Answer:
C. Cerebellum
Explanation:
The cerebellum forms part of the CNS. The main function is to coordinate body movements, process signals from the spinal cord and brain stem, and adjust and control movement.
An ECG provides direct information about valve function.
A. True
B. False
An ECG measures the electrical activity of the heart but does not provide direct information about valve function. For valve function, other tests like an echocardiogram are needed.
Explanation:The statement, 'An ECG provides direct information about valve function.' is False. An ECG (Electrocardiogram) is a test that measures the electrical activity of the heart. It shows how fast the heart is beating, and whether the heart's rhythm is steady or irregular. However, it doesn't provide direct information about the heart valve's function. Evaluating the function of the heart valves typically requires other tests, such as an echocardiogram which uses sound waves to create a detailed image of the heart's structure and function.
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Sam and Joan have been married for 25 years and have three children: Max, who is 23; Janet, who is 19; and Sarah, who is 15. Janet has just been diagnosed with a mental illness. Describe the objective and subjective burdens each family member may experience. Describe the meaning this diagnosis may have to Janet’s parents, younger sibling, and older sibling.
Answer:
People who are diagnosed with a mental illness, whatever this may be, carry out an enormous burden, not simply because of their illness, but because of the stigma that these carry before society. They are also a problem for families, who must find coping mechanisms to help the person.
On the objective side of things, Janet´s family will have, as a group, to learn to understand the illness that Janet has been diagnosed with, the necessary treatments and procedures that will be necessary to help her, and their importance in providing Janet with a semblance of normalcy. There is also the issue of medical expenses, doctors, necessary medication, house care if that is necessary, and the sacrifices that as a family they will have to make to face, and help Janet face, the problem. Each of the family members become a support group, and a network, for Janet.
Subjectively, each member has to deal with his/her own feelings towards the diagnosis, and what it entails. The mother and father, being adults, and being a couple, have formed a network between the two of them to face the issue, but each one will face the problem differently. The father, will most likely have to face the issue of providing so that medical costs can be faced, while the mother will have to become the main caregiver. In the case of the siblings, the older one will have to face the issue of stigma, how others perceive his sister and how he will perceive his own sister, now that he knows her diagnosis. The younger one, will have to face the way that her peers view the issue, and respond to ir accordingly.
These are only some of the consequences that will be faced by the family of Sam and Joan, given the diagnosis of mental illness of their daughter Janet.
Which of the following best describes why thoracic volume decreases during NORMAL exhalation?
1. elastic recoil of the lungs
2. increased airway resistance
3. contraction of rectus abdominis
4. contraction of the diaphragm
Answer:
The correct answer is option 1. elastic recoil of the lungs.
Explanation:
Lungs recoil to push the air to the outside of the lungs. It causes the intercostal muscle to relax position and returning chest wall or thoracic cavity volume decreases during normal exhalation.
The diaphragm also relaxes during exhalation. This results in higher pressure within the thoracic cavity to the comparison of the environment. It is called a passive process or event as there is no contraction takes place in any muscles during exhalation.
Thus, the correct answer is option 1.
Both the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions are part of the somatic motor nervous division.
a. True
b. False
Answer:
The correct answer will be false
Explanation:
The somatic nervous system is a part of the peripheral nervous system which controls the voluntary action of the muscle which includes afferent and efferent neurons.
The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system are the parts of the autonomic nervous system which influences the function of the internal organs like smooth muscle and glands.
Thus, option false will be the correct answer.
Final answer:
The statement is false. The somatic nervous system is separate from the autonomic nervous system, which includes the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions responsible for involuntary bodily functions. The correct answer is b. False.
Explanation:
The statement that both the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions are part of the somatic motor nervous division is false.
The motor division of the peripheral nervous system is divided into two parts: the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. The somatic nervous system controls voluntary muscle movements and sensory information processing, utilizing motor neurons to relay information from the central nervous system to muscles.
In contrast, the autonomic nervous system controls involuntary functions and is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic nervous system is often referred to as the 'fight or flight' system, as it prepares the body for stressful situations.
The parasympathetic nervous system, on the other hand, is active during restful periods, promoting a 'rest and digest' state by slowing down the heart rate, among other functions. Therefore, the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions are part of the autonomic, not the somatic, motor nervous division.
The major distinction between endocrine glands and exocrine glands is that endocrine glands secrete their product into
a) the blood
b) a duct
c) the stomach
d) the bladder
Answer:
A) The blood.
Explanation:
Endocrine glands produces hormones that must be excreted to the blood in order to be used in other organs or tissues meanwhile the exocrine glands produce no hormonal secretion, those glands produce enzimes that are secreted to the organ or tissue through a duct.
List the five blood vessels types and what they do.
Arteries
Arteries are elastic vessels that transport blood away from the heart. Pulmonary arteries carry blood from the heart to the lungs where oxygen is picked up by red blood cells. Systemic arteries deliver blood to the rest of the body.
Veins
Veins are elastic vessels that transport blood to the heart. Veins can be categorized into four main types: pulmonary, systemic, superficial, and deep veins.
Capillaries
Capillaries are extremely small vessels located within the tissues of the body that transport blood from the arteries to the veins. Fluid and gas exchange between capillaries and body tissues takes place at capillary beds.
Sinusoids
Sinusoids are extremely small vessels located within the liver, spleen, and bone marrow.
Arterioles
a small diameter blood vessel that branches out from an artery to a capillary
Which of the following is not an example of generalized seizure?
a. simple partial
b. absence
c. clonic
d. atonic
e. tonic
Answer:
The correct answer choice from the list, to answer the question: Which of the following is not an example of generalized seizure?, would be, A: simple partial.
Explanation:
Seizures, which are a symptom of a major brain disorder called epilepsy, are defined as the erratic, and suddenly disorganized, firing of neurons inside the hemispheres of the brain. Some of these electrical impulses may be limited to a specific part of the brain, in only one of the two hemispheres, which is why this type of seizure would be known as focal, or partial. However, in generalized seizures, the disorganized electrical impulses sent by neurons, take both of the hemispheres and can cause a complete collpase of the brain functions, as the brain is incapable of communicating. There is a list of various seizure types within the category of generalized seizures. These are: absence (known as petit mal), tonic-clonic, or convulsive seizures, atonic seizures, clonic seizures, clonic, tonic and myoclonic seizures. Their category depends on how the body reacts to the disorganized firing of the neurons, the region of the brain that is affected and the connected organs and tissue that responds to the disorganized stimulus sent by the neurons.
A 3-year-old is brought to the clinic complaining of a painful right elbow. He is holding the right arm slightly flexed and pronated and refuses to move it. The mother states that symptoms started right after his older brother had been swinging him around by his arms. This presentation supports a diagnosis of:
a. radial head subluxation.
b. femoral anteversion.
c. carpal tunnel syndrome.
d. Osgood-Schlatter disease.
e. osteomyelitis.
Answer:
The answer is A radial head subluxation
Explanation:
The subluxation of the head of the radius occurs when abruptly rises and holds the child in the air; It is a very common lesion in children under 5 years since the elbow joint is not fully developed in this age group (0-5 years old).
Cortisol and insulin are synergistic in their actions.
a. True
b. False
Answer:
b). False.
Explanation:
Synergistic effect represents interaction between two or more substances or factors to generate a combined effect higher than the sum of their effects when they function separately.
Cortisol is a hyperglycemic hormone that increases level of glucose in blood. It is secreted by adrenal gland during stress conditions, which increases level of blood sugar by producing of glucose from liver.
On the other hand, insulin is a hypoglycemic hormone that reduces level of glucose in blood. It is secreted by pancreas when blood sugar level becomes too high and decreases blood sugar level by promoting storage of glucose for future use.
As cortisol and insulin show opposite effects, they cannot be considered as synergistic in their actions.
Thus, the given statement is false.
The location of pain for someone with tennis elbow.
Answer:
The famous tennis elbow, best known medically as Lateral Epicondilytis, is basically a condition that arises in people who tend to use the joint of the arm and forearm, called the elbow joint, most likely tennis players and all racket players. This condition happens as the ligaments and tendons that support the joint, become overused and abused in such sports activities, although there are other such activities that can cause it.
The exact location where lateral epicondilytis happens, is known as the lateral epicondyle, and it is the exact spot where the humerus and the olecraneon of the forearm come together and form the elbow joint. To support and give this joint mobility, the arm and forearm count with several tendons, called the extensor tendons, and also the ECRB (Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis), both muscle end and tendon. These are the ones that become irritated with the constant up-and-down movement used by tennis players and they become inflamed, causin severe pain, and sometimes, incapacity of movement to the joint.
Tennis elbow refers to the pain or discomfort felt in the elbow caused by overuse and repetitive motion of the arm and wrist. The pain is typically located in the lateral epicondyle, the outside bony part of the elbow. Proper sport techniques and equipment can help prevent this condition.
Explanation:Tennis elbow or lateral epicondylitis, as it is medically known, refers to a condition of pain or discomfort in the elbow. This is usually caused by overuse and repetitive motion of the arm and wrist, particularly during activities like tennis. The pain typically arises from inflammation or small tears in the tendons that join the forearm muscles on the outer side of the elbow.
Individuals with jobs or hobbies that require repetitive movements — like playing tennis — are at higher risk for developing this condition. Consequently, it's recommended to use correct techniques when playing sports, to minimize the chance of injury. Proper racquet selection, hitting the balls at the 'sweet spot', and avoiding over extension of the elbow can help reduce undue pressure on the elbow tendons.
Pain location for tennis elbow sufferers is usually felt in the region of the lateral epicondyle, the outside bony part of the elbow. In severe cases, the pain can spread into the forearm and wrist. In such cases, immediate medical attention should be sought to prevent potential long-term damage. Treatment measures for tennis elbow typically include rest, physical therapy, using ice packs, and in some severe cases, surgical repair under medical supervision.
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Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure responsible for "pushing" lymph from the interstitial compartment to the lymph capillaries.
(a) True
(b) False
Answer:
The correct answer is option A. true.
Explanation:
Hydrostatic pressure is the main driving force that helps lymph move between capillaries and interstitial compartment or tissues. The pressure caused by a fluid against the wall of interstitial is called Interstitial hydrostatic pressure (IFHP). IFHP is comparably low than capillary hydrostatic pressure because lymphatic vessels are regularly absorbing extra fluid from the interstitial compartment.
Thus, the correct answer is option A. true.
If the patient is unable to understand what people are saying, where might their stroke have been?
Answer:
The most common area of the brain that might have been affected by a stroke, when there is impairment in language comprehension, be it written, or oral, would be Wernicke´s area, on the temporal lobe, surrounding the auditory cortex.
Explanation:
Wernicke´s area, like Broca´s area, is a part of the brain that has been generally linked to speech comprehension and speech production. Fed by branches of the middle cerebral artery, this area, just like Broca´s, can be severelly affected when there is a stroke in the branches of the artery. In speech comprehension, Wernicke´s area is directly related to speech comprehension and it is known that a person who is unable to understand words, wether they are written or spoken to them, suffer from Wernicke´s aphasia. There are two types of aphasias in this area, fluent, and non-fluent.
MRV =
a. tidal volume X breaths per minute
b. the total amount of exchangeable air
c. the function residual capacity
d. air inspired after a tidal inhalation, not including tidal volume
Answer:
Option (a).
Explanation:
Minute respiratory volume or minute ventilation may be defined as the amount of gas exhaled or inhaled in a minute. Wright respirometer can be used to calculate the minute ventilation.
Minute ventilation can be calculated by the formula:
MRV = TV × Breaths per minute.
Here, MRV is minute respiratory volume and TV is tidal volume.
Thus, the correct answer is option (a).
What is the general location and primary function of Occipital Lobe?
Answer:Hola My name is Marissa and im here to help!:)
Explanation:
the occipital lobe is at the back of the brain just aboce the cerrebellum and beneath the parietal lobe
the funtion of the occiptal lobe is the main role it to control your vision and proccesing visual information.
Hope this helped!:) brainliest ?
Select the correct statement about the physical factors influencing pulmonary ventilation.
a. Surfactant helps increase alveolar surface tension.
b. As alveolar surface tension increases, additional muscle action will be required
c. A lung that is less elastic will require less muscle action to perform adequate ventilation.
d. A decrease in compliance causes an increase in ventilation.
Answer:
Option (b).
Explanation:
Pulmonary ventilation is the mechanism of respiration in which the oxygen is inhaled in the body and carbon dioxide is exhaled out due to the pressure difference in the lungs and the environment.
The surface tension in the alveoli is decreased by the presence of surfactant. The increase in the surface tension of the alveoli increase the force that will require the additional muscles to work properly.
Thus, the correct answer is option (b).
The correct option is (b) as increasing alveolar surface tension requires greater muscle effort for ventilation. This is because increased alveolar surface tension makes it harder for the lungs to expand.
Explanation:The correct statement about the physical factors influencing pulmonary ventilation is (b) As alveolar surface tension increases, additional muscle action will be required. The reasoning behind this is that surface tension in the alveoli challenges the expansion of the lungs. Alveoli are tiny air sacs in the lungs where the exchange of gases occur. Therefore, if the surface tension in these alveoli increases, the lungs will find it more difficult to expand necessitating extra muscle effort for adequate ventilation. (a) is incorrect because surfactant actually reduces alveolar surface tension, not increase it. (c) and (d) are incorrect because a decrease in lung elasticity and lung compliance both lead to an increased effort for ventilation, not a decrease.
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Whete does the stimulus occur in order to initiate an AP?
a. Cell body
b. Dendrites
c. Axon hillock
Answer:
The answer to the question: Where does the stimulus occur in order to initiate an AP, would be, B: Dendrites.
Explanation:
When an impulse is to be generated and passed on as an action potential towards a corresponding neuronal cell, and a final affected organ, the neurons need first to be stimulated so that an action potential begins. This stimulus comes as a neurotransmitter released by other neurons near the one that will be stimulated. This neurotransmitter will bind to the receptors on the dendrites of the neuron to be stimulated and immediately this will cause the ion channels, gated and non-gated, to open and close so that an action potential can be initiated. The cell body then initiates the first action potential, and will in turn stimulate the axon to also start their own action potential, which will, like a domino effect, move down to the axon terminals. This process will be followed all along a neuronal circuit.
Describe the layers of an artery versus a capillary versus a vein.
Answer:
Arteries:
Arteries have thick layer of elastic fibers. The lumen is narrow in the arteries. The semilunar valves are absent and the outer wall is thick. They are inserted deep to the body surface.
Capillaries:
Capillaries do not have any elastic fibers. The lumen is very small. The semilunar valve are not present and the outer wall is one cell layer thick. They are present inside all the tissues.
Vein:
Vein has thin layer of elastic fibers. The lumen is wide in the veins. The semilunar valves is present and outer wall is thin. They are present near the body surface.
Urine should be slightly acidic in a healthy individual.
a. True
b. False
Answer: True
Explanation:
In a normal healthy individual the pH of the urine should be 6.0 which is slightly acidic.
Many diseases and types of diet can result in change in pH of urine. There are chance that a person who is having a pH lower than 6 or more than 7 must be suffering from some disease.
One can adjust their diet to change the pH of the urine slightly.
Which of the following vessels, if stimulated to vasoconstrict, would cause increased filtration in the glomerular capillaries?
(a) Afferent arteriole
(b) Vasa recta
(c) Efferent arteriole
(d) Peritubular capillaries
Answer:
The correct answer will be option- C.
Explanation:
The filtration rate of the glomerulus is affected by the size of the arterioles: afferent and efferent. These arterioles are regulated through the hormones mainly prostaglandins, epinephrine, renin, angiotensin II and aldosterone.
The afferent arteriole vasoconstriction decreases the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) but in contrast, the vasoconstriction of efferent arteriole due to angiotensin II will increase the GFR because of the increase in glomerular capillary pressure.
Thus, option- C is the correct answer.
Hyperpolarization:
a. occurs during the latent period.
b. means the inside of the neuron is more negative than normal.
c. causes an action potential
d. all of the above.
Answer:
Option (b).
Explanation:
Hyperpolarization may be defined as the process of change in the cell potential towards more negative. The hyperpolarization state occurs after repolarization state.
The restinf membrane potential of the cell is -70mV. The influx of calcium ions in the cell, causes the change in the membrane potential and makes the cell negative upto -90mV. Hence, the inside of the neuron become more negative than the normal cell potential.
Thus, the correct answer is option (b).
Hyperpolarization refers to a change in the membrane potential of a neuron where the inside becomes more negative than normal. It is an inhibitory response that makes it less likely for a neuron to fire.
Explanation:b. means the inside of the neuron is more negative than normal.
Hyperpolarization refers to a change in the membrane potential of a neuron where the inside becomes more negative than the normal resting potential of the neuron. This occurs due to an increased permeability of the membrane to potassium ions, leading to an efflux of positive charges.
Hyperpolarization is an inhibitory response in neurons and can occur during the refractory period following an action potential, not during the latent period. It can be caused by an external stimulus or as a result of the neurotransmitter release. It inhibits the generation of action potentials, making it less likely for a neuron to fire.
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Blood pressure is much lower in the pulmonary circulation than in systemic circulation.
a. True
b. False
Answer:
True
Explanation:
Blood pressure is much lower in the pulmonary circulation than in systemic circulation.
A chemical digestion in the small intestine that breaks down fats.
Answer:
Fat digestion begins from the mouth but the majority of the fat is digested in the small intestine as the digestive juice, a mixture of bile juice and pancreatic juice is secreted by the liver and pancreas respectively which contains digestive enzymes like trypsin, chymotrypsin, amylase and lipase helps in digestion of the fat.
The digestive juice is delivered to the small intestine through ducts which helps in breakdown and digestion of fats. Lipase enzyme acts on the fat and cholesterol which break down these and form small or tiny particles called chylomicrons thus completing the digestion of fats.
External respiration depends on?
Answer:
External respiration depends on:
- amount of oxygen that reaches the pulmonary alveoli.
- integrity of lung tissue, ie alveoli and capillaries.
- of the functionality of the thoracic box.
- of the permeability of the airway.
External respiration is dependent on partial pressure differences, which allow for the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and blood in the pulmonary capillaries. It is also affected by the pressures within the atmosphere and lungs, and depends on efficient ventilation and perfusion.
Explanation:External respiration depends on several factors. Firstly, it occurs as a function of partial pressure differences in oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries. Fundamentally, the ability to breathe--to have air enter the lungs during inspiration and air leave the lungs during expiration--is dependent on the air pressure of the atmosphere and the air pressure within the lungs.
In external respiration, oxygen diffuses across the respiratory membrane from the alveolus to the capillary, whereas carbon dioxide diffuses out of the capillary into the alveolus. This process is crucial for all aerobic organisms which require oxygen to carry out their metabolic functions. Lastly, ventilation and perfusion are important factors that affect external respiration. Ventilation moves air into and out of the alveoli and must be sufficient to create a high partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli.
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Compare and contrast intramembranous and endochondral ossification.
Answer:
Intramembranous ossification:
Intramembranous ossification, the development of osseous tissue occurs without the cartliage formation. The bone forms on the mesenchyme tissue. No intermediate cartilage is formed in this type of ossification. This process is important for the formation of flat bones.
Endochondral ossification:
Endochondral ossification, the development occurs from the center and true bone tissue is replaced in this type of ossification. The cartilage formation occur in this process. An intermediate cartilage is formed in this type of ossification. This process is important for the formation of long bones.
Intramembranous ossification forms flat bones directly, while endochondral ossification replaces cartilage with bone in long bones.
Intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification are two distinct processes by which bone is formed in the body, each having unique characteristics and functions. Intramembranous ossification occurs directly from mesenchymal tissue, where flat bones like the skull and clavicle develop.
In this process, mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts, which secrete bone matrix and form ossification centers. The bone develops as a result of the mineralization of the matrix and the subsequent formation of trabecular bone.
In contrast, endochondral ossification involves a cartilage model that gradually transforms into bone. This process is typical for long bones, such as the femur and humerus.
Initially, mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes, forming a cartilage template that is replaced by bone through a series of stages, including the calcification of cartilage, invasion by blood vessels, and the formation of bone marrow.
Both processes play critical roles in skeletal development but differ in their mechanisms, timelines, and the types of bones they form.
All of the following markers are necessary for proper penetration of the HIV virus, except?
a) CD4
b) CD8
c) CCRS
d) CXCR4
e) All of the above are required
Answer:
A. CD4
Explanation:
that's all i could find
What are the different types of cells found in skin tissues? Functions?
1. Keratinocyte
This is the most predominant of all types of cells found in the skin epidermis. It is located at the outmost part of the skin and constitutes about 90 percent of all types of cells found in the skin.
2. Merkel cells
These types of cells found in the skin are receptors which can be easily attacked and form malignant tumors known as Merkel cell carcinomas. There have been proof that they originate from neural crest, and a recent study on vertebrates discovered that they have epithelial origins.
3. Melanocytes
These types of cells found in the skin are cells that produce melanin and they are found at the heart, the bones, the meninges, the inner ear, the unea, and the stratum basel (bottom layer) of the epidermis. Melanin is the substance that determines what color a skin will posses.
The small intestine is the body's most important digestive organ. It performs both chemical and mechanical digestion and is the main site of ______________.
Answer:
The small intestine is the body's most important digestive organ. It performs both chemical and mechanical digestion and is the main site of absorption.
Explanation:
The small intestine measures about 20 feet, and is divided into duodenum, jejunum and ileum. 90% of absorption of nutrients and minerals take place in the small intestine, and the remaining 10% in the stomach and large intestine.
Antagonists are muscles that resist the action of ___________ and cause movement in the opposite direction.
Answer:
Prime movers.
Explanation:
Antagonist muscles are the muscles that oppose the action of other muscles. Biceps and triceps muscles acts as antagonist muscles.
Antagonist muscles mainly resist or oppose the action of prime movers of the muscle. These muscles produce the opposite action of the agonist muscles. Agonist muscle is also known as prime movers.
Thus, the answer is prime movers.
Antagonists are muscles that relax and resist the contraction of the Agonist muscles, thus enabling a movement to occur in the opposite direction. The Biceps (Agonist) and Triceps (Antagonist) relationship in the human arm is a practical example of this.
Explanation:In the field of Biology, particularly human anatomy, Antagonists are muscles that resist the action of Agonists and cause movement in the opposite direction. To explain this concept better, an Agonist muscle is one that contracts and causes a particular movement. Concurrently, the Antagonist muscle will relax to allow this movement. However, when the Agonist muscle relaxes, the Antagonist muscle can then contract, moving the body part back to its original position. A practical example of this relationship can be found in the function of the Biceps (Agonist) and Triceps (Antagonist) muscles in the human arm while flexing and extending the elbow.
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The ganglia associated with the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system are found _____.
Select one:
a. At the base of the brain
b. Next to or within the effector organ
c. Running along side the vertebrae
d. Scattered in the abdominal cavity
Answer:
The answer is C: running along side the vertebrae
Explanation:
They are autonomous ganglia that run along the spine and are responsible for carrying information to the body that puts life at risk by sending a fight or flight order. They are approximately 20,000 to 30,000 neurons.
Describe the function of the plicae circulares.
Answer:
The circular folds or kerckring valve, are formations of the mucosa of the small intestine in the form of folds that start in the submucosa and go to the periphery reaching a length of 5 to 8 mm, are located in the final part of the duodenum and more abruptly in the jejunum and taking part of the ileum. Its main function is to increase the capacity of intestinal absorption as to delay the digestion of the chyme.