also decreases. Hence, if heating rate is same, the time needed to reach the boiling point will decrease. 

According to the law of conservation of mass,why is it considered a mistake to add calcium to the product side if it is not in the reactant side of a particular chemical equation

Answers

According to the law of conservation of mass, the masses of the products and reactants must be the same. Adding calcium to the product side is considered a mistake if it is not in the reactant side of a particular chemical equation because it is impossible to produce calcium from thin air (unless this is a nuclear reaction).

How do you tell how many electrons an element wants to gain or lose?

Answers

How does the law of conservation of mass apply  to this reaction: C2H4 + O2 → H2O + CO2?

Please anwser will be thanked

Answers

According to the given choices, "obtain and use resources for energy, reproduce, growth and development and respond to stimuli" are the characteristics that all organisms share. Hence correct answers are 1,5,6 and 7.

Movement is also a characteristic of living organisms. But that may not be shown by all. 

Living organisms are classified as heterotrophs and autotrophs according to their way of consuming energyHeterotrophs depend on foods which are produced by others while autotrophs produce their own food. 

Which of the following statements is true about the role of oxygen in cellular respiration? It reacts with water. It is one of the ending compounds. It is one of the beginning compounds. It reacts with carbon dioxide.

Answers

"It reacts with water" is incorrect I took the test and got it wrong. I believe it is B, because oxygen combines with glucose and makes carbon dioxide.

cellular respiration the starting compounds are glucose and oxygen and the ending compounds are carbon dioxide, water, and energy.

C6H12O6+6O2-->6CO2+6H2O+ energy

Glucose (sugar)+oxygen--> Carbon Dioxide+ water+energy

so It is one of the starting compounds

what is an ideal gas? how many ideal gases are there in the universe?

Answers

Ideal gases are hypothetical gases whose molecules occupy negligible space and have no interactions, and that consequently obeys the gas laws exactly.
Not exactly sure about the amount...
I hope this helps! :)

An ideal gas is a theoretical concept used to understand gas behavior. Real gases do not behave exactly like ideal gases but can approach ideal behavior at low pressures. No ideal gases exist in the universe.

An ideal gas is a theoretical concept used to understand the behavior of gases. It is a hypothetical gas that obeys the ideal gas equation of state and follows the kinetic theory of gases.

No real gas behaves as an ideal gas, but at low pressures, gases tend to behave more like ideal gases.

There are no ideal gases in the universe as they are a theoretical construct and do not correspond to any real system.

In the general plan for balancing redox equations, when a reaction takes place in basic solution, you will need to add

Answers

Answer is: add hydroxide ions (OH⁻).
For example unbalanced chemical reaction:
H₂O₂(aq) + Cl₂O₇(aq) → ClO₂⁻(aq) + O₂(g).
Reduction half reaction: 6H⁺  + Cl₂O₇ → 2ClO₂⁻ + 3H₂O.
Oxidation half reaction: H₂O₂ → O₂ + 2H⁺ + 2e⁻ /×4; 4H₂O₂ → 4O₂ + 8H⁺ + 2e⁻
Sum: 6H⁺ + Cl₂O₇ + 4H₂O₂ → 4O₂ + 8H⁺ + 2ClO₂⁻ + 3H₂O;
Cl₂O₇ + 4H₂O₂ → 4O₂ + 2H⁺ + 2ClO₂⁻ + 3H₂O
Add 2 OH⁻: 2OH⁻ + Cl₂O₇ + 4H₂O₂ + → 4O₂ + 2ClO₂⁻ + 5H₂O.
Balanced chemical reaction: 4H₂O₂ + Cl₂O₇ + 2OH⁻→ 2ClO₂⁻ + 4O₂ +5H₂O.

Would be glad if you helped me!

Answers

a) Fe⁰ ----> Fe⁺³ +3e⁻   oxidation        | *2
b) Cu⁺² + 2e⁻ -----> Cu⁰  reduction      |*3

c) 2Fe⁰ +3Cu⁺² -----> 2Fe⁺³ + 2Cu⁰

The primary product of the combustion of sulfur is:

Answers

SO2 hfjkglhgdhjrklgwe

An 80.0 g sample of iodine-131 was placed in a sealed vessel forty days ago. Only 2.5 g of this isotope is now left. What is its half-life?

Answers

1.25, you divide 2.5 by 80, then times by 40

the answer on edg is 8 days

Which is a negative result of eating too many lipids?


A-Fatty acids become deficient in the body.


B-Dangerous fat-soluble vitamins are carried to cells.


C-Fat deposits put a strain on the body.


D-The body produces too many membrane structures.


Answers

Answer: C-Fat deposits put a strain on the body.

Final answer:

Eating too many lipids can lead to fat deposits that strain the body, unhealthy weight gain, increased risk of cardiovascular disease, and potentially hypervitaminosis due to excess accumulation of fat-soluble vitamins when consumed in large quantities.(Option C)

Explanation:

A negative result of eating too many lipids, specifically saturated fatty acids, trans fats, and cholesterol, is that fat deposits can put a strain on the body. Excessive intake of lipids can lead to an unhealthy weight gain and a rise in blood lipid levels, which in turn may increase the risk of health problems such as cardiovascular disease.

Conditions like atherosclerosis, where cholesterol contributes to the narrowing of arteries, can manifest as a result of high cholesterol levels. Moreover, while fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K are absorbed with the help of dietary fats, an overabundance due to excessive lipid intake can lead to hypervitaminosis, a state where excess vitamins are stored in the body's fat.

Describe one way to prove that a mixture of sugar and water is a solution and that a mixture of sand and water is not a solution.

Answers

Answer:

The solution is always homogeneous mixture and transparent through which the light can travel. The mixture of water and sugar is a solution because sugar is soluble in water and form homogeneous mixture while the sand can not dissolve in water and sand particles scatter the light.

Explanation:

Solution:

"The solution is always homogeneous mixture and transparent through which the light can travel"

The mixture of water and sugar is a solution because sugar is soluble in water and form homogeneous mixture. The solubility of sugar is high as compared to the sand in water because the negative and positive ends of sucrose easily dissolve into the polar solvent i.e, water

Suspension:

"Suspension is the heterogeneous mixture, in which the solute particles settle down but does not dissolve"

The mixture of water and sand is suspension. The sand can not dissolve in water because it is mostly consist of quartz. The nonpolar covalent bonds of  sand are too strong and cannot be break by water molecules.

How would agglutination reactions be used to locate the source of an epidemic?

Answers

Agglutination reactions are used to locate the source of an epidemic because it is highly sensitive and may be used to detect the existence of antibody or antigen in a patient’s serum. Agglutination reactions are commonly used in the medical clinic. It can be used to identify the blood cells type for transfusion and to know the cultures of bacteria. It has been widely used to know if a patient had a bacterial infection.

Answer:

The agglutination reactions clinically exhibit a broad spectrum of applications. They facilitate in finding the existence of antibodies or antigens in the sample. The agglutination reactions can be used to find the epidemic source. This can be achieved by testing the blood sample of the patient.  

If the antibodies found in the sample of blood possess the tendency of undergoing agglutination with the disease-causing antigens, then it can be considered that the person has got encountered with the disease. In case of an epidemic, the samples of blood from the group of individuals is taken and examined for the agglutination reaction. Thus, the reaction can be used to find the source of the epidemic.  

In which reaction does the oxidation number of hydrogen change?
a.hcl (aq) + naoh (aq) → nacl (aq) + h2o (l)
b.2na (s) + 2h2o (l) → 2naoh (aq) + h2 (g)
c.cao (s) + h2o (l) → ca(oh)2 (s)
d.2hclo4 (aq) + caco3 (s) → ca(clo4)2 (aq) + h2o (l) + co2 (g)
e.so2 (g) + h2o (l) → h2so3 (aq)?

Answers

it changes in
b.2na (s) + 2h2o (l) → 2naoh (aq) + h2 (g)
H2 has oxidation number of 0 but 2H2O implies H has oxidication number of 4

How many molecules are in 13.5g of sulfur dioxide, so2?

Answers

Answer is: there are 1.27·10²³ molecules of sulfur dioxide.
m(SO₂) = 13.5 g.
n(SO₂) = m(SO₂) ÷ M(SO₂).
n(SO₂) = 13.5 g ÷ 64 g/mol.
n(SO₂) = 0.21 mol.
N(SO₂) = n(SO₂) ·Na.
N(SO₂) = 0.21 mol · 6.022·10²³ 1/mol.
N(SO₂) = 1.27·10²³.
n - amount of substance.
M - molar mass of substance.
Na - Avogadro number.

Taking into account the definition of avogadro's number, 0.21 moles of sulfur dioxide contain 1.26482×10²³ molecules.

Avogadro's Number or Avogadro's Constant is called the number of particles that make up a substance (usually atoms or molecules) and that can be found in the amount of one mole of said substance. Its value is 6.023×10²³ particles per mole. Avogadro's number applies to any substance.

First you must determine the number of moles that 13.5 g of sulfur dioxide contains. For that, I use the molar mass of the compound, which is defined as the amount of mass that a substance contains in one mole.

In this case, the molar mass of sulfur dioxide is 64 g/mole. So the number of moles that 13.5 grams of the compound contain can be calculated as:

[tex]13.5 gramsx\frac{1 mole}{64 grams} =[/tex] 0.21 moles

Then you can apply the following rule of three: if 1 mole of sulfur dioxide contains 6.023×10²³ molecules, then 0.21 moles contain how many molecules of sulfur dioxide?

amount of molecules of sulfur dioxide= (6.023×10²³ molecules× 0.21 mole)÷ 1 mole

amount of molecules of sulfur dioxide=1.26482×10²³ molecules

Finally, 0.21 moles of sulfur dioxide contain 1.26482×10²³ molecules.

Learn more about Avogadro's Number:

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In the three-dimensional structure of methane, ch4, the hydrogen atoms attached to a carbon atom are aligned ________. in the three-dimensional structure of methane, ch4, the hydrogen atoms attached to a carbon atom are aligned ________. at the corners of a square at the corners of a tetrahedron at the corners of a cube in a straight line at the corners of a rectangle

Answers

Answer:
            In the three-dimensional structure of methane, CH₄, the hydrogen atoms attached to a carbon atom are aligned at the corners of a Tetrahedron.

Explanation:
                   In Methane (CH₄) the central atom (carbon) is bonded to four hydrogen atoms. So, the central atom is having four electron pairs and all pairs are bonding pairs and lacks any lone pair of electron. According to Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory the central atom with four bonding pair electrons and zero lone pair electrons will attain a tetrahedral geometry with bond angles of 109°. Hence, the shape of CH₄ is tetrahedral.
Final answer:

In methane (CH4), the hydrogen atoms align at the corners of a tetrahedron due to the carbon atom's sp³ hybridization. This results in a 109.5° angle between the hydrogens, forming a tetrahedral geometry. This critical alignment impacts the molecule's properties and stability.

Explanation:

In the three-dimensional structure of methane (CH4), the hydrogen atoms attached to a carbon atom are aligned at the corners of a tetrahedron. This spatial orientation is due to the 109.5° angle between the hydrogen atoms, resulting in a tetrahedral geometry. This geometric configuration occurs because the carbon atom in methane exhibits sp³ hybridization, wherein the hybrid orbitals overlap with the s orbitals of hydrogen atoms, aligning the hydrogens in tetrahedral shape.

Such orientation plays a critical role in determining the properties of the methane molecule, and is common in many other hydrocarbons as well. In this configuration, each carbon electron pairs with a hydrogen electron when the C-H bonds are formed, resulting in a balanced and stable structure. The geometry is crucial to the function of macromolecules, which can also exist as linear carbon chains, carbon rings, or combinations of both.

Learn more about Methane Structure here:

https://brainly.com/question/37199948

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ROY G BIV is associated with this type of electromagnetic radiation:
A. X rays
B. visible light
C. microwaves
D. infrared rays

Answers

ROY G BIV is associated with this type of electromagnetic radiation B. visible light.

ROY G BIV - red , orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet.

According to quantum, when will a resonator radiate or absorb energy?

Answers

According to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, which of the following statements about the simultaneous measurements of position and momentum is true?a.Neither quantity can be measured with accuracy.b.The more accurately one value is measured, the less accurately the other value is known.c.Both quantities can be measured with infinite accuracy.d.Accuracy of measurement improves as the object observed becomes less massive. yeah so the answer is b sorry i copied and paste i just wanted to make it fast :(

Final answer:

A resonator will radiate or absorb energy when the energy equals an integer multiple of hf, the smallest quantum of energy. This is in line with Planck's quantization of energy, essential for understanding atomic and molecular radiation interactions.

Explanation:

A resonator will radiate or absorb energy when the energy in question is equal to an integer multiple of the smallest quantum of energy that can be absorbed by the particle, represented as hf, where h is Planck's constant and f is the frequency of the oscillator. According to quantum mechanics, this quantization of energy means that the energy levels an oscillator can occupy are discrete, not continuous. A quantum oscillator can only absorb or emit energy in these specific quantities. The process of absorption elevates the oscillator to a higher quantum state, while emission results in a transition to a lower quantum state.

The concept of energy quantization is an essential part of understanding the behavior of atoms and molecules as they interact with electromagnetic radiation. In the context of blackbody radiation, the quantized energies of the atoms lead to the emission of radiation according to their quantum states, and this principle was crucial for explaining the spectrum of blackbody radiation and resolving the 'ultraviolet catastrophe.' The contributions of Max Planck to quantum mechanics laid the groundwork for modern physics, leading to the development of new technologies that have significantly changed our lives.

How many moles of LiCl
are in 250g of LiCl

Answers

moles are amount of substance. Molar mass is the mass of 1 mol of substance. 
Molar mass of LiCl is the sum of molar masses of the individual elements. 
molar mass of Li - 6.9 g/mol and Cl - 35.45 g/mol 
molar mass of LiCl - 6.9 + 35.45 = 42.35 
therefore molar mass of LiCl - 42.35 g/mol 
number of moles of LiCl = mass present / molar mass of LiCl
number of LiCl moles = 250 g / 42.35 g/mol = 5.90 mol 
5.90 moles of LiCl

Which of these is the best argument for switching from combustion-powered cars to fuel cell cars in order to help the environment?
They use hydrogen, which produces water vapor instead of CO2.
They conserve gasoline reserves so they can be burned in the future.
They decrease the money spent by consumers on transportation.
They decrease the reliance on other countries for non-renewable resources.

Answers

Hello User

Question: Which of these is the best argument for switching from combustion-powered cars to fuel cell cars in order to help the environment?

Answer: They use hydrogen, which produces water vapor instead of CO2.

Reason: This is the best argument because it is saying that pollution will go down if you use Combustion powered cars. It relates to any situation and all of the cars do this.

I hope I helped
-Chris

Answer:

A

Explanation: Taking it now

Ha is a monoprotic weak acid. if a 0.015 m ha solution is 2.5% dissociated (or ionized), what is the acid dissociation constant (ionization constant)?

Answers

To calculate the acid dissociation constant ([tex]K_a[/tex]) for a 0.015 M HA weak acid solution that is 2.5% dissociated, we use the concentrations of the ionized and non-ionized forms of the acid and plug them into the [tex]K_a[/tex] expression, which gives an approximate value of [tex]9.58 \times 10^{-6}[/tex].

To find the acid dissociation constant ([tex]K_a[/tex]) for the weak acid HA that is 2.5% dissociated in a 0.015 M solution, we can apply the definition of the dissociation constant. The dissociation of HA can be represented as:

HA <=> [tex]H^+[/tex](aq) + [tex]A^-[/tex](aq)

Since HA is a monoprotic acid and 2.5% dissociated, this means that:

0.025 x 0.015 M = [[tex]H^+[/tex]] = [[tex]A^-[/tex]]

0.015 M - 0.025 x 0.015 M = [HA]

We plug these values into the equation for [tex]K_a[/tex]:

[tex]K_a[/tex] = [[tex]H^+[/tex]][[tex]A^-[/tex]] / [HA]

By calculating the concentrations:

[[tex]H^+[/tex]] = [[tex]A^-[/tex]] = 0.000375 M (since 2.5% of 0.015 M)

[HA] = 0.015 M - 0.000375 M = 0.014625 M

Substitute them into the equation for [tex]K_a[/tex]:

[tex]K_a[/tex] = (0.000375 M × 0.000375 M) / 0.014625 M

This gives us:

[tex]K_a[/tex] = [tex]9.58 \times 10^{-6}[/tex]

So, the acid dissociation constant for HA is approximately [tex]9.58 \times 10^{-6}[/tex].

if 392cm2 of helium at 32C and 925 torr are cooled to -15C and the pressure is reduced to 775 torr, calculate the new volume the gas will occupy

Answers

The answer is 553 cm³.
Solution:
Assuming ideal behavior of the helium gas, we can use the universal gas law equation
     P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2
The terms with subscripts of one represent the given initial values while for terms with subscripts of two represent the final conditions. 
We rearrange the gas law equation to calculate for the new volume V2:
     V2 = P1V1T2 / P2T1
We can now substitute the values to the expression. Therefore,
     V2 = (925torr * 392cm3 * 258.15K) / (305.15K * 775torr)
     V2 = 396 cm³ or 396 553 mL

The agricultural practice of spraying insecticides leaves behind which pollutant in the soil? A. Chemical poison B. Excess nitrogen C. Excess salt D. Acidic compounds

Answers

 Insecticides are  Chemical poisons.
A. Chemical poison

Answer:The correct answer is option A

Explanation:

The spraying of insecticides not only kills the insects harming the crops but also damages the fertility of the soil.

Development of new chemicals which are used as insecticides has polluted the soil with dangerous chemicals which are poisonous for living organism.

Extensive use of these chemicals has introduced these chemicals in the food chain and food web causing harm to living beings.

After the equation below has been balanced for a reaction in an acidic solution, what will the coefficients of the reactants and products be, in order? h2o2 + feso4 + h2so4 fe2(so4)3 + h2o

Answers

First, we have to start balancing the equation:

H2O2 + FeSO4 + H2SO4 → Fe2(SO4)3 + H2O

we can see that the number of H atoms on the left side is 4 and on the right side is  2 so we have to make the number of H atoms are equal on both sides

so, we will put 2H2O instead of H2O

H2O2 + FeSO4 + H2SO4 → Fe2(SO4)3 + 2H2O

we can see that number of O on the left side is 10 and on the right side 14

so we will put 2 FeSO4 instead of FeSO4

H2O2 + 2FeSO4 + H2SO4 → →Fe2(SO4)3 + 2H2O

∴ the coefficients of the reactants and products will be in order 1 2 1 1 2

When 25.0 g of ch4 reacts completely with excess chlorine yielding 45.0 g of ch3cl, what is the percentage yield, according to ch4(g) + cl2(g) → ch3cl(g) + hcl(g)?

Answers

Percentage yield = (actual yield / theoretical yield) x 100%

The balanced equation for the reaction is,
    CH₄(g) + Cl₂(g) → CH₃Cl(g) + HCl(g)

Since there is excess of Cl₂ gas, we can assume that all of CH₄ gas are reacted.

Moles of CH₄(g) = mass / molar mass
                           = 25.0 g / 16 g/mol
                           = 1.5625 mol

The stoichiometric ratio between CH₄(g) and CH₃Cl(g) is 1 : 1

Hence moles of CH₃Cl(g) = 1.5625 mol

Molar mass of CH₃Cl(g) = 50.5 g/mol
 
Mass of CH₃Cl(g) = number of moles x molar mass
                             = 1.5625 mol x 50.5 g/mol
                             = 78.9 g
Hence theoretical yield = 78.9 g
Actual yield = 45.0 g

Hence,
 Percentage yield = (45.0 g / 78.9 g) x 100% 
                             = 57.03%

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