Which of the following contributes to global warming?

A) acid rain
B) greenhouse gases
C) tropospheric ozone
D) ozone hole

Answers

Answer 1
Answer: B) greenhouse gases

Greenhouse gases form a wrap around the Earth that passes heat to penetrate to the surface but not to return to the universe. Greenhouse gases are water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), CFC · HCF · PHC (also F gases, fluorinated hydrocarbons), nitrous oxide (N2O) and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6). 
The greenhouse effect is the term for heating the planet Earth caused by a disturbance of the energy balance between the amount of radiation that receives from the Sun and radiates the Earth's surface into space. This effect is the result of an increase in the amount of radiation that cannot be emitted into the universe from the surface of the Earth, but it absorbs the atmosphere and becomes warmer.

Related Questions

The major means of propelling food through the digestive tract is __________.

Answers

It is called Peristalsis

A reflex arc is controlled by the neurons within the _______________________. frontal lobe occipital lobe spinal column brain nerves




Answers

The answer is c. The spinal cord

....hope I helped

Answer:

spinal column

Explanation:

The reflex arc is the immediate response to the excitement of a nerve, without the will or consciousness of the animal, ie it is a stimulus that does not reach the brain, it receives response in the spinal column.  The path taken by a nervous impulse, which washes the execution of the movement, is the reflex arc. In invertebrates, there are simple reflex arcs involving only one neuron. However, among vertebrates, reflex arcs include at least two neurons.

Briefly, we can state that a reflex arc is controlled by neurons within the spinal column.

The nurse is preparing a patient for a procedure with the thoracoscope to reduce the exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd). what procedure should the nurse be sure the patient understands?

Answers

I think the procedure is Bullectomy. It is a surgical procedure to reduce the exacerbation of COPD. The patient with COPD may have large bullae, which are resected through a thoracoscope. Airway bypass is a brochoscopic procedure that helps to treat COPD by creating extra anatomic openings between the diseased lung and bronchi; however this procedure does not require a thoracoscope. Lung transplantation is effective for patients with advanced COPD; however it is not associated with the use of thoracoscope. A lung volume reduction does not also require the use of thoracoscope but instead requires bronchoscope.

Simon learns that supplementing with water-soluble vitamins is potentially safer (compared to fat-soluble varieties) because they aren't stored in the body for as long, which reduces their ability to cause a toxicity. which vitamin is water soluble?

Answers

Water soluble vitamins can be excreted safely in the urine without the concern for overdosage as compared to fat soluble vitamins that are easily stored in adipose tissue and poses a risk for overdosage. The vitamin B complex (niacin, thiamin, pyridoxine, folic acid, riboflavin, cobalamin, etc.) and vitamin C (ascorbic acid) are water soluble vitamins. The fat soluble vitamins are vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, and vitamin K.

When sperm cells and egg cells combine we say?

Answers

it fertilization. i think

The least important role of nutrition in wellness is learning to
Answer

obtain a variety of foods.

eat a high fiber diet.

choose high quality sources of foods.

consume foods that will help prevent disease in your body.

Answers

The least important role of nutrition in wellness is learning to eat a high fiber diet. The other choices is important because a person should know the right diet he or she can take up. Learning to eat a high fiber diet is to specific and it is least important because you can have the right nutrition with the use of other vitamins and minerals also.

What term describes the mode of asexual reproduction in which offspring develop from unfertilized eggs?

Answers

Parthenogenesis is the term that describes the mode of asexual reproduction in which offspring develop from unfertilized eggs.
 It is a natural form of asexual reproduction which means that there is no fertilization. The  growth and development of embryos occur without fertilization.
In animals an embryo is developed from an unfertilized egg cell.

Recent african origins hypothesis relies upon which kind of genetic data

Answers

This hypothesis, that modern humans originated from Africa, relies on mitochondrial DNA. Using mitochondrial DNA, the matrilineal most recent common ancestor of all currently living humans could be traced: only the female eggs contain mitochondria. The most recent common ancestor was traced to Africa at approximately 170,000 and 100,000 years ago.

Where is romeo at this point and what arrangements do juliet and the nurse make?

Answers

Romeo is waiting for Juliet and getting ready for friar tuck to see the two. Juliet and Tte nurse are making plans to sneak Juliet out so she can go marry her one true love.

Romeo is waiting for Juliet and getting ready for friar tuck to see the two. Juliet and Tte nurse are making plans to sneak Juliet out so she can go marry her one true love.

Who is Romeo?

Romeo Miller is an American rapper, actor, and television personality better known by his stage name Romeo (formerly Lil' Romeo). He signed with No Limit Records, which was then run by his father, Master P, and quickly became well-known as a rapper in the early 2000s.

His first single, "My Baby," was quickly published in 2001 and reached its highest point on the Billboard Hot 100 at number .

Later that year, Miller released his debut album Lil' Romeo, which debuted at number six on the US Billboard 200 and eventually earned a Gold certification after selling 99,000 copies in its first week.

Therefore, Romeo is waiting for Juliet and getting ready for friar tuck to see the two. Juliet and Tte nurse are making plans to sneak Juliet out so she can go marry her one true love.

To learn more about Romeo, refer to the link:

https://brainly.com/question/19605913

#SPJ2

Thermal pollution is?
A, b or c

Answers

Question 20)  The correct answer is:  [B]:
__________________________________________________________
Thermal pollution is:
__________________________________________________________
 [B]:  "When water is used in industry to cool mechanisms such as a nuclear power plant; then the warmer water is released back into the ecosystem" .
__________________________________________________________
(and as such; the warmer water harms the ecosystem—aquatic life forms and other life forms & disrupts the ecosystem).

Note:  By no means is this limited to a nuclear power plant.  This can be a municipal wastewater treatment plant.
__________________________________________________________

Question 21) :  
"The best way to deal with groundwater pollution is to avoid letting it happen to start with."  ANSWER:  "TRUE" .   {In the sense of taking steps to prevent groundwater pollution from further happening where it has not happened yet.  Note that groundwater pollution is a point source of pollution; however, pollutants have a long mean residence time (i.e. stay there for a long time and are difficult to remove safely and effectively.).}.
_________________________________________________________

what are the similarities between an onion and whitefish cells?

Answers

The similarities between an onion and whitefish cells exist in the cell division process. Normally the basic process of mitosis cell division is similar for plant cells and animal cells, but there are fundamental differences that mark the mitosis of plant and animal cells. Basic similarities of onion cell and that of whitefish embryo cell is that in the four phase of mitosis namely, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase occurs in similar way. In Prophase for both cells the chromatin condensed and in metaphase the chromatin aligns in the center of cell and kinetochores of chromosomes attached with the microtubules of spindle from opposite poles. In Anaphase stage, the chromatids from the metaphase plate are separated and shifted to opposite poles.. Finally at Telophase, the cell divides via cytokinesis. The fundamental difference between Onion cells and Whitefish cells can be found in the process of cytokinesis. 

Cell division is the process in which cell divides and give rise to daughter cells. The phases of cell division are studied to understand the process. The onion root tip and white fish cells are used to study the mitosis.

Cell cycle is composed of interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis. The mitotic phase involves the production of two identical daughter cells having same number of chromosomes as parent cell. The mitosis constitute of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase stages.

The similarity in onion root tips and whitefish cells are:

The stages of mitosis are similar in both the cells. These cells are used to study mitotic division. These cells are rapidly dividing, which makes it easier to understand the process of cell division.

However, the cells differ in the cytokinesis process.

Therefore, the onion root tip cells and whitefish cells exhibit rapid division and are used to study mitosis.

To know more about onion and white fish cells, refer to the following link:

https://brainly.com/question/12308305?referrer=searchResults

Check my answers please.
Q. Which of these skin cancers is most likely to spread to other parts of the body without early treatment?
A. basal cell carcinoma
B. squamous cell carcinoma
C. melanoma*****
D. basal cell carcinoma and melanoma

Q. What happens when the keratin- producing cells of the skin die?
A. melanin and keratin are produced
B. an additional dermis layer is formed
C. A waterproof coating Is formed
D. melanin is produced****

Answers

C. Melanoma, while it is less common than other skin cancers, is more likely to metastasize, or spread, without early intervention.
    C. Once the cells that produce keratin die, a waterproof coating is formed, providing an additional barrier against infection.

In human males, the urethra is used for transport of

Answers

it transports both urine and sperm

In human males, the urethra is used for transport of semen and urine.

The urethra is a thin fibromuscular tube through which urine and semen are transported from the bladder and ejaculatory ducts, respectively, to the outer part of the body in human males. The male urethra is made up of several heterogeneous parts which are membranous, prostatic and spongy. The urethra only transports urine in human females.


Compare the amount of hyaline cartilage found in an embryonic skeleton compared to a child

Answers

Final answer:

The embryonic skeleton is predominantly made of hyaline cartilage providing a template for bone development, which starts to ossify from the sixth week of embryonic life. By childhood, much of the cartilage is replaced by bone, but it remains significant for growth and joint function.

Explanation:

During embryonic development, a framework of hyaline cartilage serves as a template for the majority of bones through the process of endochondral ossification. In embryonic skeletons, this type of cartilage is extensive as it serves as scaffolding for bone formation. By the sixth or seventh week of life inside the womb, the process of bone development begins, slowly replacing the hyaline cartilage matrix with bone; however, this process is far from complete at birth.

As a child grows, more of the cartilage is replaced by hard bone, especially through the growth plates (epiphyseal plates) during childhood and adolescence. Nonetheless, hyaline cartilage does not disappear completely in children or even in adults. It remains in areas such as the joints (as articular cartilage), rib cage, ear, and nose, contributing to the flexibility and cushioning of these parts. The difference between the embryonic skeleton and a child's is that in the embryo, the skeleton is predominantly cartilaginous, while by childhood, much of this cartilage has ossified, although substantial cartilage is still present for growth and joint function into adulthood.

How does the use of nonrenewable resources compare to the use of renewable resources?

a. The use of renewable resources is potentially more harmful to the environment than the use of nonrenewable resources.

b. The use of renewable resources is more common and widespread than the use of nonrenewable resources.

c. The overuse of renewable resources can lead to problems similar to those associated with the use of nonrenewable resources.

d. Renewable resource use is more problematic than the use of nonrenewable resource use.

Answers

Answer: c. The overuse of renewable resources can lead to problems similar to those associated with the use of nonrenewable resources.

Renewable resources are those resources, which can be replenished after once used such as wind, water, sunlight and others. Non- renewable resources are those resources, which cannot be replenished after once used, for example fossil fuels like coal, petroleum and natural gas.

Although, renewable resources are abundantly available in nature but their judicious use is necessary, so that these resources can meet the needs of the future generation, ensuring sustainable development of human society. But, in reality the overuse of renewable resources can lead to problems similar to those associated with the use of nonrenewable resources.  This is because of increasing population and pollution in the environment, has deteriorated the quality and decreased quantity of renewable resources.

The overuse of renewable resources can lead to problems similar to those associated with the use of nonrenewable resources. Therefore, option (C) is correct.

What are non-renewable resources?

While nonrenewable resources, such as fossil fuels, are finite and have a limited supply, renewable resources, such as solar or wind energy, can be replenished naturally or through human intervention. However, it is important to note that the overuse or mismanagement of renewable resources can lead to negative consequences, similar to those associated with nonrenewable resources.

For example, if renewable resources are exploited at a rate faster than they can naturally regenerate, it can result in depletion, habitat destruction, or environmental degradation. Thus, sustainable management and responsible use of both renewable and nonrenewable resources are crucial for long-term environmental sustainability.

Learn more about nonrenewable resources, here:

https://brainly.com/question/14813979

#SPJ5

Heart muscle cells would tend to separate without ________
a. stroma
b. intercalated discs
c. flana
d. myofilaments

Answers

The answer is intercalated discs. They allow the heart muscle cells to function as one organ due to a phenomenon known as syncytium. This is where uninuclear cells fuse to form an apparent multinucleate cell. This way the heart muscle cells can contract in synch. Intercalated discs appear in the sarcomere's (of the muscle fibres) Z line.
Final answer:

Intercalated discs in heart muscle cells play a crucial role in connecting these cells together and facilitating coordinated contraction of the heart. Without them, heart muscle cells would tend to separate.

Explanation:

Heart muscle cells, also known as cardiomyocytes, would tend to separate without intercalated discs. Intercalated discs are complex structures that connect heart muscle cells to each other. They play a pivotal role in enabling coordinated contraction of the heart, facilitating the efficient pumping of blood. Without intercalated discs, the coordinated contraction would not be possible, causing the heart muscle cells to separate. So, the correct answer to your question is b. intercalated discs.

Learn more about Intercalated Discs here:

https://brainly.com/question/33447829

#SPJ11

Which factors most influence global precipitation?
a. variations in air pressure and strong ocean currents
b. unequal heating of air above mountain slopes and valleys
c. unequal heating of land and water
d. variations in air pressure and global winds

Answers

D variations in air pressure and global winds 

Answer: Option D

Explanation:  

The variation in the air pressure and global winds are the factors which influence the global winds.

Wind flows from the higher region to the lower region. This does not takes place in a straight line because the earth is rotating.

The variation in air pressure and global winds influences the precipitation globally. The pressure difference affects the precipitation rate globally.

hence, the correct answer is option D

Which pulse point had the strongest pulse? the weakest pulse? why do you think this happened?

Answers

The Pulse point with the greatest amplitude is the Common carotid artery and the pulse point with least amplitude is dorsalis pedis artery. Pulse is the pressures that alternate surges (expansion and recoil) in an artery that happens with each contraction and relaxation of the left ventricle.  So when the dorsalis pedis had this low amplitude the BP decreases and smooths out when the movement of the blood go farther from the due to elasticity of arteries. Then there is an elevation of blood pressure when you exercise because the greatest amount of cardio output and peripheral resistance.

The pulse point with the greatest amplitude is the carotid artery and the

pulse point with least amplitude is dorsalis pedis artery.

The artery is the blood vessel which carries oxygenated blood away from the

heart. Pulse is felt anytime the heart pumps blood or beats. The carotid

artery has the strongest pulse as a result of factors such as:

Close proximity to the heart Large size.

Ther dorsalis pedis artery is found in the foot and has the least pulse in the

body due to it being  farthest away from the heart.

Read more about Pulse here https://brainly.com/question/11245663

Three bases found on mRNA are called:

Answers

RNA DNA and mRNA are all genes
Final answer:

Codons are the three bases found on mRNA that specify a particular amino acid in protein synthesis.

Explanation:

Codons are triplets of nucleotides on messenger RNA (mRNA) that encode specific amino acids during protein synthesis. Each codon corresponds to one of the 20 amino acids, with some codons generally signalling the start or stop of protein translation.

The genetic code is degenerate, meaning multiple codons can code for the same amino acid. Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules recognize and bind to codons, delivering the appropriate amino acid to the growing polypeptide chain. This process, known as translation, is fundamental to cellular function, as proteins are essential for the structure, function, and regulation of cells, tissues, and organisms.

NEED HELP biology!
Scientists involved in biotechnology sometimes insert the DNA of one organism into a second organism. Which of the following best explains why they do this?
to cause the second organism to produce proteins
to create new species of organisms
to stop the organisms' gene expression
to make new cell membranes

Answers

To cause the second organism to produce proteins. That is your answer

To cause the second organism to produce proteins. That is your answer


Which of these is a bacterium that is sometimes used to turn milk into different kinds of cheeses?

Answers

The bacteria necessary for the production of cheese are usually species from the Lactococcus, Lactobacillus, or Streptococcus families. These bacteria are used in the process of making cheese because they have the ability to convert sugars from milk to lactic acid. 

Summarize what happens during the process of cell division

Answers

Hello,

In cell division, a cell copies its DNA, divides the nucleus, separates the sister chromatids, and then splits into two daughter cells.

Hope this helpsA :)

Final answer:

Cell division in eukaryotic cells involves mitosis, where the nucleus divides, and cytokinesis, splitting the cytoplasm to form two identical daughter cells. It consists of four phases of mitosis: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, followed by cytokinesis.

Explanation:

Overview of Cell Division

Cell division is a fundamental process in the life cycle of eukaryotic cells where one cell divides to form two new daughter cells. This process is essential for growth, repair, and reproduction of organisms. The division includes two main stages: mitosis, which is the division of the nucleus, and cytokinesis, which is the division of the cytoplasm.

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Mitosis occurs in four distinct phases:

Prophase - Chromosomes condense, and the mitotic spindle begins to form.Metaphase - Chromosomes align at the center of the cell.Anaphase - Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite ends of the cell.Telophase - Two new nuclei form around separated chromatids.

Following telophase, cytokinesis divides the cytoplasm, resulting in two identical daughter cells, each with a complete set of chromosomes.

A patient with sickle cell crisis will most likely complain of:

Answers

A patient with sickle cell crisis will most likely complain of severe pain.

A patient with sickle cell disease have an abnormal amino acid composition of hemoglobin, leading to a comformational change to insoluble proteins whenever the red blood cell is deoxygenated; this leads to a change in shape from biconcave to sickle shaped. In sickle cell crisis, the abnormal RBC clump together (easily, because of their shape) then obstruct small blood vessels in the extremities and other organs, causing severe pain.

When forming the disaccharide maltose from two glucose monosaccharides: (1 point) water is eliminated. a hemiacetal is converted to an acetal. the resulting dissacharide is no longer a reducing sugar. both a and
b. a, b, and c above?

Answers

I believe the answer is A  that , water is eliminated. When forming a dissacharide from two monosacchrides in a  process called condensation, water is eliminated and the resulting disacharide is no longer a reducing sugar except for the case of maltose and lactose.Carbohydrates are among the major food substances, they contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They are classified into monossacharides (building blocks), dissacharrides (two monossachrides) and polyssacharides ( a chain of many monossacharides).

The study of a living being is called biology.

The correct answer to the question is option A.

What are biomolecules?A biomolecule or biological molecule is a loosely used term for molecules present in organisms that are essential to one or more typically biological processes, such as cell division, morphogenesis, or development

According to the question, water is eliminated. When forming a disaccharide from two monosaccharides in a  process called condensation, water is eliminated and the resulting disaccharide is no longer a reducing sugar except for the case of maltose and lactose.

Carbohydrates are among the major food substances, they contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

They are classified into monosaccharides (building blocks), disaccharides (two monosaccharides), and polysaccharides ( a chain of many monosaccharides).

Hence, the correct answer is option a.

For more information about the biomolecules, refer to the link:-

https://brainly.com/question/14688752

The two dna strands run in opposite directions. what vocab word describes this orientation?

Answers

2. the amount of G = the amount of C (pairing ratio of 1:1) c. the hydrogen bonds hold the molecule in its defintive shape. Complementary bases

What type of communication occurs when a monkey gives a special, loud cry if it sees a bird of prey that might threaten the troop?

Answers

the answer is alarm call
The type of communication that occurs when a monkey sees a bird of prey that might threaten the troop is...

Alarm call

What are the five vital signs that are evaluated in the apgar? heart rate, breathing, muscle tone, color, and reflexes the babinski, moro, stepping, swimming, and grasping reflexes cuddling, startling, irritability, vocal response, and visual response sucking reflex, breathing reflex, size, weight, and disease symptoms?

Answers

Heart rate, color, irritability, muscle tone, and breathing

Whale calves have a high survival rate, with most calves reaching adulthood. However, their aquatic ecosystem contains a limited amount of resources, so uncontrolled exponential growth isn’t possible. Identify the graph that represents the survivorship pattern of whales.

Answers

Answer:

The second graph attached in the answer shows the survivorship of whales.


The whales follow the K-strategy of reproduction. Therefore, they will typically have a high survivorship. K-strategy reproduction is the production of few offspring, but heavy investment in those offspring to ensure a better chance of survival. Humans for example, usually have one baby at a time, with a long gestation, and a long period of nursing babies and caring for children.

The Identity graph that represents the survivorship pattern of whales is in the second graph. Option B is correct.

What is the aquatic ecosystem?

Generally, In contrast to land-based terrestrial ecosystems, an aquatic ecosystem is one that exists in and around a body of water.

In conclusion, because whales calves have a high survival rate, The graph that best represents it will bear likewise infor.

Read more about water  

https://brainly.com/question/24623157

Alendronate and ibandronate are drugs classified as ______ because they decrease the release of an enzyme that causes bone cell breakdown.

Answers

Bone resorption inhibiting drug. This drug inhibits bone resorption  by decreasing the enzyme that causes bone cell breakdown. This will help in the formation of bone and the deposition of calcium. Typically this drugs are called bisphosphonates and used in osteoporosis. Stomach pain, diarrhea and constipation can be noted as side effects of the drugs. Precautions must be made if the patient is allergic to the drug or if there are history of difficulty in swallowing, hypocalcemia and intestinal disorder.
Alendronate  and  ibandronate  are   drugs  classified   as  bone  reabsorption  or   resorption   inhibitor   drug  classification.  Bone   resorption  inhibitors  drugs  are  drugs  that  inhibits  mineralization    or   resorption   of  the  bone  by  blocking   the action   of  osteoclasts.  They  are  used  to  treat  postmenopausal  and  glucocorticoid  induced   osteoporosis  and  pagets   disease  of  the  bone.

By which process are fossil fuels formed?

Answers

They are formed by natural processes like anærobic decomposition. They contain energy from ancient photosynthesis. They can literally be around 650 million years old.

Answer:

fossil fuel is formed by anaerobic decomposition.

fossil fuels formed  from the decayed of plants and animals through a natural processes.

Explanation:

Fossil fuel is formed over millions of years when the remains of plants and animals are buried within the earth's crust and when subjected to high pressure and heat that have been converted into fossil fuel.

Nonrenewable resource: it cannot be renewed, once they are consumed.

Fossil fuel is an example of nonrenewable source, as they there form from the decay of animals and plants that have lived over millions of year ago and once they are consumed it cannot be renewed.

Other Questions
A triangle on a coordinate plane is translated according to the rule T3, 5(x, y). Which is another way to write this rule?(x, y) (x 3, y + 5)(x, y) (x 3, y 5)(x, y) (x + 3, y 5)(x, y) (x + 3, y + 5) what is animalism as the way it's discussed in animal farm The area of a parallelogram is 375 centimeters the base is 25 centimeters find the height When DNA replication occurs before meiosis, the original DNA strand GGT CTC CTC ACT CCA is copied into complementary strand CCA GAG GAG TAG GGT. What type of mutation has occurred? In the United States, which assessment system measures inflation? overall, _____ americans are more likely to develop cancer than persons of any other racial or ethnic group. When studying the attraction between objects, which of the following can be concluded? what was a benefit of greece having so many small island Which algebraic expression is equivalent to the expression below? (7x - 15) + 15 a. 7x - 30 b. 7x c. 105x d. 7x + 30 Water pollution can clog the gills of fish, choking them. In this example________, the is dependent on the_______for the first blank1. asthenosphere2. hydrosphere3. lithosphere4. biospherefor the second blank1. lithosphere2. asthenosphere3 .hydrosphere4. atmosphere Which of these is a simplified form of the equation 8y + 4 = 6 + 2y + 1y? 5y = 2 5y = 10 11y = 2 11y = 10 Damage to the ________ might cause problems with coordination and balance.a. amygdalab. cerebellumc. hippocampusd. temporal lobe describe the graph of y=3/4x-12 as compared to the graph of y=1/x Hussein is concerned because he cannot remember events from before he was about 4 years old. what is the most likely cause for this infantile amnesia? his memories began to be organized differently after he turned 3 or 4. his maturing cortex allowed him to gain a sense of self he didn't have before he was 4. his maturing cortex increased his long-term storage after age 4. all of these things contribute to infantile amnesia. Check my answers please? Only 5...Will reward medal to best answer and perhaps become a fan! :)1. Which curve or point of a phase diagram would indicate the melting point at various temperatures and pressures? triple point fusion curve what are some enviromental issues? How did Liberty Bonds work? A.The government agreed to pay the cost of housing soldiers. B.The government agreed to pay the cost of educating soldiers. C.People agreed to work for free in return for large payments after the war. D.People gave money to the war effort and received that money back with interest after the war. A force of 200N is needed in order to push a wheelbarrow that weights 1000N. If the wheelbarrow is pushed 30m, how much work is done on the wheelbarrow? What power is required if it takes 10 seconds to push the wheelbarrow? If a reaction mixture initially contains 0.195 m so2cl2, what is the equilibrium concentration of cl2 at 227 ???c? To rely solely on race to stop or detain a person would be against the rights provided in the _____________ and the fourteenth amendments.