A.Carnivore that feeds on primary consumers.
Explanation:Secondary consumers eat primary consumers. They are carnivores (meat-eaters) and omnivores (animals that eat both animals and plants).
We defined secondary consumers as organisms, primarily animals, which eat primary consumers. Furthermore, secondary consumers can be classified into one of two groups: carnivores, or meat eaters, and omnivores, which are plant and meat eaters.
Answer: prymairy
Explanation:
Write the formula of the compound in the grid when a precipitate forms and a (—) when no precipitate form?
Answer :
(D) [tex](NH_{4})_{2}S[/tex] (C) [tex]Ba(NO_{3})_{2}[/tex] (B) [tex]CuCl_{2}[/tex]
(A) [tex]K_{2}SO_{4}[/tex] _ [tex]BaSO_{4}[/tex] _
(B) [tex]CuCl_{2}[/tex] [tex]Cu_{2}S_{2}[/tex] _
(C) [tex]Ba(NO_{3})_{2}[/tex] BaS
Explanation :
(1) Reaction for A + B
[tex]K_{2}SO_{4}[/tex] + [tex]CuCl_{2}\rightarrow[/tex] 2KCl + [tex]CuSO_{4}[/tex]
In this reaction, there is no precipitate formed as the products are souble.
(2) Reaction for A + C
[tex]K_{2}SO_{4}[/tex] + [tex]Ba(NO_{3})_{2}\rightarrow[/tex] [tex]BaSO_{4}[/tex] + [tex]KNO_{3}[/tex]
In this reaction, [tex]BaSO_{4}[/tex] is formed as precipitate as it do not dissolve.
(3) Reaction for A + D
[tex]K_{2}SO_{4}[/tex] + [tex](NH_{4})_{2}S\rightarrow[/tex] [tex]K_{2}S[/tex] + [tex](NH_{4})_{2}SO_{4}[/tex]
In this reaction, there is no precipitate formed as the products are souble.
(4) Reaction for B + D
[tex]2CuCl_{2}[/tex] + [tex]2(NH_{4})_{2}S\rightarrow[/tex] [tex]4NH_{4}Cl+Cu_{2}S_{2}[/tex]
In this reaction, [tex]Cu_{2}S_{2}[/tex] is formed as precipitate as it do not dissolve.
(5) Reaction for B + C
[tex]CuCl_{2}[/tex] + [tex]Ba(NO_{3})_{2}\rightarrow[/tex] [tex]BaCl_{2}[/tex] + [tex]Cu(NO_{3})_{2}[/tex]
In this reaction, there is no precipitate formed as the products are souble.
(6) Reaction for C + D
[tex]Ba(NO_{3})_{2}[/tex] + [tex](NH_{4})_{2}S\rightarrow[/tex] BaS + [tex]2NH_{4}NO_{3}[/tex]
In this reaction, BaS is formed as precipitate as it do not dissolve.
Water (3030 g ) is heated until it just begins to boil. If the water absorbs 5.49×105 J of heat in the process, what was the initial temperature of the water?
The initial temperature of the water was 56.7 °C.
Step 1. Calculate the temperature change.
The formula for the heat (q) absorbed is
q = mCΔT
We can solve this equation to get
ΔT = q/(mC)
q = 5.49 × 10⁵ J; m = 3030 g; C = 4.184 J·°C⁻¹g⁻¹
∴ ΔT = 5.49 × 10⁵ J/(3030 g × 4.184 J·°C⁻¹g⁻¹) = 43.30 °C
Step 2. Calculate the initial temperature
ΔT = T_f – T_i = 100°C – T_i = 43.30 °C
T_i = 100 °C – 43.30 °C = 56.7 °C
What best describes the advantage of using the model of a food web?
Investigates a problem in a zoological park
Helps visualize feeding relationships in nature
Predicts which predator will eat which prey
Always provides 100% accuracy
Answer: Helps visualize feeding relationships in nature
Explanation:
A food web in nature is a interconnection of food chains. In the food chains the food is distributed among various organisms, when organism is consumed by the another.
A scientific model is a kind of simulation that can be used to mimic the natural processes occurring in nature. These can be useful in learning, understanding and demonstrating the natural process.
Among the options given, Helps visualize feeding relationships in nature is the correct option. This will help in determining how food chains are related in a food web depending upon the feeding relationship between the organisms.
A salt crystal has a mass of 0.15 mg. How many NaCl formula units does it contain?
0.15mg = 0.00015g
Na =22g/mol
Cl= 35g/mol
35g/mol + 22g/mol = 57g/mol
0.00015g * 1 mol/ 57 g =2.63 * 10⁻⁶
0.00015g * 1 mol/ 57 g * NA/1mol = 2.63 * 10⁻⁶ NA
2.63 * 10⁻⁶ * 6.02 * 10²³ = 15.8326 * 10¹⁷
Answer:
2.56×10^-6 moles
Explanation:
Number of formula units is the same as the number if moles of NaCl present.
Number of moles= mass/ molar mass
Molar mass of NaCl= (23+35.5)= 58.5gmol-1
Given mass of NaCl= 0.15×10^-3g
Number of moles= 0.15×10^-3/58.5
Number of moles = 2.56×10^-6 moles
What is the chemical formula for the compound magnesium perchlorate? Use the list of polyatomic ions and the periodic table to help you answer.
The chemical formula for the compound magnesium perchlorate is Mg(ClO₄)₂
Magnesium perchlorate or Mg(ClO₄)₂ is an ionic compound.
Perchlorate here is an anion which is represented by ClO₄⁻. Perchlorate is a polyatiomic anion, where one Cl atom is bonded to four O atoms.
The magnesium cation is represented by Mg²⁺
So one Mg²⁺ cation combines with two ClO₄⁻ anion to form one molecule of Mg(ClO₄)₂
Answer: Mg(ClO₄)₂
Explanation: Correct on PLATO.
Substance A undergoes a first order reaction A B with a half- life of 20 min at 25 °C. If the initial concentration of A ([A]◦ ) in a sample is 2.7 M, what will be the concentration of A after 60 min?
The concentration of A will be 0.34 mol·L⁻¹ after 60 min.
In a first-order reaction, the formula for the amount remaining after n half-lives is
[tex]\text{[A]} = \frac{\text{[A]}_{0}}{2^{n}}\\[/tex]
If [tex]t_{\frac{1}{2}} = \text{20 min}\\[/tex]
[tex]n = \frac{t}{t_{\frac{1}{2}}} = \frac{\text{60 min}}{\text{20 min}}= \text{3.0}[/tex]
∴ [tex]\text{[A]} = \frac{\text{2.7 mol/L}}{2^{3.0}} = \frac{\text{2.7 mol/L}}{8.0} = \textbf{0.34 mol/L}[/tex]
Which of the following is the correct name for the compound KBrO3? Potassium bromate Potassium (II) bromate Potassium (I) bromate Dipotassium monobromate
The correct name of the compound is potassium bromate.
KBrO₃ contains a metal, so it is an ionic compound.
The name of an ionic compound is: name of metal cation + name of anion .
Name the metal
The name of the cation is the name of the metal — potassium
The ion has only one charge (+1), so the name of the ion does not use a Roman numeral in parentheses.
Name the anion
BrO₃⁻ is an oxyanion. Name = (stem)ate = bromate.
Name the compound
The names of salts do not use multiplying prefixes like mono- or di-.
∴ metal ion + anion → potassium bromate
The correct name for the compound KBrO3 is potassium bromate.
Explanation:The correct name for the compound KBrO3 is potassium bromate. It is a chemical compound that was formerly used as a food additive in baking to improve dough elasticity and bread volume. It acts as a strong oxidizing agent. However, due to concerns about its potential carcinogenicity, many countries have banned or restricted its use in food products.
Potassium bromate can potentially break down into bromide, which can react with other compounds in baking to form brominated byproducts. As a result, safer alternatives like ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and potassium iodate are now commonly used in the baking industry to achieve similar results without health risks.
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Darwin called this idea of certain traits being selected in order for an organism to reproduce sexual selection. In crickets and frogs, males call to attract mates and females are attracted to superior males by characteristics of their calls. How can this also be a disadvantage to survival of the species? A) Only the superior male traits are passed to the next generation. B) Female choice for mating reflects only the genes of the superior males. C) Calling can be hazardous because it also attracts parasites and predators. D) Inferior males intercept the females from the superior males and mate anyway.
Th correct answer is option C. Calling can be hazardous because it also attracts parasites and predators.
The mating call is used by the males to attract females for sexual reproduction. By using vocal sounds males are not only making themselves attractive to females, they are also making themselves vulnerable to predators.
Thus the mating call can have a disastrous effect on the survival of the species.
Answer: C.
Calling can be hazardous because it also attracts parasites and predators.
Explanation:
HELP EASY QUESTION JUST NEED TO BE SURE PLEASE REASSURE ME IT IS RIGHT!! :)
Which of these is likely to happen in the absence of the stratosphere?
We may have to bear the impact of a meteorite.
We may not experience storms, winds, and clouds.
Mixing of air due to convection currents may stop.
Increased exposure to radiation may cause skin ailments.
pretty sure its d since its one less layer of our atmosphere but I haven't learned this yet I'm just using common sense
Answer:
Increased exposure to radiation may cause skin ailments.
Hope this helps (;
in chlorine gas, two chlorine atoms join to form a Cl2 (chlorine 2) molecule. How many pairs of valence electrons do the atoms share? What type of covalent bond is formed?
In chlorine gas, two pairs of valence electrons the atoms share and a non- polar covalent bond is formed.
What is covalent bond?Covalent bond is defined as a type of bond which is formed by the mutual sharing of electrons to form electron pairs between the two atoms.These electron pairs are called as bonding pairs or shared pair of electrons.
Due to the sharing of valence electrons , the atoms are able to achieve a stable electronic configuration . Covalent bonding involves many types of interactions like σ bonding,π bonding ,metal-to-metal bonding ,etc.
Sigma bonds are the strongest covalent bonds while the pi bonds are weaker covalent bonds .Covalent bonds are affected by electronegativities of the atoms present in the molecules.Compounds having covalent bonds have lower melting points as compared to those with ionic bonds.
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What is the concentration (in M) of a 225ml potassium sulfate solution that contains 4.15g of potassium?
The concentration of solution in M or mol/L can be calculated using the following formula:
[tex]C=\frac{n}{V}[/tex] .... (1)
Here, n is number of moles and V is volume of solution in L.
The molecular formula of potassium sulfate is [tex]K_{2}SO_{4}[/tex] thus, there are 2 moles of potassium in 1 mol of potassium sulfate.
1 mol of potassium will be there in 0.5 mol of potassium sulfate.
Mass of potassium is 4.15 g, molar mass is 39.1 g/mol.
Number of moles can be calculated as follows:
[tex]n=\frac{m}{M}[/tex]
Here, m is mass and M is molar mass
Putting the values,
[tex]n=\frac{(4.15 g}{(39.1 g/mol}=0.1061 mol[/tex]
Thus, number of moles of [tex]K_{2}SO_{4}[/tex] will be [tex]0.1061\times 0.5=0.053 mol[/tex].
The volume of solution is 225 mL, converting this into L,
[tex]1 mL=10^{-3}L[/tex]
Thus,
[tex]225 mL=0.225 L[/tex]
Putting the values in equation (1),
[tex]C=\frac{(0.053 mol}{0.225 L}=0.236 M[/tex]
Therefore, concentration of potassium sulfate solution is 0.236 M.
The distance between happyville and Giggleland is 60 miles. How far is this kilometers
96.56064 is the kilometers for 60 miles.
The distance between Happyville and Giggleland is approximately 96.56 kilometers when converted from miles.
Explanation:To convert distance from miles to kilometers, we utilize the conversion factor of 1 mile = 1.60934 kilometers. Given that the distance between Happyville and Giggleland is 60 miles, you will multiply 60 by 1.60934.
So, Giggleland is approximately 96.56 kilometers from Happyville.
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what could JJ Thomson conclude from his experiments?
A. atoms are empty space
B. Most of the mass of the atom is concentrated in the center
C. Atoms must balance positive and negative particles
D. Atoms are indivisible
Answer:
A
Explanation:
JJ Thomson concluded that atoms must balance positive and negative particles.
Explanation:From his experiments, JJ Thomson concluded that atoms must balance positive and negative particles. He proposed a model known as the 'plum pudding' model, in which atoms were described as a positively charged mass with an equal amount of negative charge in the form of electrons embedded in it. This model suggested that atoms are made of thousands of electrons swimming around in a nebulous mass of positive charge.
A sample of gas has a mass of 827 mg . Its volume is 0.270 L at a temperature of 88 ∘ C and a pressure of 975 mmHg . Find its molar mass
Steps:
Mw = w * R * T / p * V
T = 88 + 273 => 361 K
p = 975 mmHg in atm :
1 atm = 760 mmHg
975 mmg / 760 mmHg => 1.28 atm
Therefore:
= 0.827 * 0.0821 * 361 / 1.28 * 0.270
= 24.51 / 0.3456
molar mass = 70.92 g/mol
When bonding occurs, _______ is formed.
A. a new substance with new properties
B. the same substance
C. a different substance with exactly the same properties
I think A is the correct answer but i am not positive
A student titrates a 25 ml of an unknown concentration of hcl with 35 ml of a 0.890 m solution of koh to reach the equivalence point. what is the ph of the hcl solution? A) 1.2 B) -0.10 C) 0.10
Hello!
The chemical equation for the neutralization of HCl with KOH is the following:
HCl(aq) + KOH(aq) → KCl(aq) + H₂O(l)
To calculate the concentration of the unknown solution, we can apply the following equation for the equivalence point:
So, the concentration of the HCl solution is 1,246 M
Have a nice day!
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You are doing chores to earn your allowance. For each chore you do, you earn $3.00. What is the independen variable?
which atom in each pair has the larger atomic radius Li or K?
Potassium (K) has a larger atomic radius than lithium (Li) because it is located further down in Group 1 of the periodic table, indicating it has more electron shells.
To determine which atom has a larger atomic radius between lithium (Li) and potassium (K), we need to look at the periodic table. Atomic size increases as we move down a group because each successive element has an additional electron shell. Thus, lithium, which is located at the top of Group 1, has fewer electron shells compared to potassium that is found further down the same group.
Lithium is in the second period and contains only two electron shells, while potassium is in the fourth period and contains four electron shells. This additional number of shells in potassium means its electrons are held further away from the nucleus compared to lithium. Therefore, potassium has a larger atomic radius than lithium.
Arctic animals often expand their hunting territory during the winter when the ice cap expands to cover more of the ocean surface. What property of water contributes most to their ability to do so?*
Explanation: During winters, there is decrease in temperature which leads to the freezing of water molecules.
The state change occurs from liquid state to solid state.
In case of water, the inter-molecular forces between the molecules decreases which leads to the increase in volume.
Which in turn leads to the decrease in the density of solid (ice). This increase in density tends to the floating of ice on water.
[tex]Density=\frac{Mass}{Volume}[/tex]
Thus, on freezing, the water expands and hence, there will be more space for the arctic animals to hunt in winters.
what is density? what does it tell you about substance?
Hello!
Explanation:
↓↓↓↓↓↓↓
Density is the amount of mass in a given volume. It's a derived unit of measure. It is equal to mass divided by volume. It's measured in units such as grams per cubic centimeter and grams per milliliter. Density is the ratio of mass to volume. Density is a physical property of an object. It is degree of compactness of a substances. Relative density is used to separate solids, liquids, and gases. The gas in the container rises to the top because it has the least density. The liquids separate into individual layers based on their relative densities. The least dense liquid is on top. The most dense liquid is on bottom. The solids sink to the bottom of the container because they have the greatest density.
Hope this helps!
Thank you for posting your question at here on Brainly.
-Charlie
Answer:
The density of a substance is the relationship between the mass of the substance and how much space it takes up (volume). The mass of atoms, their size, and how they are arranged determine the density of a substance. Density equals the mass of the substance divided by its volume; D = m/v.
Explanation:
Denver wonders if adding salt to water will make it boil at a lower temperature. What should he do next in order to follow the steps of inquiry?
In order to follow the steps of inquiry Denver should add some salt to water taken in vessel and heat it. Once the water comes to a boil, Denver should insert a thermometer into the boiling water and measure the temperature of it. Pure water boils at 100°C. Denver will have to note if the salt water boils at a higher or lower temperature than 100°C.
Answer:
Impurities decrease the boiling point of a liquid, hence the boiling point of the salt solution will be less than that of pure water.
Explanation:
If Denver wants to know if adding salt to water will reduce the boiling point of water, Denver needs to set up the apparatus for the inquiry as follows;
A boiling tube
A Bunsen burner with wire gauze
A thermometer
A test tube holder
The thermometer is placed inside the boiling tube while the salt solution his allowed to boil. The boiling point is observed using the thermometer. Impurities decrease the boiling point of a liquid, hence the boiling point of the salt solution will be less than that of pure water.
the three main ideas behind capitalism definded by Adam's smith are
The three main ideas behind capitalism as defined by Adam Smith are "competition, self interest, and laissez-faire," since Smith was a heavy proponent of the "invisible hand of the market".
What is the purpose of drawing a Bohr model of an atom
Based on the reactivities of the elements involved, which reaction will form products that are more stable than the reactants?
A.
2AlBr3 + 3Zn → 3ZnBr2 + 2Al
B.
CaBr2 + 2Na → 2NaBr + Ca
C.
MgBr2 + H2 → 2HBr + Mg
D.
BaBr2 + Ca → CaBr2 + Ba
E.
2LiBr + Ba → BaBr2 + 2LiBased on the reactivities of the elements involved, which reaction will form products that are more stable than the reactants?
A.
2AlBr3 + 3Zn → 3ZnBr2 + 2Al
B.
CaBr2 + 2Na → 2NaBr + Ca
C.
MgBr2 + H2 → 2HBr + Mg
D.
BaBr2 + Ca → CaBr2 + Ba
E.
2LiBr + Ba → BaBr2 + 2Li
Answer: The correct option is B.
Explanation: All the given reactions are a type of single displacement reactions.
Single displacement reactions are defined as the reactions in which a more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal in a chemical reaction.
General equation for these reactions is:
[tex]AB+C\rightarrow CB+A[/tex]
For the given reactions, we will use the reactivity series. The metal which lies above in the reactivity series will easily displace the metal which lies below in the reactivity series.
Option A: For this reaction, zinc lies below aluminium in the reactivity series. Hence, zinc will not be able to displace aluminium in the chemical reaction.
Option B: For this reaction, Sodium is more reactive than calcium as it lies above in the reactivity series. Hence, sodium will easily displace calcium in the given chemical reaction.
Reaction follows:
[tex]CaBr_2+2Na\rightarrow 2NaBr+Ca[/tex]
Option C: For this reaction, hydrogen lies below magnesium in the reactivity series. Hence, hydrogen will not be able to displace magnesium in the chemical reaction.
Option D: For this reaction, Calcium lies below barium in the reactivity series. Hence, calcium will not be able to displace barium in the chemical reaction.
Option E: For this reaction, barium lies below lithium in the reactivity series. Hence, barium will not be able to displace lithium in the chemical reaction.
Reactivity series is attached below.
Answer : The reaction form products that are more stable than the reactants will be:
(B) [tex]CaBr_2+2Na\rightarrow 2NaBr+Ca[/tex]
Explanation :
Single displacement reactions : It is defined as the reactions in which a more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal in a chemical reaction.
The general equation is:
[tex]AB+C\rightarrow CB+A[/tex]
According to the reactivity series, the metal which lies above in the reactivity series will easily displace the metal which lies below in the reactivity series.
(A) [tex]2AlBr_3+3Zn\rightarrow 3ZnBr_2+2Al[/tex]
In this reaction, zinc is less reactive than aluminum as it lies below in the reactivity series. Hence, zinc will not be able to displace aluminium in the chemical reaction. This reaction will not takes place.
(B) [tex]CaBr_2+2Na\rightarrow 2NaBr+Ca[/tex]
In this reaction, sodium is more reactive than calcium as it lies above in the reactivity series. Hence, sodium will easily displace calcium in the given chemical reaction.
(C) [tex]MgBr_2+H_2\rightarrow 2HBr+Mg[/tex]
In this reaction, hydrogen is less reactive than magnesium as it lies below in the reactivity series. Hence, hydrogen will not be able to displace magnesium in the chemical reaction. This reaction will not takes place.
(D) [tex]BaBr_2+Ca\rightarrow CaBr_2+Ba[/tex]
In this reaction, calcium is less reactive than barium as it lies below in the reactivity series. Hence, calcium will not be able to displace barium in the chemical reaction. This reaction will not takes place.
(E) [tex]2LiBr+Ba\rightarrow BaBr_2+2Li[/tex]
In this reaction, barium is less reactive than lithium as it lies below in the reactivity series. Hence, barium will not be able to displace lithium in the chemical reaction. This reaction will not takes place.
A layer of sediment goes through a series of steps on its way to becoming sedimentary rock. These steps are summarized below. Read the steps carefully, and then place them in the correct order. The sediment is gradually buried and compacted. The sediment is deposited by wind, flowing water, or other natural processes. Dissolved minerals completely cement the sediment together.
Answer:
1. The sediment is deposited by wind, flowing water, or other natural processes.
2. The sediment is gradually buried and compacted.
3. Dissolved minerals completely cement the sediment together.
Explanation:
Weathering is the breakdown of rock by agents such as wind and water. Erosion is the transporting of the broken rock material, or sediments, to a new location, where it is deposited.
As more sediment is deposited, it stacks up in layers. Eventually, the upper layers put pressure on the lower layers. This causes sediments to pack closer together in a process called compaction.
Through the process of cementation, minerals from groundwater form between sediment grains, connecting the grains together to form rock.
The rocks formed from deposition, compaction, and cementation of sediment are sedimentary rocks.
The sediment goes through a series of steps to become sedimentary rock, which includes deposition, burial and compaction, and cementation.
Explanation:The correct order of the steps in which a layer of sediment becomes sedimentary rock is as follows:
The sediment is deposited by wind, flowing water, or other natural processes. The sediment is gradually buried and compacted. Dissolved minerals completely cement the sediment together.
6. This part of Earth's atmosphere blocks the sun's harmful rays. (4 points)
Answer:
Ozone layer AKA ozone shield
Explanation:
I did this test too! :)
As the speed increases how does the potential kinetic and total energy levels change
Hello,
As the speed increases the Energy does not change. This is because of Law of conservation of mass. Energy can be created or destroyed.
Thus the energy levels will stay the same but the form in which the energy is presented may change.
Hope this helps! Have a great day.
The electron's potential energy declines and its kinetic energy rises as its speed increases. The system's overall energy, however, doesn't change, since the increase in kinetic energy makes up for the decrease in potential energy.
What is potential energy ?Potential energy is a form of stored energy that is dependent on the relationship between different system components. When a spring is compressed or stretched, its potential energy increases. If a steel ball is raised above the ground as opposed to falling to the ground, it has more potential energy.
The square of the object's velocity determines the kinetic energy. In other words, when an object's velocity twice, its kinetic energy quadruples.
The mechanical energy of an object is the total of its potential and kinetic energies. A falling object loses potential energy while gaining kinetic energy. The difference between the increase in kinetic energy and the decrease in potential energy is exact. Work is a further crucial idea.
Thus, the increase in kinetic energy makes up for the decrease in potential energy.
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Atoms are electrically because they have the same number of protons and electrons. A. charged B. neutral
Which of the following is true for all chemical reactions? The total mass of the reactants increases. The total mass of the reactants equals the total mass of the products. The total mass of the products is greater than the total mass of the reactants. The total mass of the products is less than the total mass of the reactants.
The total mass of the reactants equals the total mass of the products, because matter is not created or destroyed in the reaction.
A study was done to find it different tire treads affect the braking distance of a car which is independent variable which is a dependent variable and the constant.
The dependent variable is the breaking distance. The independent variable is the tire treads. The constant variable is the type of vehicle.
In an experiment, the independent variable is the variable that is being manipulated and the dependent variable that changes value as the independent variable is manipulated.
In this case, the breaking distance changes as the tire tread changes. This means that changes in the tire tread determines the breaking distance. Thus, the tire tread is the independent variable and the breaking distance is the dependent variable.
The experiment must be performed using the same type of car or vehicle. This is the constant variable.
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The independent variable in a study examining the impact of different tire treads on braking distance is the tire tread condition, while the dependent variable is the braking distance itself. Constants include factors that are kept the same throughout the experiment.
Explanation:In the context of a study aiming to determine whether different tire treads affect the braking distance of a car, the independent variable is the type or condition of the tire treads being tested, because this is what the experiment changes to see its effect. The dependent variable is the braking distance, since it depends on the condition of the tire treads. The constants in such an experiment might include the make and model of the car, the driver, speed at which the brakes are applied, and environmental conditions like weather, if you can control and keep them the same throughout the testing. By maintaining constants, the study can ensure that any changes in the braking distance are likely due to the changes in the tire tread, which is the independent variable.