Why is the osmolarity of the medullary fluid in the kidney greater than the osmolarity of the blood plasma?
Answer:
This is because the loop of Henle that is found in the kidney functions as a countercurrent multiplier and contributes solutes to the interstitial fluid. Urea is recycled from the collecting duct and is transported to the interstitial fluid.
Explanation:
Osmolarity can be defined as the determination of the quantity of the solute that present in a given quantity of water( 1 liter ). It is used to measure the concentration of solute.
Osmolarity of the medullary fluid in the kidney greater than the osmolarity of the blood plasma and this is because the loop of Henle that is found in the kidney uses energy to generate an osmotic gradient that enables it to reabsorb water from the tubular fluid and produce concentrated urine a process that is referred to as countercurrent multiplication and contributes solutes to the interstitial fluid. Urea is recycled from the collecting duct and is transported to the interstitial fluid.
Hence, osmolarity of the medullary fluid in the kidney is set at a high limit of as 1500 mOsm/L while that of plasma osmolarity is 280 to 295 mOsm/L and it must not exceed the upper limit of 310 mOsm/L.
Answer:This is because the loop of Henle that is found in the kidney functions as a countercurrent multiplier and contributes solutes to the hyper-tonic medullary interstitial fluid.
Explanation:
Osmolarity is the concentration of a solution expressed as the total number of solute particles per litre. In other words Osmolarity” refers to the concentration of dissolved particles of chemicals and minerals, particles such as sodium and other electrolytes in your serum. Higher osmolarity means more particles in your serum. Lower osmolality means that the particles are more diluted.
The loop of Henle that is found in the kidney which function as a countercurrent multiplier, contributes solutes to the hyper-tonic medullary interstitial fluid making the osmolarity of the medullary fluid in the kidney greater than the osmolarity of the blood plasma.
Which classes of antibodies is most likely to be made by the oldest plasma cell in a population of b cells?
Options are not provided in teh question. The complete question is as following:
Which of the following classes of antibodies is most likely to be made by the oldest plasma cell in a population of B cells?
a. IgM
b. IgG
c. IgA
d. None of the listed responses is correct.
Answer:
c. IgA
Explanation:
Specialized white blood cells called B lymphocytes (or B cells) contain antibodies. The mature B cells, or plasma cells, secrete millions of antibodies into the lymphatic system and the bloodstream. The plasma cell antibodies have the exact same antigen-binding site and specificity as the precursors to their B cells. Five different types of antibodies are present in humans: IgA, IgM, IgG, IgD,IgE.
In the oldest plasma cell igA classes of antobodies are present because initially plasma cells secret IgM but it switch and forms IgG, as the plasm aget older ans switch of antibodies takes place for scond time they can make IgA or IgE.
Hence, the correct option is c. IgA.
Where is the blood filtered
Blood is primarily filtered in the kidneys. Kidneys contain nephrons, which filter waste and excess substances from the bloodstream, producing urine as a result. The liver also helps detoxify blood.
Blood is primarily filtered in the human body by the kidneys. The kidneys play a crucial role in maintaining the body's internal environment by filtering blood to remove waste products and excess substances. This filtration process is essential for regulating fluid balance, electrolytes, and blood pressure.
Inside the kidneys, there are numerous tiny filtering units called nephrons, each consisting of a glomerulus and a renal tubule. The glomerulus acts as a sieve, allowing small molecules like water, glucose, and waste products to pass through, while retaining larger molecules like blood cells and proteins. The filtrate, which is the filtered blood minus these waste products, then travels through the renal tubules, where essential substances like water, sodium, and other ions are reabsorbed into the bloodstream, and the remaining waste is concentrated and excreted as urine.
In addition to the kidneys, the liver also plays a role in filtering blood by removing toxins and metabolizing various substances. However, the primary site of blood filtration in the context of waste and excess substance removal is the kidneys.
For more such questions on Blood
https://brainly.com/question/2994911
#SPJ12
Complete question below:
Where is the blood filtered?
Please select all statements that are TRUE of proteins. (Select all correct answers) 1. Proteins can help bind and transport nutrients throughout the body. 2. Proteins provide a readily available source of stored energy in the body. 3. Proteins form protective barriers against foreign particles as components of the skin and mucus membranes in our body. 4. Body temperature is regulated by proteins that transmit heat to the skin. 5. The acid/base balance in the body is maintained by the buffering capacity of proteins. 6. Many enzymes in the body are proteins that help to increase the rate of metabolic reactions. 7. The protein albumin assists with maintenance of fluid balance in the body.
Answer:
1. Proteins can help bind and transport nutrients throughout the body.
2. Proteins provide a readily available source of stored energy in the body.
5. The acid/base balance in the body is maintained by the buffering capacity of proteins.
6. Many enzymes in the body are proteins that help to increase the rate of metabolic reactions
7. The protein albumin assists with maintenance of fluid balance in the body.
Explanation:
Protein transporters helps in the movement of nutrients ,minerals in the. Glucose transporter is an example of transport protein it helps transport glucose in the cell.
Protein has about 4kcal/g of energy. The energy is stored but are mostly used when an individual is fasting and had used up his energy.
Protein act as buffer they help to regulate the amount of acid and base in the body fluids. Heamoglobin is an example of buffer protein that act by binding to acid thereby maintaining the blood pH. Protein are enzyme and they help catalyze chemical reaction and used in metabolic activities in the body. They also main body fluid albumin and globulin help maintain the body fluid.
A woman who can roll her tongue (presumably dominant) is married to a man who cannot. Two of their four children can roll their tongues and two cannot. If A = roll tongue and a = cannot roll tongue, then what is the genotype of the parents?
Answer:
50-50%
Explanation:
The diagram shows a forest food web.
Which organism is both a secondary and tertiary
consumer?
rabbit
TOX
grasshopper
shrew
Shrew
Snake
Mouse
Grasshopper
Rabbit
Answer:
B
Explanation:
The primary as well as secondary consumer is the fox in the diagram. Thus, option B is correct.
What are the consumers?Organisms in the food web are:
producersconsumersdecomposersProducers are the organisms which are mostly autotrophic and produce their own food by photosynthesis.
The organisms which are herbivores and eat only plant matter are primary consumers. The organisms which eat primary consumers or herbivores are called secondary consumers and organisms which feed on both primary and secondary consumers are called as tertiary consumers.
Organisms which eat dead and decaying plant and animal remains are called as decomposers.
Therefore fox is secondary and tertiary consumer. Hence, option E is correct.
Learn more about consumers, here:
https://brainly.com/question/15869639
#SPJ6
The question is incomplete, but most probably the complete question is,
If there were no decomposes, which of the following would most likely happen?
Answer:
Imagine what would happen if there were no decomposers. Wastes and the remains of dead organisms would pile up and the nutrients within the waste and dead organisms would not be released back into the ecosystem. Producers would not have enough nutrients.
List the 6 levels of ecological organization – starting with the term used for an individual living thing, and ending with the term that represents what the Earth is. How is the organism you chose in the last lesson a part of each of the levels? Example: LION- one lion is an individual; A group of LIONS are a population, etc. (6 pts)
Answer:
The six levels of organization in ecology are as follow:
1. Organism: lion
2. Population: group of lions
3. Community: lions living with others species
4. Ecosystem: community (living organisms) in conjunction with the environment (abiotic factors)
5. Biome: conjunction of several ecosystems localized in an specific area
6. Biosphere: the conjunction of the whole living organisms and abiotic factors
The 6 levels of ecological organization are: individual, population, community, ecosystem, biome, and biosphere. The chosen organism can be part of each level by its role and interactions within its environment.
Explanation:The 6 levels of ecological organization, from smallest to largest, are:
Individual: A single living thing, such as a lion.Population: A group of individuals of the same species, such as a pride of lions.Community: All the populations of different species living in the same area, such as lions, zebras, and giraffes in a savannah.Ecosystem: A community of organisms interacting with the abiotic (non-living) factors in their environment, such as the interactions between the lions, zebras, and the soil, water, and climate of the savannah.Biome: A group of ecosystems with similar climate and vegetation, such as the African savannah biome.Biosphere: The portion of Earth that supports life, including all of the biomes.The organism chosen in the last lesson can be part of each level as follows:
Individual: The organism itself is an individual.Population: The organism can be part of a population of its species.Community: The organism interacts with other organisms in its community.Ecosystem: The organism plays a role in the interactions within its ecosystem.Biome: The organism is part of a biome that provides its habitat.Biosphere: The organism is part of the biosphere, as it relies on the resources and conditions of Earth.Learn more about Ecological organization here:https://brainly.com/question/35172791
#SPJ6
How does the rate of photosynthesis compare to the rate of cellular respiration in producers?
While photosynthesis requires carbon dioxide and releases oxygen, cellular respiration requires oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. It is the released oxygen that is used by us and most other organisms for cellular respiration. Without any oxygen, much less ATP would be produced.
Answer:
c
Explanation:
which statement can be made about the evolutionary relationship between a bird and a butterfly
Answer: Birds and butterflies have homologous organs, which indicate they share a common ancestor.
Explanation:
the fusing of egg and sperm forms a
Answer:
zygot
Explanation:
Answer:
it forms a zygote
Explanation:
fertilization occurs when the nucleus of both a sperm and an egg fuse to form a diploid cell, known as zygote. The successful fusion of gametes form a new organism.
If animals had alternation of generations like plants, ________. a) they would have twice as rapid a population growth rate as compared to their current rates b) the products of mitosis would undergo meiosis c) the products of meiosis would immediately fuse to form a zygote and then undergo mitosis d) the products of meiosis would undergo mitosis and become multicellular
Answer:
If animals had alternation of generations like plants
the products of mitosis would undergo meiosis
Explanation:
When did Wallace and Darwin go on their research expedition
Answer: galapagos island
Explanation:
they went here in 1835 and it allowed darwin to formulate his ideas on natural selection
Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace went on their research expeditions at different times. Darwin's journey around the world on H.M.S. Beagle took place from 1831 to 1836, while Wallace conducted his studies between 1848 to 1852 in the Amazon and between 1854 to 1862 in the Malay Archipelago.
Explanation:Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace, two significant naturalists in the mid-nineteenth century, independently embarked on their research expeditions at different times to study the principles of evolution. Darwin embarked on an expedition around the world on H.M.S. Beagle from 1831 to 1836, visiting regions including South America, Australia, and the southern tip of Africa. His journey included a significant stop at the Galápagos Islands near Ecuador, where his observance of varying beak shapes among finches contributed to his evolutionary theories.
Alfred Russel Wallace, on his part, conducted his research expedition from 1848 to 1852 in the Amazon rainforest of Brazil, collecting insects, and later from 1854 to 1862 in the Malay Archipelago. Later, in 1858, both Darwin and Wallace presented their scientific papers on natural selection at the Linnean Society in London.
Learn more about Darwin and Wallace Research Expeditions here:https://brainly.com/question/37686580
#SPJ12
What did Darwin hope to learn about artificial selection by studying pigeons?
Answer:
Darwin wanted to learn whether you can possibly change the whole species fallowing that specific pigeon into a new species of pigeon.
Explanation:
HURRYYY 25 points
Practice 4: True or False
1. Antibodies made from white blood cells target pathogens and kill them directly by attaching to
their surface and injecting toxins,
Answer:
False
Explanation:
They do not inject toxins, they just engulf them.
Describe: Imagine a rock on a beach and a rock on the side of a mountain. How
would the factors that control weathering be different for these two rocks?
Answer:
mountainside: temperature extremes have more influencebeach: wind and waves have more influenceExplanation:
It depends on what you mean by "factors that control weathering" and where the beach and mountain are located.
If we assume that the rock on the mountain is at a place that has seasonal snow, and the beach is in a temperate climate, then we can make these observations.
The rock on the mountainside will be "weathered" by freezing and thawing, and by plant growth (roots). These will tend to enlarge any cracks in the rock, breaking it apart. While the mountainside may be windy, that wind may not carry particles that would tend to erode the rock surface.
__
The rock on a beach will be most affected by wave and water action, tending to smooth any exposed surface. Freezing and thawing action is less common, due to the moderating influence of the water on the local weather. In some cases, plant growth may also be a factor. Wind may pick up beach sand, further tending to smooth any exposed surfaces.
Blood flows from the peritubular capillary to the renal vein through this sequence of vessels. What vessel is this?
Answer:
cortical radiate vein, arcuate vein, interlobar vein.
Explanation:
Biology is the study of...
Answer:
the study of life
Explanation:
Answer:
Biology is the study of life
Explanation:
Biology is the natural science that studies life and living organisms, including their physical structure, chemical processes, molecular interactions, physiological
Evolution is a process of in a population through variation over . Evolution involves and .
Evolution is a process of changes in a population through genetic variation over time. Evolution involves adaptation and survival.
Evolution is a gradual process of changes that occur gradually and that can be observed only through the passage of time.
Biological evolution is produced by the variation of the genetic composition, derived from the need to adapt to the environment where living beings live.Natural selection is the evolutionary mechanism that explains that the species better adapted to the environment, have a better chance of survival and reproduction, giving way to new generations.Therefore, we can conclude that evolution is a process through which species change over time.
Learn more here: https://brainly.com/question/4145459
Evolution is a process of genetic change in a population through variation over successive generations. Evolution involves natural selection and adaptation.
Evolution is a dynamic and ongoing biological process that describes the changes in heritable traits within a population over successive generations. At its core, evolution relies on the concept of genetic variation, which arises through mechanisms such as mutation, recombination, and gene flow. Individuals within a population exhibit diverse traits due to these variations, and the differential survival and reproduction of organisms with advantageous traits lead to the process of natural selection. Natural selection acts as a mechanism that favors the propagation of traits that enhance an organism's fitness in its environment.
Adaptation is a central concept in evolution, representing the gradual adjustment of populations to their changing environment over time. As organisms with traits beneficial to their survival and reproduction are more likely to pass those traits to the next generation, the frequency of advantageous traits increases within the population.
For more questions on Evolution
https://brainly.com/question/27748371
#SPJ3
What does evolution involves?
Energy produced from material that comes with living organisms is known as
pH 6.5 , pH 6.0 , pH 55 , pH 5.0 pH 45 pH 4.0
3
Trout
Effect of Environmental Change on Organisms/Populations Question
(8.11B):
The graph below shows the pH tolerance level for different organisms
in a freshwater ecosystem. What would most likely happen if the pH
of the pond water dropped from 5.5 to 4.5?
Bass
Perch
Frogs
Salamanders
Clams
Select one:
Crayfish
Snails
Mayfly
O
The populations of all organisms would increase.
O
The populations of most organisms would decrease.
O
The populations of one or two organisms would decrease.
O
The populations of most organisms would not change.
Answer:
The populations of one or two organisms would decrease.
Explanation:
A company in San Francisco uses petroleum products to make plastics. Arrange the sentences in the correct order to show how the company could be contributing to climate change.
The given question is not complete. The complete question is:
A company in San Francisco uses petroleum products to make plastics. Arrange the sentences in the correct order to show how the company could be contributing to climate change.
Put in order:
1.Burning fuel releases greenhouse gas
2.higher air temperature causes ocean water to evaporate more rapidly
3.Greenhouse gases trap solar radiation and warm up the atmosphere
4.The company burns fuels to make plastic
5.The amount of water vapor in the air rises, which further increases the air temperature
Answer:
The development of the source of energy that takes place millions of years to form by the action of temperature and pressure under the heap of sediments are known as fossil fuels. The organic matter of dead plants and animals are the raw materials needed for fossil fuel development, however, these are the non-renewable source of energy as it never is replenished once vanished.
These fossil fuels are used in enormous amounts by the industries, which liberate gases like sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and other deleterious components upon burning. These gases are the major source of global warming that even contributes to climate change.
Based on the given question, the following are the steps in the correct order that contributes to climate change:
4. The burning of fuel is done by the company to produce plastic.
1. This burning of fuel discharges greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
3. The trapping of solar radiation takes place by greenhouse gases, which eventually increases the temperature of the atmosphere.
2. This increase in the temperature of the air makes the water bodies like oceans evaporate more briskly.
5. This further results in the increase in the concentration of water vapor in the air that further elevates the temperature of the air.
Drag the terms to complete the concept map below. resethelp diploid organisms crossing over occurs sister chromatids separate haploid gametes maternal chromo- somes meiosis ii
Diploid organisms - Organisms that have two sets of chromosomes (2n)
Meiosis II - The second division of meiosis, resulting in the separation of sister chromatids
Crossing over - The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis
Haploid gametes - Reproductive cells (such as eggs or sperm) that contain a single set of chromosomes (n)
Sister chromatids separate - The separation of duplicated chromatids during meiosis or mitosis
Maternal chromosomes - Chromosomes inherited from the mother
Reset - It is not clear how "reset" relates to the other terms. Please provide more context or clarification.
What is do the terms describe?The terms provided convey various aspects of meiosis, a specialized cell division process that occurs in sexually reproducing organisms.
Meiosis results in the formation of haploid gametes with genetic diversity. It involves crossing over, where genetic material is exchanged between homologous chromosomes.
During meiosis II, sister chromatids separate, ensuring the proper distribution of genetic information. Maternal chromosomes refer to the chromosomes inherited from the mother.
Learn more about Diploid organisms at:
https://brainly.com/question/27833793
#SPJ6
Loggerhead turtle populations are tracked for 5 years in the Atlantic Ocean. What type of population growth would you guess this is?
Question 6 options:
Logistic Growth
Exponential Growth
Answer:
Logistic growth
Explanation:
Logistic growth is a type of population growth whereby the rate at which the population of living organisms grow or increase in size quite rapidly.
During logistic growth, the population of organisms are studied or tracked for a period of time after which the growth rate declines due to a decrease in the availability of resources , hence the environment cannot aid in the growth of these organisms.
For gene B, the father is homozygous dominant and the mother is homozygous recessive.
(A) the chance of a homozygous dominant offspring is 50%
(B) the chance of a homozygous recessive offspring is 50%
(C) the chance of a heterozygous offspring is 50%
(D) all offspring will show the dominant phenotype
Answer: D (all offspring will show the dominant phenotype)
Explanation: Since there is a dominant parent, it cancels out the other reccessive parent, thus giving the offspring a 100% chance of displaying the dominant phenotype. Hope this helped
Answer:
D
Explanation:
When will natural selection occur?
A. When there are plenty of resources
B. When there is no genetic variation.
C. When there is limited food.
D. When there is no competition
Answer:
C
Explanation:
when there is limited food, then natural selection will occur
Answer:
When there is limited food.
Explanation:
Emulsion of fatty acids is necessary to _____.
a. break the intramolecular bonds
b. expose hidden bacteria in the fatty bolus
c. increase the surface area available for hydrolysis by lipase
d. trigger secretion of pancreatic enzymes
e. pass these molecules through the stomach
Answer:
c. increase the surface area available for hydrolysis by lipase
Explanation:
Emulsification of fats(fatty acid) is a chemical reaction where large molecules(globules) of fats are broken down into a smaller molecules (droplets) by the action of an emulsifier.
In the human body, emulsification takes places in the duodenum during the process of digestion of fats. When large fat molecules have been broken down into smaller fat molecules by action of an emulsifier called bile salts from the gall bladder, a larger surface area is created which makes it possible for the enzyme lipase from the pancreas to react with or act on fat molecules through the process of hydrolysis thereby converting the fats to fatty acids and glycerol for use by the body.
Answer:
Option C
Explanation:
The emulsification of fats is necessary so as to allow to easy break down of large molecules of fats into smaller droplets increasing their surface are such that enzymes like lipases can act on them, digest them breaking them down into fatty acids and glycerol to be easily absorbed by the small intestine.
What reasons do scientists give for saying that ciruses are not living organisms?
a.they cant reproduce without the aid of a host
b.they do not metabolize food in energy
c.they do not organize cells
d. all choices are correct
e. none of the choices are correct
At least three types of rna are required for protein synthesis. Compare and contrast mrna
Answer:
Messenger RNA
Ribosomal RNA
Transfer RNA
Explanation:
Messenger RNA (mRNA)is a single RNA strand that contains the genetic information from DNA molecules which is translated into protein
Ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) form organelles named ribosomes in which proteins are synthesized. The ribosome contains a region to interact with the mRNA
Transfer RNA (tRNA) is an 80 nucleotide RNA molecule that has an anticodon region and a region to attach amino acids which use to decode an mRNA into protein
DNA functions in cell
Answer:
The Dna stands for deoxy ribonucleic acid. It stores genetic information so that it can be passed down to offspring. It has helpers such as mrna( messanger) and trna( transfer) to copy dna. The dna is stored in the chromosomes in the nucleus. It is a double helix shape, but rna is a single helix. The double helix's "backbone" is comprised of various combinations of the 4 base nucleotides adenine thymine, guanine and cytosine. If it's rna than thymine is replaced with Uracil.
Explanation: Science!