Which law states that at constant temperature the pressure of a given amount of gas is inversely proportional to the volume of the gas?

Boyle's law of ideal gas: This law states that the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure at a constant temperature. Acc to this law we can write the relation of pressure and volume as:

[tex] PV=Constant [/tex]

That means:

[tex] P_{1}V_{1}=P_{2}V_{2} [/tex]

From that equation we can calculate Volume of gas at a certain pressure:

P₁=Initial pressure

V₁=Initial volume

P₂=Final pressure

V₂= Final volume

Here P₁, initial pressure is given as 85.0 kPa

V₁, initial volume is given as 525 mL

P₂, final pressure is 65.0 kPa

[tex] P_{1}V_{1}=P_{2}V_{2} [/tex]

so,

V_{2}=85\times 525\div 65

=686 mL

Volume of gas will be 686 mL.

All three carbon atom has [tex]{\mathbf{s}}{{\mathbf{p}}^{\mathbf{2}}}[/tex] hybridization and therefore bond angle of all central atoms is approximately equal to [tex]\boxed{{\mathbf{120^\circ }}}[/tex].

Further Explanation:

Prediction of hybridization:

The hybridization can be determined by calculating the number of hybrid orbitals (X) which is formed by the atom. The formula to calculate the number of hybrid orbitals (X) as follows:

Steric number (X) = [(Number of atoms bonded to the central atom) + (Number of lone pairs on the central atom)]

Generally, the least electronegative atom is considered as the central atom. Calculate hybridization as follows:

1. If the value of X is 2 then it means two hybrid orbitals are to be formed and thus the hybridization is sp.

2. If the value of X is 3 then it means three hybrid orbitals are to be formed and thus the hybridization is [tex]s{p^2}[/tex].

3. If the value of X is 4 then it means four hybrid orbitals are to be formed and thus the hybridization is[tex]s{p^3}[/tex].

4. If the value of X is 5 then it means five hybrid orbitals are to be formed and thus the hybridization is [tex]s{p^3}d[/tex].

5. If the value of X is 6 then it means six hybrid orbitals are to be formed and thus the hybridization is [tex]s{p^3}{d^2}[/tex].

For carbon atom 1 (refer to the image attached):

Substitute 3 for a number of atoms bonded to the carbon atom and 0 for a number of lone pair on the central atom in equation (1) to find out the steric number.

[tex]\begin{aligned}{\text{Steric number}}&=3 + 0\\&=3\\\end{aligned}[/tex]

The steric number of carbon atom 1 is 3 thus the hybridization of carbon atom 1 in acrolein is [tex]{\mathbf{s}}{{\mathbf{p}}^{\mathbf{2}}}[/tex].

For carbon atom 2 (refer to the image attached):  

Substitute 3 for a number of atoms bonded to the carbon atom and 0 for a number of lone pair on the central atom in equation (1) to find out the steric number.

[tex]\begin{aligned}{\text{Steric number}}&=3 + 0\\&=3\ \end{aligned}[/tex]

The steric number of carbon atom 2 is 3 thus the hybridization of carbon atom 2 in acrolein is [tex]{\mathbf{s}}{{\mathbf{p}}^{\mathbf{2}}}[/tex].

For carbon atom 3 (refer to the image attached):  

Substitute 3 for a number of atoms bonded to the carbon atom and 0 for a number of lone pair on the central atom in equation (1) to find out the steric number.

[tex]\begin{aligned}{\text{Steric number}}&=3 + 0\\&=3\\\end{aligned}[/tex]

The steric number of carbon atom 3 is 3 thus the hybridization of carbon atom 3 in acrolein is [tex]{\mathbf{s}}{{\mathbf{p}}^{\mathbf{2}}}[/tex].

Since all three carbon atom has [tex]{\mathbf{s}}{{\mathbf{p}}^{\mathbf{2}}}[/tex]  hybridization and therefore, bond angle of all central atoms is approximately equal to [tex]{\mathbf{120^\circ }}[/tex].

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Answer details:

Grade: Senior School

Subject: Chemistry

Chapter: Covalent bonding and molecular structure

Keywords: hybridization, acrolein, geometry, sp2, steric number, 3, p orbital, s orbital, Lewis structure, hybridization of acrolein, central atom, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, shape, double bond.

To find the number of moles of air released by the time Gabor reaches the surface, we can use the ideal gas law equation PV = nRT. Given the temperature and volume of air in Gabor's lungs, we can calculate the number of moles using the molar gas constant. Approximately 1.945 moles of air must be released by the time Gabor reaches the surface.

To find the number of moles of air released by the time Gabor reaches the surface, we need to use the ideal gas law equation, PV = nRT. Given that the temperature in Gabor's lungs is 37°C (98.6°F) and the volume is 6L, we can calculate the number of moles. The molar gas constant (R) is given as 8.31 J/mol⋅K.

First, we need to convert the temperature to Kelvin by adding 273 to the Celsius value:

T = 37°C + 273 = 310K

Now, we can rearrange the ideal gas law equation to solve for moles (n):

n = PV / RT

Plugging in the given values:

n = (1atm * 6L) / (8.31 J/mol⋅K * 310K)

Simplifying the equation:

n = 1.945 moles

Therefore, approximately 1.945 moles of air must be released by the time Gabor reaches the surface.

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Answer: This chemical reaction is defined as synthesis reaction.

Explanation:

Synthesis reaction is defined as the reaction in which two or more substances combine in their elemental state to produce a single compound.

The general chemical equation representing this reaction is:

[tex]A+B\rightarrow AB[/tex]

For the given chemical reaction:

[tex]2Na(s)+Cl_2(g)\rightarrow 2NaCl(s)[/tex]

Hence, this chemical reaction is defined as synthesis reaction.

the correct

answer is D

Answer:

[tex]Br_2O_5[/tex]

Explanation:

Hello,

Considering the given information, the undergoing chemical reaction is:

[tex]Br_2+O_3-->Br_xO_y[/tex]

Thus, we consider the formed grams of [tex]Br_xO_y[/tex] because the grams of bromine are equal before and after the chemical reaction (mass can't be neither created nor destroyed), thus, the bromine grams into the [tex]Br_xO_y[/tex] are 1.250g and the oxygen grams that come from the ozone are:

[tex]m_O=1.876gBr_xO_y-1.250gO=0.626gO[/tex]

Now, we compute the moles for each one of them as:

[tex]n_{Br}=1.250gBr_2*\frac{1molBr_2}{160gBr_2}*\frac{2molBr}{1molBr_2}=0.0156molBr.\\ n_O=0.626gO*\frac{1molO}{16gO}=0.039molO[/tex]

Now, we divide by the bromine's moles to find the littlest whole-number that allows us to identify the empirical formula as shown below:

[tex]Br=\frac{0.0156}{0.0156}=1;O=\frac{0.039}{0.0156} =2.5[/tex]

Finally, by multiplying by two to find the littlest whole-number, one gets:

[tex]Br_2O_5[/tex]

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Explanation:

A polar covalent bond is formed due to unequal sharing of electrons between the combining atoms.

For example, HCl is a polar covalent compound.

This is because of the difference in electronegativities of both hydrogen and chlorine, partial opposite charges tend to develop on the hydrogen and chlorine atoms.

Whereas [tex]CHCl_{3}[/tex] is a non-polar compound and when HCl is added to it then HCl being polar in nature is unable to dissolve.

On the other hand, water is a polar compound and when HCl is dissolved in it then it will dissociate into hydrogen and chlorine ions.

As electricity is the flow of ions or electrons. Therefore, HCl in water is able to conduct electricity because it dissociates into ions.

Therefore, we can conclude that HCl in water exists as [tex]H^{+}[/tex] and [tex]Cl^{-}[/tex] ions. And, HCl in [tex]CHCl_{3}[/tex] exists as HCl.

The most likely species of beetles to become extinct when existing conditions change is the Green-colored beetles, pesticide-resistant gene absent; option 3.

Favorable traits are those traits possessed by organisms which enables them to survive or gives them an advantage to adapt to their environment.

An example of a favorable trait is pesticide-resistance or being disease-resistant.

Therefore, the most likely species of beetles to become extinct when existing conditions change is the Green-colored beetles, pesticide-resistant gene absent.

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Sedimentary rocks are formed from the deposition of materials on Earth's surface or in bodies of water, often in easily weathered layers. Igneous rocks originate from cooled magma and can have various surface characteristics. Metamorphic rocks result from the transformation of existing rocks and are characterized by hard layers formed under high temperature and pressure.

Matching properties and characteristics to each type of rock:

A) cooled magma

Igneous rocks are formed from the cooling and solidification of molten magma. This process can occur beneath the Earth's surface (intrusive) or at the surface (extrusive), giving rise to different textures within igneous rocks.

B) deposition of material on Earth's surface or in bodies of water

Sedimentary rocks are the result of the accumulation and compression of sediments, which can include minerals, organic materials, and even the remains of plants and animals. These sediments often accumulate in bodies of water or on Earth's surface, and over time, they become compacted and cemented into rock.

C) arises from the transformation of existing rocks

Metamorphic rocks are formed through the alteration of pre-existing rocks. This alteration typically occurs due to changes in temperature, pressure, or mineral composition. Metamorphism can result in the development of new minerals and textures within the rock.

D) made of layers that are weathered relatively easily

Sedimentary rocks often exhibit a layered or stratified structure. These layers, called bedding planes, can be prone to weathering and erosion because they are composed of smaller particles, making them susceptible to mechanical and chemical breakdown.

E) made of hard layers formed under high temperature and pressure

Metamorphic rocks, as a result of their formation from existing rocks undergoing high temperatures and pressures, tend to be harder and more resistant to weathering than sedimentary rocks. They often have a foliated texture with aligned minerals.

F) has a shiny surface throughout

Igneous rocks can exhibit a variety of surface characteristics, including a shiny appearance, but this attribute is not exclusive to them. The luster or shine of an igneous rock can vary based on its mineral composition, texture, and the presence of glassy or metallic minerals.

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The question probable may be:

Match the correct properties and characteristics to each type of rock.

sedimentary

igneous

metamorphic

A)) cooled magma

B))

deposition of material

on Earth’s surface or

in bodies of water

C))arises from

transformation

of existing rocks

D))made of layers that are

weathered relatively

easily

E))made of hard layers

formed under high

temperature

and pressure

F))has a shiny surface

throughout

Answer:

Deoxyribose.

Explanation:

Hello,

On the attached picture, you will find the β-furanose structure of the deoxyribose which is the monosaccharide present in the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).

Deoxyribose is a sugar derived from ribose by replacement of a hydroxyl group by hydrogen. In addition, it is the five-carbon sugar molecule that helps form the phosphate backbone of DNA molecules

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A combination of sand, salt, and water is an example of a heterogeneous mixture, where you can distinguish between the different components - the sand settles at the bottom, the water above it, and the salt dissolves in the water but can still be separated.

A combination of sand, salt, and water is an example of a heterogeneous mixture. This is because in a heterogeneous mixture, the individual components can be visibly distinguished. Sand, salt, and water are each physically distinct within the mixture. For instance, if you look closely at such a mixture in a clear glass, you would see the sand settling at the bottom, the water above it, and the salt would have dissolved in the water but could still be separated by means of evaporation.

This is different from a homogeneous mixture, where all the components are evenly distributed and cannot be visually distinguished, such as salt fully dissolved in water. It's also not a compound, where different elements are chemically combined and cannot be separated by physical methods. Nor is it a pure substance which consists of only one type of atom, element, or compound. Finally, it's not just a solid because it contains both solid (sand, salt) and liquid (water) states of matter.

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In the Beer-Lambert Law equation, “b” represents[tex]\boxed{{\text{thickness of solution}}}[/tex].

Further explanation:

Spectrophotometry is a method that is applied for measurement of absorbance of light in terms of intensity of light when light is allowed to pass through the solution sample. Spectrophotometer is the equipment or instrument that is employed for this purpose.

Beer-Lambert’s Law:

This law describes the relationship of absorbance with concentration and path length of solution. According to this law, absorbance of any solution is directly related to its concentration and optical path length. The expression for Lambert-Beer’s law is as follows:

[tex]{\text{A}} = {{\varepsilon bc}}[/tex]                                                                          …... (1)

Where,

A is absorbance of species.

[tex]{{\varepsilon }}[/tex]  is molar absorptivity of species.

b is optical path length or thickness of solution.

c is concentration of species.

If graph is plotted between absorption and concentration of solution, a straight line or linear graph is observed. But this linearity is lost at extremely high concentrations. This non-linearity can be due to several factors. Some of these include use of non-monochromatic radiations, scattering of light, phosphorescence or fluorescence of sample.

According to equation (1),“b” represents the thickness of the solution.

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Answer details:

Grade: Senior School

Subject: Chemistry

Chapter: Beer-Lambert Law

Keywords: absorbance, Beer-lambert’s law, concentration, path length, solution, directly related, thickness of solution, molar absorptivity, A, b, c, spectrophotometry, spectrophotometer.

Formation of Y and Z directly depends on initial amount of X present.

Further Explanation:

Le Chatelier’s principle:

This states that any change in pressure, temperature or concentration in any reaction that is present in equilibrium tends to shift equilibrium in such direction that reverses the effect of changed quantity in reaction.

Given reaction occurs as follows:

[tex]2\text{X(g)}\rightleftharpoons\text{Y(g)}+\text{Z(g)}[/tex]

According to this reaction, two moles of X decompose to form one mole of Y and one mole of Z.

Amounts of Y and Z formed during the given reaction depend on initial amount of X present. More the amount of X, higher will be formation of products Y and Z and vice-versa. So if amount of X is increased, equilibrium will tend to shift in direction that reverses this effect. This is done only by increased consumption of X that results in more formation of products. Therefore more amounts of Y and Z are formed if initial amount of X is increased and formation of Y and Z decreases if initial amount of X is decreased.

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Answer details:

Grade: Senior School

Subject: Chemistry

Chapter: Chemical Equilibrium

Keywords: Le Chatelier’s principle, equilibrium, shift, direction, X, Y, Z, 2X, pressure, temperature, concentration, consumption, increase, decrease, two moles, one mole.

Final answer:

The initial amount of gas x does not affect the equilibrium quantities at a constant temperature. The concentration of solid z is constant and it is omitted from the equilibrium expression, meaning only gaseous reactants y and products are considered. The equilibrium position is dependent on the partial pressures of the gases, set by the equilibrium constant for given temperature conditions.

Explanation:

When a generic gas x decomposes in a sealed glass jar to form gaseous y and solid z following the reversible reaction 2x(g) ⇌ y(g) + z(s), the initial amount of x(g) does not affect the equilibrium quantities. This is established by Le Chatelier’s Principle and the concept of equilibrium constants. In a heterogeneous equilibrium like this, where a solid is involved, the concentration of the solid remains constant and it is omitted from the equilibrium expression. Only the concentrations of the gaseous reactants and products are variable and are included in the expression.

The equilibrium composition in the gas phase at a constant temperature remains the same, regardless of the initial amount of x(g). This is because the solid z(s) does not appear in the equilibrium constant expression and does not have a concentration that changes. What really matters for the position of equilibrium is the ratio of the concentrations (partial pressures) of the gaseous reactants and products, something that is fixed by the equilibrium constant at a given temperature.

Moreover, the system’s response to a change in volume or pressure depends on the stoichiometry of the gaseous components according to their molar quantities. In a reaction where the total molar amounts of reactants and products are equal, a change in volume does not shift the equilibrium. If the molar amounts are different, a volume change will shift the equilibrium in a direction that accommodates the volume change. However, as the temperature is held constant in this scenario, volume changes are not being considered, simplifying the analysis of the system.

Answer:

33 g

Explanation:

A 225 g sample of french fries supplies 460 kilocalories of energy. 65% (0.65) of those calories come from fat. The kilocalories coming from fat are:

460 kcal × 0.65 = 299 kcal

9 kilocalories of energy are supplied per gram of fat. The grams of fat that supply 299 kcal are:

299 kcal × (1 g fat/ 9 kcal) = 33 g

Answer:

The correct answer is option C. "Displacement".

Explanation:

The displacement method for measuring volume consist in measuring the amount of water that an object displaces when is submerged in a defined amount of water. This is an indirect method which is particularly useful to measure the volume of irregularly shaped objects, such as the rock stated in the question.

Without the complete chemical equations for the synthesis of cryolite, it's not possible to calculate the mass of cryolite produced from the reactants Al2O3, NaOH, and HF.

To determine the mass of cryolite that will be produced, we need to look at the stoichiometry of the reactions involved. However, the given information does not provide a complete chemical equation for the reaction of Al2O3, NaOH, and HF to form cryolite, so we can't perform a straightforward stoichiometric calculation. Instead, we know from the provided context that aluminum oxide reacts with cryolite in the Hall-Heroult process, suggesting that cryolite acts as a solvent for Al2O3 during aluminum extraction.

In the industrial production of aluminum, cryolite serves as a solvent and does not get consumed in the process. Therefore, we cannot calculate the amount of cryolite produced without the specific chemical equations for its synthesis. One would typically start with a known amount of aluminum oxide and cryolite for the electrolysis process rather than producing cryolite during the reaction. Since we cannot calculate the mass of cryolite produced with incomplete information, we would need the actual synthesis reaction of cryolite to proceed.

Answer:

The percentage is 50.7%

Explanation:

The formula of chromium (III) carbonate is (Cr₂(CO₃)₃)

Let us calculate the molar mass of (Cr₂(CO₃)₃)

molar mass of (Cr₂(CO₃)₃) =

2X atomic mass of Cr + 3X atomic mass of C + 9X atomic mass of O

molar mass of (Cr₂(CO₃)₃) = 2X 52 + 3X12 +9X16 = 284g/mol

As per the formula there are nine moles of oxygen in each mole of (Cr₂(CO₃)₃).

so we can say that

In 284g of (Cr₂(CO₃)₃) the mass of oxygen = 144g

so 1 g of (Cr₂(CO₃)₃) the mass of oxygen = [tex]\frac{144}{284}=0.507g[/tex]

Therefore

the mass of oxygen in 100g of(Cr₂(CO₃)₃) =0.507X100=50.7

Thus percentage of Oxygen in (Cr₂(CO₃)₃) =50.7%

Answer:

5.32*10⁻³M

Explanation:

Given:

Rate constant of the First order reaction, k = 1.80*10-2 s-1

Initial concentration of PH3, [A]₀ = 3.16*10-2 M

Reaction time, t = 99 s

Formula:

For a first order reaction:

[tex][A] = [A]_{0} e^{-kt}[/tex]

where [A] and [A]₀ are concentration of reactant at time t and t = 0

k = rate constant

For the given reaction"

[tex][A] = 3.16*10^{-2}  e^{-1.80*10^{-2} *99} = 5.32*10^{-3} M[/tex]

The value in milliequivalents per liter 127 mEq/L when michelle's blood was tested, the chloride level was 0.45 g/dl.

Milliequivalent:

A milliequivalent is a unit of measurement often used for electrolytes and it tells us the chemical activity of the species relative to 1 mg of hydrogen.

The formula,

[tex]\rm \bold {mEq/L = \frac{ (mg/L)}{MW} }[/tex]

0.45 g/dL x 10 dL/1L = 4.5 g/L

Put the value,

Given here,

Chloride level =  0.45 g/dl = 4500 mg/L

The atomic weight of chloride (35.5 g/mol) to solve for the mEq/L:

[tex]\rm \bold { mEqL = \frac{ (4500 mg/L)}{35.5 g/mol)} }[/tex]= 127 mEq/L

Hence, we can conclude that the value in milliequivalents per liter 127 mEq/L when michelle's blood was tested, the chloride level was 0.45 g/dl.

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