Answer: c. Biofilm
Explanation:
Metabolic cooperation between prokaryotes
allows them to use the resources that they could not use when they are living as single cell. Bio film is the example of the metabolic cooperation.
Bio films are formed by the colonizing of single type of prokaryote such as bacteria and they facilitate the growth of other bacteria on the surface by secreting the substances essential for their growth.
Hence, the correct option is (c) biofilms.
The process that involves metabolic cooperation among prokaryotic cells is biofilms. These are communities of microorganisms that cooperate metabolically to carry out functions
Explanation:The process that involves metabolic cooperation among prokaryotic cells is c. biofilms. Biofilms are communities of microorganisms that stick to each other and often to a surface. These adherent cells are frequently embedded within a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). Biofilms may form on living or non-living surfaces and can be prevalent in natural, industrial, and hospital settings. They certainly demonstrate the metabolically cooperative characteristics of prokaryotic cells, where the cells work together to carry out functions that they couldn't perform individually.
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Carbon fixation occurs when CO2 combines with:
a. RuBisCo
b. G3P
c. RuBP
d. Glucose Phosphate
Answer:
The correct answer will be option-C.
Explanation:
Carbon fixation is a step of the light-independent reaction called the Calvin cycle of the photosynthesis. The Calvin cycle proceeds in three steps: carboxylation, reduction and regeneration of RuBP.
During carboxylation, the carbon from carbon dioxide binds the RuBP molecule, a five-carbon molecule by Rubisco enzyme and form two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate (3PGA).
Thus, Option-C is the correct answer.
Carbon fixation results from the combination of CO₂ and RuBP, catalyzed by the enzyme RuBisCo. The correct answer is 'c. RuBP'. The other options listed are also parts of the photosynthesis process
Explanation:Carbon fixation is an important process in photosynthesis where the atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) is converted into organic compounds. In this process, CO₂ combines with Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP). This process is catalyzed by the enzyme named Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, commonly known as RuBisCo. Option 'c. RuBP' Is the correct answer in this context.
It's important to note that the other options in your question are part of the photosynthesis process as well. G3P (Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate) is the molecule that is created as a result of the carbon fixation process, while glucose phosphate is part of the process of converting G3P to glucose.
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Measurements show that the pH of a particular lake is 4.0. What is the hydrogen ion concentration of the lake?
a. 4.0M c. 10^-4M
b. 10^-10M d. 10^4M
Answer:10 -10M
Explanation:
The tissues are higher organisation level than ___________
a. organism
b. cells
c. organ systems
d. organs
Answer:
Cells
Explanation:
Cells are the structural and functional unit of life. Tissues are a group of closely associated similar cells. These groups of cells work together to perform a specific function.
Organs are made of many related tissues while various related organs together make the organ systems.
For example, epithelial tissues are the group of cells that line the body cavities and serve in the protection of body surfaces and internal organs.
Albinism is a condition in which pigmentation is lacking. In humans, the result is white hair, non-pigmented skin, and pink eyes. The trait in humans is caused by a recessive allele. Two normal parents have an albino child. What are the parents' genotypes? What is the probability that the next child will be albino?
Answer:
1/4 or 25% chance/ probability of having an albino child.
Explanation:
Albinism is a recessive trait, this means that a person need 2 copies of the allele to express this condition. If both parents are normal their genome must be Aa ("A"=normal condition and "a" recessive allele) when they produce gamets they could either be "A" or "a" but when fertilization happens there's a 25% chance of 2 gametes with the recessive trait to meet, hence producing an albino.
It is important to understand that this is only probability. A couple could have 6 children and all of them could be normal.
example of a human geneticdisorder caused by an alteration in
chromosome structure (not a modification of an allele).
Answer:
Cri du chat syndrome.
Explanation:
Maintenance of chromosomal structure is important for the proper functioning of the cell. The alteration or change in the chromosome structure may leads to the various genetic problem.
The cri du chat syndrome occurs due to the missing of the short arm of the chromosome number 5. The deletion in short arm of chromosome 5 is responsible for this syndrome. The infants that suffer from this syndrome has high pitched cry that is similar to the cry of a cat.
Thus, the answer is Cri du chat syndrome.
All of the following are characteristics of benign tumors EXCEPT
A. they do not spread.
B. can sometimes be present as cysts.
C. cannot increase in size.
D. cause problems only when they become large enough to interfere with the normal functioning of neighboring organs.
E. are considered noncancerous.
Abiogenesis refers to how living organisms arose from inanimate matter. Place the sentences in order according to how life on Earth may have arisen from terrestrial origins. Only four sentences will be used.
(A) Precursors Simple inorganic compounds were exposed to energy in the form of light, heat, and lightning
(B) Larger organic molecules became enclosed within a membrane-like structure
(C) Organic molecules self-assembled into more complex molecules and polymers.
(D) Simple organic molecules, such as amino acids, formed from precursors exposed to energy
(E) Meteorites that impacted Earth-4 billion years ago contained traces of 18 amino acids.
Answer:
(A) -> (D) -> (C) -> (B)
Explanation:
First off, given that the problem requires us to explain how life on Earth may have arisen from terrestrial origins, we can discard sentence (E), as impacts from meteorites would count as extraterrestrial origins.
Then it's just a matter of describing the steps by which simple compounds turned into more and more complex structures, that would in turn lead to the origin of life.
Simple inorganic compounds (such as CO₂, or NH₃) were exposed to energy, because of that they formed simple organic molecules, like carbohydrates or amino acids.
These organic molecules, in turn, would self-assemble into more complex structures, such as proteins.
Lastly, there's the phenomenon of Compartmentalization, where large organic structures became enclosed within a membrane-like structure, separating them from the 'outside' medium and thus creating primitive cells.
Which of the following vectors holds the largest pieces of DNA?
a. plasmids
b. bacteriophage
c. YACs
d. PACs
e. cosmids
Answer:
c. YACs
Explanation:
YACs, the Yeast artificial chromosomes are the high capacity vectors designed to carry the eukaryotic genes and carry the insert of 200-2000 kb.
YACs carry origin of replication from yeast, selectable markers and sequences derived from telomeres and centromere to maintain the stability of the insert during cell division.
The insert size for plasmids, bacteriophage, PACs, and cosmids is about 0.1-10 kb, 5-25 kb, 100-300 kb, 35-45 kb respectively.
Explain in a concise manner:
(a) Factors affecting fermentation
(b) Types of fermentations
(c) Industrial uses of fermentation
(d) Isolation of microorganisms
(e) Component parts of fermentation
Answer:
Explanation:
A) Factors affecting fermentation
Factors which influence the rate of fermentation are as follows-
1) Nutritional requirements-
The media plays a crucial role in the process. Adequate amount of nutrients like C, N , K , P, O2 etc are necessary for the growth and metabolic activity of the microorganisms.
2) Temperature- Optimum temperature is required for the apt growth of the biomass.
3) pH of the fermentation process -Microorganisms grow, multiply and produce active proteins in adequate physio-friendly environment.
4) Mechanical process and Oxygen Transfer- Agitation
The agitation in the reactor allows enough mixing and oxygen transfer which enhances the morphology of the microorganisms.
B) Types of Fermentation
1) Batch type fermentation- The necessary nutrients required are added before inoculation. It is a discontinuous process
2) Fed batch fermentation- Initial medium concentration is low.
3) Continuous fermentation- Fresh media is continuously added to the reactor
4) Solid state fermentation- It is the growth of microorganisms on solid material in the absence of water.
5) Anaerobic fermentation- In the presence of oxygen
6) Aerobic fermentation- in the absence of oxygen
C) Industrial uses of fermentation
Fermentation has multiple uses in various sectors like
1)Agriculture- Plant growth hormones
2)Industrial Fermentation- Enzyme production, antibiotic production, ethanol production etc.
3)Agro-food industry- Food additives
D) Isolation of microorganisms
Isolation is the separation of microorganisms from each other in a mixed culture.
Few techniques employed to isolate the culture are- Streaking, Plating, Dilution, Enriched Procedure and Single cell technique.
E) Components parts of fermentation
There are three parts of a fermentation process namely
-Upstream processes: Primary screening, preparation of pure culture and selection of production strain at lab scale level
-Production processes: Continuous monitoring the production process to maintain best possible conditions for maximum product formation
-Downstream processes:The extraction of the product and its purification and the disposal of effluents produced by the process.
Describe the chemical components of DNA.
DNA is composed of nucleotides, which are composed of three parts:
1. A five carbon carbohydrate (pentose)
Pentose is classified as a monosaccharide (simple carbohydrate), and its molecular formula is represented by [tex](CH_{2} O)n[/tex]. They are water soluble molecules with sweet taste. Monosaccharides may have from three carbon atoms (trioses) to six (hexoses). In DNA is present pentose (5 carbon atoms)
2. A nitrogenous base
Nitrogenous bases are ring-shaped compounds that contain nitrogen in their molecular structure. They are classified into two groups: purines and pyrimidines
The purine bases are adenine (A) and guanine (G). They are larger and contain more than one ring in their structure,.
The pyrimidines, cytosine (C), uracil (U) and thymine (T), are smaller and composed of a single ring.
3. One or more phosphate groups
A phosphate consists of a trivalent anion that contains one phosphorus atom and four oxygen atoms. Its molecular formula is expressed by [tex](PO_{4} ^{-3})[/tex].
The chemical components of DNA are nucleotides, made up of deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group, and four nitrogenous bases. These components form the structure and base pairs in DNA molecules.
Explanation:The Chemical Components of DNA
The chemical components of DNA are nucleotides, which are made up of a sugar molecule called deoxyribose, a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), or guanine (G). The sugar and phosphate group form the backbone of the DNA molecule, while the nitrogenous bases pair up to form the rungs, or base pairs, of the DNA ladder.
Example:
A DNA molecule may have the sequence ATCGAT.
In this example, the sugar deoxyribose and phosphate group (sugar-phosphate backbone) connect the nucleotides, while the nitrogenous bases A, T, C, and G pair up in a complementary way: A pairs with T, and C pairs with G.
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A man with hemophilia (a recessive, sex-linked condition) has a daughter without the condition. She marries a man who does not have hemophilia. What is the probability that their daughter will have hemophilia? Their son? If they have four sons, what is the probability that all will be affected?
Answer:
Since the condition is sex-linked, it must be related to the X chromosome.
Let [tex]X^{A}[/tex] represent the dominant allele and [tex]X^{a}[/tex] the recessive one, the daugther must have a [tex]X^{a}[/tex] chromosome from the father (the only one he could pass) and a [tex]X^{A}[/tex] from the mother, otherwise she wouldn't be female ([tex]X^{a}Y[/tex]) or would have the condition ([tex]X^{a}X^{a}[/tex]).
If the man does not have the condition, he has the dominant allele on the X chromosome, represented as [tex]X^{A}Y[/tex]. You can use Punett squares to represent their cross.
\begin{center}\begin{tabular}{ |c|c|c|c| }\ & X^{a} & X^{A} \\ \ X^{A} & X^{A}X^{a} & X^{A}X^{A} \\ \ Y & X^{a}Y & X^{A}Y \\ \end{tabular}\end{center}
None of the possible daugthers could have the condition, but there is a 50% chance of their son having it (1/2).
In total, since there is a chance of 1/2 for their son to be affected, the probability of having four sons with the condition is 1/2⁴, or 6.25%.
Which of the following does NOT contribute to genetic variation among plants?
a. Flowering time
b. An increased number of chromosomes
c. Mutations
d. Genetic recombination
Answer:
The correct answer will be option-A.
Explanation:
Genetic variation is the difference in the DNA sequences of individuals in a population. Genetic recombination is the main reason for the diversity of organism on earth.
The genetic variation takes place during gamete formation by recombination of DNA sequences which takes place during prophase of meiosis I.
Since genetic variation involves changes in the coding segments of the DNA called genes which leads to mutations, therefore, flowering time does not influence the genetic variation and option-A is the correct answer
The genetic information contained in DNA consists of a linear sequence of coding units, known as codons. Each codon consists of three adjacent DNA nucleotides that correspond to a single amino acid in a protein. The E. coli DNA molecule contains 4.70×106 base pairs. Determine the number of codons that can be present in this DNA molecule
Answer:
1.6x[tex]10^{6}[/tex]
Explanation:
All you have to do is divide the number of base pairs by 3, since 3 nucleotides constitute a codon.
What kind of sequence or structure would you classify this as
CGACCAGC
GCTGGTCG
Question options:
a. inverted repeat
b. mirrorlike palindrome
c. hairpin
d. stem and loop motif
Answer:
The correct answer will be option-A.
Explanation:
Inverted repeats are the sequence of the nucleotide in a nucleic acid which is identical but arranged in the opposite orientation. The inverted repeat may be separated by some sequence or they may lie adjacent to each other. They can be read the same from the backwards or forward direction.
In the given question since four bases when read from the forward direction is same as reading the sequence from the backward direction like CGAC can be read the same both backward and forward.
Thus, option-A is the correct answer.
The theory of heredity before Mendel's work was completed can be described as:
a. the theory of chromosomal transmission
b. the theory of blending inheritance
c. the theory of particulate inheritance
d. the theory of natural selection
e. none of the above describes the view of heredity before Mendel's time
Answer:
b. the theory of blending inheritance
Explanation:
Before Mendel's work was completed and published, theory of blending inheritance was widely accepted. According to it traits from both parents were blended and expressed in the next progeny. The new trait wont be in extreme like its parents' and would fall somewhere in between the spectrum.
Mendel disproved theory of blending inheritance by his famous pea experiment. When he crossed a pure breeding tall and pure breeding dwarf pea plant he got all tall pea plants in next progeny. According to theory of blending inheritance, the height of pea plants in next progeny should have been a result of mixing of heights from the two parent plants. But all the plants were tall like one of the parent plant disapproving the theory.
Answer:
The correct answer will be option-E.
Explanation:
Gregor Mendel is known for his transmission of traits- the principle of inheritance.
He was the first person to show the idea that how the traits are passed on from generation to the next generation through factors which gave rise to the theory of heredity.
Before him, no other theories wee predicted and proposed to show the inheritance pattern and therefore option-E is the correct answer.
Bird guides once listed the myrtle warbler and Audubon’s warbler as distinct species. Recently, these birds have been classified as eastern and western forms of a single species, the yellow-rumped warbler. Which of the following pieces of evidence, if true, would be cause for this reclassification?
a. The two forms interbreed often in nature, and their offspring survive and reproduce well.
b. The two forms live in similar habitats and have similar food requirements.
c. The two forms have many genes in common.
d. The two forms are very similar in appearance.
Answer:
a. The two forms interbreed often in nature, and their offspring survive and reproduce well.
Explanation:
A species is a group of organisms that can breed with each other and reproduce viable offsprings that are also capable of reproducing in future.
Here, Audubon's warbler and Myrtle warbler had separate habits which might or might not be similar. Their food requirements also might or might not be similar. But they were found to interbreed and give rise to offsprings who survived and reproduced well so they belonged to the same species of yellow rumped warbler.
How would DNA extracted from an onion be different from the DNA extracted from cauliflower? Why?
Answer:
Explanation:
DNA extration from a onion and from a cauliflower would be different because even though all DNA is composed by the same nucleotides. The sequence of genes will be different in both onion and cauliflower. That's why a cauliflower doesn't look like a onion. The genes are responsible for making up the cauliflower and the onion.
What is considered the fundamental unit of life?
A. DNA
B. Carbohydrates
C. A molecule
D. Nucleic acid
E. A cell
The correct answer is E. A cell
Explanation:
The cell is the smallest unit of life that exists and that constitutes all living organisms and body tissues including unicellular and multicellular organisms. Due to this, cells are considered as the fundamental unit of life as even the smallest and simplest living organisms are made of cells or at least made of one cell.
Cells are commonly made up of three main parts: the cell membrane which surrounds the cell and controls the substances that enter and leave it; the nucleus which is the structure within the cell that contains the nucleolus and most of the cell's DNA; and the cytoplasm that is the fluid inside the cell that contains other tiny cell particles with specific functions, such as the Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, and the endoplasmic reticulum. This applies to all cells except to prokaryotic cells because these do not contain a nucleus but a chromosome in the middle of the cell.
Where in an angiosperm would you find a megasporangium?
a. in the style of a flower
b. enclosed in the stigma of a flower
c. within an ovule contained within an ovary of a flower
d. packed into pollen sacs within the anthers found on a stamen
Answer:
Within an ovule contained within an ovary of a flower (Ans C).
Explanation:
Angiosperm is known as flowering plants and bears their seeds within a fruit. They are vascular plants they have stem, leaves, and roots. They represent approximately 80% of all living green plants. They are the most abundant and diverse plants throughout the globe.
Angiosperms are vascular seed plants where the ovule or egg is fertilized and develops into the seed in an enclosed hollow ovary. The ovary is also enclosed in a flower, it is the part of the plant angiospermous plant which contains both male or female reproductive organs. Fruits are derived from the maturing flower organs present in the angiosperm plants.
They are also defined as vascular plants with fruit, seeds, and flowers for reproduction.
How many genetically different eggs could be formed by women with the following genotypes? (a). Aa bb CC DD (b). AA Bb Cc dd (c). Aa Bb cc Dd (d). Aa Bb Cc Dd
Answer:
(c). Aa Bb cc Dd
Explanation:
The number of genetically different eggs that could be formed by women with the following genotypes are a) 5 b) 6 c) 7 d) 8.
What is meant by independent assortment?
The Principle or the law of Independent Assortment describes how different genes separate independently from one another during the development of reproductive cells or germ cells. An Independent assortment of genes and the traits corresponding to this was first observed by Gregor Mendel in the year 1865 when he was studying genetics in pea plants.
Mendel performed the experiment called dihybrid cross. In this, he performed a between organisms which are different with regard to two traits. His discovery was that when traits combine in the offspring, the cross does not always match the combinations of traits according to the parent organisms. From his data, he could formulate the Principle of Independent Assortment.
Therefore, according to the principle of independent assortment, the number of genetically different eggs that could be formed by women with the following genotypes are a) 5 b) 6 c) 7 d) 8.
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2. Hepatitis D is a defective form of the virus that needs Hepatitis B to exist.
A) True
B) False
Answer:
The given statement is true.
Explanation:
HDV or hepatitis D virus refers to a virus, which needs hepatitis B virus for its replication. The HDV infection takes place concurrently or as super-infection with hepatitis B virus. About five percent of individuals with chronic HBV infection are co-infected with HDV, causing a sum of 15 to 20 million individuals infected with HDV globally.
The co-infection of HDV-HBV is regarded to be the most extreme kind of chronic viral hepatitis because of the rapid cases of liver-associated death and hepatocellular carcinoma. The infection of hepatitis D can be prevented with the application of hepatitis B vaccines.
Present an overview of two classical experiments that
demonstrated that DNA is the genetic material. Can RNA be the
genetic material? Explain.
Answer:
Explanation:
A) Fredrick Griffith Bacterial Transformation Experiment
In 1928 Fredrick worked on various strains on Staphylococcus pneumoniae
and mice.
He was trying to develop a vaccine against pneumonia.
He chose two strains of bacteria,
R stain- rough and non virulent strain
S strain- smooth and virulent strain
when he injected the strains one by one into the mice these were the results-
R strain into the mice -----> Mice lives
S strain into the mice ------> Mice gets pneumonia and dies
Heat killed S strain ------> Mice lives
R starin + Heat killed S strain----> Mice dies
Thus, Griffith concluded that The living R strain must have taken a 'transforming principle' from the heat killed S train and became virulent. This resulted in the death of the mice.
B) Hershey Chase experiment
They used bacteriophages to conduct this experiment. Their phase was made up of protein and contained DNA.
To determine that whether the phage added proteins or DNA to the host cell in order to multiply, he radiolabeled the components of the phage
Proteins were labelled by 35S
DNA was labelled with 32P
He infected various batches of bacterial culture with these radiolabelled bacteriophage.
Then he centrifuged the culture and got a pellet( heavy material like bacteria) and supernatant( light material like media, phages).
He found that pellet was mostly labelled with 32P and not 35S. Hence they concluded that it DNA and not protein were the genetic material.
RNA stores the genetic material. In fact RNA was the first genetic molecule and it was only after evolution that DNA became the genetic molecule.
-RNA has a great capacity of storing and expressing the genetic information.
-But the single stranded structure of RNA is unstable and can be easily destroyed by the enzymes.
-Hence the double stranded nature of DNA is much more stable and and passes the genetic information with more accuracy.
The products produced in the light independent reaction are used to drive the light dependent reaction.
a. True
b. False
Answer:
False
Explanation:
Light independent reactions of photosynthesis produce glucose from carbon dioxide. Glucose is the ultimate product of photosynthesis which is used by plants as a source of energy.
The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis include photolysis of water molecule and release of electrons to drive the synthesis of ATP and NADPH. The electrons are transferred from water molecule to the PSII, carrier, PSI and finally to the NADP+ to reduce it into NADPH.
During the electron transfer, the generated proton gradient drives the ATP synthesis. ATP and NADPH formed during light reactions are used in light-independent reactions of photosynthesis.
Meiosis provides for or leads to several different forms of genetic variation. For example:
a. it maximizes the mutation rate of DNA
b. it minimizes the mutation rate of DNA
c. it changes individual chromosomes through the process of "crossing over
d. it changes individual chromosomes through the process of nonrandom mutation
e. it doubles the number of chromosomes that were present at the beginning of the process
Answer:
a. it maximizes the mutation rate of DNA
Explanation:
b. False
In fact, it maximizes due to the crossing over process that occurs in metaphase.
c. False
"Crossing over" doesn't change the chromosomes individually, but in homologue pairs.
d. False
It is a random process
e. False
It doesn't double the number of chromosomes, but the genetic load
Which of the following does NOT belong with the others?
a. canine
b. dentin
c. enamel
d. pulp
e. crown
Answer:
a. canine
Explanation:
a. Canine does not belong with the other because of canine a type of teeth while others are the components of a particular tooth.
Canines are single-rooted, strong and pointed teeth. Total four canines are found in a human used for tearing the food or anything.
b. Dentin is hard tissue which is located inside the enamel of a teeth.
c. Enamel is the outer most part of a tooth known as hardest part of the body.
d. The pulp is a space inside a tooth where blood vessels and nerves take place.
e. Crown, is the visible portion of a tooth in the mouth.
An organism has the following characteristics: low biotic potential; k-selected, iteroparous; heterotrophic, fed upon by top carnivores large body size (> 2m tall). This organism most likely would also have
a. seed cones
b. basidiocarps
c. exoskeleton
d. open circulatory system
e. vertebrae
Answer:
e. vertebrate
Explanation:
The question states that the organism posses the following characteristics:
Low biotic potential: this means that the maximum amount of offpring that this species can produce under best environmental conditions is actually low. Typically, large organisms have much lower biotic potential than smaller ones. k-selected: this means that this species typically invest much more in fewer offspring rather than prioritizing many offspring.iteroparous: means that can reproduce many times over one organisms's lifetime.heterotrophic, fed upon by top carnivores large body size (> 2m tall): this shows that they are preys of large carnivores, thus it implies that the prey itself has a considerable size and it is not a plant.Option a is discarded as seed cones are produced by conifers which are autotrophics.
Option b is incorrect as basidiocarps are typical of Basidiomycetes (fungi) which are not large and are rarely consumed by carnivores.
Option c and d correspond to small animals (e.g. arthropods) and with usually high biotic potential and r-selected species which prioritizes high growth population rates and offspring.
Then, option e (vertebrate) is consistent with belong to a k-selected, low biotic potential, iteroparus, heterotrophic species (e.g. a mammal).
How does a cell decide to do fermentation versus the krebs cycle?
Answer:
The cell decides to ferment instead of the krebs cycle when there is no oxygen in the cell cytosol.
Explanation:
Fermentation occurs in the absence of oxygen in the eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell cytosol. In this situation glucose is degraded into simpler substances such as lactic acid (lactic fermentation) and ethyl alcohol (alcoholic fermentation). In both lactic and alcoholic fermentation there is a balance of only 2 ATP molecules and, in both processes, they start with pyruvic acid obtained from glycolysis, as described in aerobic respiration.
In a nutshell, we can say that fermentation is an anaerobic process of obtaining energy, ie occurs when there is no oxygen available in the medium. The fermentation may be an alcoholic fermentation or a lactic fermentation.
The initial stage of fermentation is the same as cellular respiration: glycolysis. The energy yield of fermentation is lower, only of the 2 ATP that are produced in glycolysis. But it is a faster process than aerobic respiration.
People can get smallpox from the smallpox vaccine.
a. True
b. False
Answer:
FALSE
Explanation:
Smallpox was a highly contagious viral disease characterized by the high fever, skin rash, sores in mouth and vomiting. This infection was caused by the virus Variola minor and Variola major.
Smallpox vaccine developed by the English physician and scientist, Edward Jenner in 1796, was the first successful vaccine for smallpox.
In 1980, this infection was certified as globally eradicated.
When the corpus luteum degenerates
A. Circulating levels of estrogen and progesterone rapidly decline.
B. FSH and LH secretion start to rise as the inhibitory effects of the gonadal steroids are withdrawn.
C. The endometrium sloughs off.
D. Both A and B are correct.
E. All of the preceding are correct.
Answer:
E. All of the preceding are correct
Explanation:
When the corpus luteum stops secreting progesterone and estrogen, the
Concentration of these hormones in the blood drops.
As a result, small arteries in the endometrium contract, reducing
the oxygen supply. Menstruation, which marks the beginning
of a new cycle, begins when cells die (due to the lack of oxygen) and blood vessels break and bleed. Estrogen concentrations and
Progesterone are now too low to inhibit the anterior pituitary,
so the secretion of HSF and HL grows again.
___________ is a molecule that picks up electrons from NADH dehydrogenase and delivers it to cytochrome C reductase
a. Ubiquinone
b. Quinone
c. dehydrogenase
d. ATP synthase
Answer:
Ubiquinone.
Explanation:
Electron transport chain is the important cycle in which electrons are transferred are from one complexes to another complexes and couples it with proton transfer. This is important for the formation of ATP molecule.
Ubiquinone acts as a mobile carrier in the electron transport chain. The ubiquinone accepts electron from the NADH dehydrogenase. The accepted electron is then transferred to the complex III ( cytochrome C reductase). Both oxidation and reduction occur in this step.
Thus, the correct answer is option (a).