Answer:
The answer is A choroid plexus
Explanation:
The choroid plexuses are not part of the brainstem, since the choroid plexuses are part of the brain's vascular system and are responsible for the formation of the cerebrospinal fluid, which serves as protection for the central nervous system (CNS).
The brainstem consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. However, the choroid plexus, while part of the brain, is not part of the brainstem as it belongs to the ventricular system.
Explanation:The brainstem is the part of the brain which connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord and comprises three important parts: the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla oblongata. The choroid plexus is not a part of the brainstem, but rather a part of the ventricular system in the brain involved in the production of cerebrospinal fluid.
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Signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis
Answers:
- Tired ( fatigue)
- Fever
- Loss of appetite
-Swelling ( on joints)
- Feeling weak
- Redness on skin
- Morning stiffness
- Numbness and tingling
- Dry mouth
- Cannot sleep
- Weight loss
- Eye discharge
- Loss of energy
- Decrease range of motion
Vegans need a supplement or fortified food source of which B vitamin to prevent a deficiency?
Which branch of microscopic anatomy is the study of tissues?
A) Surgical anatomy
B) Histology
C) Cytology
D) Developmental anatomy
E) Embryology
Answer:
B) Histology
Explanation:
The histology studies the biological structures in his microscopic anatomy. The cytology also studies the structures at microscopic levels but looking only at cells. It is the histology that classfies the ephitelium and other tissues into a specialized classification. It is a great help beacause we can look at the microscopic changes in a disease in order to make a diagnosis.
The correct answer is B. Histology branch of microscopic anatomy is the study of tissues.
Histology is the branch of microscopic anatomy that deals with the study of tissues, including their structure, function, and composition. Tissues are groups of cells that perform specific functions in the body, and histology examines these tissues at a microscopic level to understand their organization and role in maintaining the body's homeostasis.
To clarify the other options:
A) Surgical anatomy is the study of anatomical structures with a focus on their relevance to surgical procedures. It is not specifically concerned with tissues at the microscopic level.
C) Cytology is the study of cells, including their structure, function, and pathology, but it does not specifically focus on tissues, which are composed of multiple cells.
D) Developmental anatomy is the study of the processes by which an organism forms and grows, including the development of tissues, organs, and systems, but it is broader than just the study of tissues.
E) Embryology is a subfield of developmental anatomy that specifically focuses on the development of an embryo from the time of fertilization until it becomes a fetus. While it involves the formation of tissues, it is not exclusively the study of tissues themselves.
Therefore, histology is the most appropriate term for the study of tissues at the microscopic level.
Symptoms of Salmonella food poisoning include?
a) Vomiting and nausea
b) Abdominal pain and Diarrhea
c) Both A and B
Answer:
C, both A and B
Explanation:
A salmonella infection is an infection in the intestinal track. Some of the sources of the infection are contaminated water and food, meat, fertilizer and pets.
Symptoms of salmonella include abdominal pain with cramps, diarrhea, vomiting with accompanying nausea. Some people also experience chills and fever.
The illness usually goes away on its own but some patients may need hospital treatment.
Prevention of salmonella include hand washing, cooking well of all foods and avoiding contact with unknown animals.
Answer:
c)Both A and B
Explanation:
hope this help you answer your question
Icd 10 code for lumbar stenosis with radiculopathy
Answer:
Radiculopathy which was a nonspecific code of 724.4 now is covered with the following ICD-10-CM codes: M54.15 Radiculopathy, thoracolumbar region. M54.16 Radiculopathy, lumbar region.
Explanation:
The adrenal medullarry hormones mimic the effects of sympathetic discharge because they increase:
A. glycogenolysis
B. lipolysis
C energy production
D. A and C
E. A, B, and C
Answer:
D. A and C
Explanation:
The adrenal medullarry hormones mimic the effects of sympathetic discharge because they increase glycogenolysis and energy production.
The area of the brain involved in amnesia due to trauma or disease is the
a. hippocampus.
b. cingulate gyrus.
c. hypothalamus.
d. fornix.
The correct answer is A. Hippocampus
Explanation:
Amnesia refers to a deficit in memory either because the individual is unable to retrieve information from the past (retrograde amnesia) or because the individual cannot remember new information or making the information part of long-term memory (anterograde amnesia). This is commonly caused by diseases or brain damage; although the use of certain medicines can also cause it. In the case of brain damage, traumas or diseases there are mainly two areas of the brain involved the first one is the media temporal love that is related to visual memory and language and the second one and main are involved is the Hippocampus which is directly related to short-term and long-term memory which explains why dementia, Alzheimer and also amnesia occurs when this is damaged. Therefore, the area of the brain involved in amnesia due to trauma or disease is the Hippocampus.
The lesser tubercle of the humerus is the insertion site for the __________ muscle.
Answer:
Subescapularis muscle.
Explanation:
The subescapularis muscle originates in the subescapular fossa and inserts in the lesser tubercule of the humerus. The function of the subescapular muscle is to medially rotate the shoulder and adduce it. It also helps maintain the humerus inside the glenoid cavity.
What is the meaning of the following suffix:
a. -oma
b. -phagia
c. -phasia
d. -logy
e. -algia
f. -phobia
Answer:
a. -oma: to describe cancer or tumor
b. -phagia: to describe a condition of eating
c. -phasia: to describe a disorder of the speech
d. -logy: to describe a study of a particular subject
e. -algia: to describe pain
f. -phobia: to describe fear
Explanation:
Suffix is a group of letters written at the end of a particular word, in order to make a new word.
a. -oma
Meaning- suffix added to describe cancer or tumor of the affected body part.
b. -phagia
Meaning- suffix added to describe a condition of eating a particular substance or eating in a particular manner
c. -phasia
Meaning- suffix added to describe a disorder of the speech.
d. -logy
Meaning- suffix added to describe a study of a particular subject.
e. -algia
Meaning- suffix added to describe pain in the part of body.
f. -phobia
Meaning- suffix added to describe fear as a mental disorder.
What are the signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia? How would each be treated?
Answer:
Explanation:
Hyperglycemia
When the blood glucose level is more than 130 mg/ dL after not eating anything for 8 hours then this condition can be defined as Hyperglycemia.
After eating, if the level of blood sugar in blood is more than 180 mg/ dL
Symptoms: Trouble concentrating,Weight loss, increased thirst, fatigue, et cetera.
Treatment: Insulin, medication and regular exercise.
Hypoglycemia
When the blood glucose level is less than 70mg/dL then this condition is known as hypoglycemia. This condition can be defined less than normal blood glucose level.
Symptoms: Dizziness, hunger, pale skin, fatigue.
Treatment: Food with high sugar content must be eaten( candy, chicken, tofu) to make the level normal and then proper medication should be continued as advised by the doctor.
Answer:
In relation to diabetes, hyperglycemia refers to chronically high blood glucose levels. Most medical professionals define hyperglycemia by using the blood glucose goals that you and your physician have established and combining those goals with the blood glucose target ranges set by the American Diabetes Association. It’s important to understand that you’ll probably experience high blood glucose levels from time to time, despite your best efforts at control. To treat hyperglycemia, you must:
Exercise: Physical activity can use excess glucose in the blood. However, if a person with severe hyperglycemia finds ketones in their urine, they should avoid exercise, as this breaks down more fats and might speed up ketoacidosis. Moderating the diet: Eating less during mealtimes and snacking less, as well as focusing on low-sugar foods, helps keep the amount of glucose at a level that the body can handle. A dietitian can help a person adapt their diet in gradual and healthful ways. Alter medications: A doctor may recommend changing the timings or types of medication and insulin a person is taking if they are not reducing blood sugar as they should.Hypoglycemia refers to dangerously low blood glucose levels that drop below 70 mg/dL. Significant hypoglycemia is considered below 54 mg/dL. It is an acute complication of diabetes and occurs in individuals who use insulin or specific kinds of oral diabetes medication. If you use oral diabetes medications, ask your physician or diabetes educator whether hypoglycemia should be a concern. To treat hypoglycemia, you must immediately:
Check your blood glucose level to determine the amount of carbohydrate that is needed to raise your blood glucose to a safe level. Use the 15/15 Rule: Consume 15 grams of carbohydrate (4 ounces of regular juice or soda, 1 tablespoon honey, 2 tablespoons raisins, 7 Life Savers®, 9 Sweet Tarts®, or 3-4 glucose tablets) and retest your blood glucose in 15 minutes. If it is still below 70 mg/dL, you should consume an additional 15 grams of carbohydrate. Following the 15/15 Rule can help avoid over treatment and resulting hyperglycemia. If you are not planning to have a meal within one to two hours after treating a hypoglycemic reaction, eat a snack containing 15-30 grams of carbohydrate to prevent another episode of hypoglycemia.Complications from Hypoglycemia
If hypoglycemia is not treated immediately, it can result in:
Severe confusion and disorientation Unconsciousness Seizures Coma DeathExplanation:
There are different levels of low blood sugar: mild, moderate, or severe. If your blood sugar drops low enough that you need help to recover, it is considered to be a low blood sugar emergency, or severe hypoglycemia.
Mild or moderate low blood sugar is common for people with type 1 diabetes, and can occur in people with type 2 diabetes who are using insulin. If not treated, mild or moderate low blood sugar can progress and become severe, requiring the help of someone else to recover. Let those close to you know what the possible signs are so they can be more prepared for an emergency.
Renal failure may lead to:
a. nevous system problems
b. high blood pressure
c. azotemia or an increase in nitrogenous wastes
d. all of the above
Answer: Option D.
Explanation:
Renal failure can be defined as the condition of kidneys in which the functional ability of kidneys to remove waste and balance fluids is loss.
Renal failure can lead to azotemia, high blood pressure, and nervous system problems.
In renal failure, blood vessels of kidneys get narrower that increases the amount of force through the blood vessels and results in hypertension (high blood pressure), Uraemic toxins produced during chronic renal failure contribute to central nervous system (CNS) injury, and Azotemia is severe cause of renal failure that allows elevation of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine levels.
Hence, the correct option D.
It stimulates cell uptake of glucose by cells throughout the body.
a. oxytocin
b. calcitonin
c. LH
d. insulin
e. aldosterone
f. ACTH
Answer:
d
Explanation:
insulin secreted hormone called pancrease and produce glucose
The universal blood donor is:
A. Type A
B. Type B
C. Type O
D. Type AB
Answer:
c
Explanation:
it is blood group o, it can donate to other group
Answer:
C. Type O
Explanation:
The universal blood donor is type O.
O can either be an O-Positive or an O-Negative blood type.
O-Positives typically are better for donation.
What is the cause of bone fusion in joints damaged by rheumatoid arthritis?
Answer:
The cause of bone fusion in joints damaged by rheumatoid arthritis is due to the over activity of the synovium.
Explanation:
Synovium -
Synovium is a lining that covers the joints of the body , which is responsible for lubrication of the joints and to move easily .
The disorder rheumatoid arthritis is caused by the over activity of this lining , as it swells out and becomes inflamed , and hence, can destroy the joint and even the ligament and the tissues .
The weakening of these ligament can lead to deformities like claw toe or hammer toe.
Anterior surface below mandibular condyle that originates in sphenoid bone.
Answer:
The upper/superior head of the lateral pterygoid muscle inserts into the anterior side of the mandibular condyle and originates from the sphenoid bone.
Explanation:
The muscle lateral pterygoid, also called the external pterygoid, has two heads and is a muscle of mastication. The two heads are the upper/superior head and lower/inferior head.
The upper/superior head of the lateral pterygoid muscle originates from the sphenoid bone and inserts into the anterior side of the mandibular condyle.
Heritability describes the:
a. genetic composition for a trait in a particular population.
b. phenotypic variation of a trait in a particular population.
c. variation in a phenotype caused by the environment.
d. proportion of genetic contribution to a trait in a particular population.
Heritability describes the proportion of variation in a trait in a particular population that is due to genetic influences. It does not account for the direct influence of the environment on a phenotype, but rather the genetic contribution to a trait.
Explanation:Heritability describes the proportion of variation in a trait in a particular population that is due to genetic influences. Thus, the correct answer is (d) the proportion of genetic contribution to a trait in a particular population.
The variation in a phenotype could be influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. However, heritability specifically refers to the degree to which genetic differences contribute to differences in the trait among people.
For instance, if we say the heritability of height is 0.6, it means that approximately 60% of the variance in height within a population can be attributed to genetic influences.
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Heritability describes the genetic contribution to a trait's variability within a population. It's a estimation of how much variability is due to genes or environment.
Explanation:Heritability describes the proportion of genetic contribution to a trait in a particular population. It gives us an estimate of how much of the variation of a trait in a population is due to genes versus the environment. For example, if heritability of a trait like height is 0.6, it means that 60% of the variation in height in the population is due to genetic factors.
The alternative options a, b and c are different from heritability.
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Why do the different skeletal muscle fiber types vary in the speed and duration of their twitches?
a) They vary in the flow of K* across the membrane.
b) They vary in the rate of hydrolysis of ATP
c) They vary in the removal of Ca+ from the cytosol
d) a & b
e) a & c
f) b & c
g) a, b & c
Answer:
The different skeletal muscle fiber types vary in the speed and duration of their twitches due to -
b) They vary in the rate of hydrolysis of ATP
c) They vary in the removal of Ca+ from the cytosol
Explanation:
There are mainly two types of muscle fibers , i.e.
a) slow twitching, long contraction duration( type I fibers)
b) First twitching but short duration of contraction. ( type II fibers).
Now think of the physiology of muscle. Two components are important, cytosolic Ca++ concentration and Availability of ATP. K+ is related to the action potential ( none or all law, there is no relation to the duration with respect to the potassium). For long contraction muscle fibers need a more steady supply of ATP, and also consistent high concentration of cytosolic Ca++ for muscle contraction to happen. So, these two factor is important for the duration of twitching. So the answer is option f .
What is the name of the fluid found in tissue spaces?
a. transcellular fluid
b. intracellular fluid
c. interstitial fluid
d. lymph
Answer: Option C. " Interstitial fluid"
Explanation:
Interstitial fluid is also called tissue fluid which is found in interstitial spaces (tissue spaces) that is a solution surrounding the cells of multicellular animals.
Interstitial fluid provide nutrients and oxygen to the cells and removes waste from the cells of body. when new interstitial fluid form, it replace the older fluid, which pours towards lymph vessels. After entering the lymph vessels, it is known as lymph.
Hence, the correct answer is option C.
Restoring lost fluid from the capillaries back to the circulatory system is one of the major functions of the ____________ system.
a. urinary
b. endocrine
c. immune
d. lymphatic
e. digestive
Answer:
Lymphatic system
Explanation:
Lymphatic system -
Lymphatic system is the network of tissues and organs which help to get rid of the body toxins and unwanted materials .
Lymphatic system is also responsible for the transportation of lymph ,
Lymph is a fluid , that contains infection fighting white blood cells , in the body.
The lymphatic system releases a fluid and returns them through the lymph vessels to the blood stream and avoid fluid imbalance that can lead to death.
The lymphatic system is responsible for restoring lost fluid from the capillaries back to the circulatory system, as well as playing roles in immune defense and the absorption of fatty acids from digested lipids.
Explanation:Functions of the Lymphatic SystemRestoring lost fluid from the capillaries back to the circulatory system is one of the major functions of the lymphatic system. A major function of the lymphatic system is to drain body fluids and return them to the bloodstream. Blood pressure causes leakage of fluid from the capillaries, resulting in the accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space—that is, spaces between cells in the tissues. The lymphatic system collects this excess fluid, now called lymph, and channels it back into the circulatory system, helping to maintain fluid balance and playing a role in the body's defense system. Lymphatic vessels called lacteals are also significant in the digestive system as they absorb fatty acids from the digestion of lipids.
The correct answer to the question is thus 'd. lymphatic'. This system not only aids in fluid balance but also in immune defense and nutrition transport.
Describe the effects of aging on joints.
Answer:
With the aging of the joints, wear on them occurs. The most affected joints are those with greater mobility and weight support, such as the knee, shoulders and elbows. The changes that occur most are:
- decrease in synovial fluid.
- reduction of intra articular space.
- joint stiffness.
The joint becomes arthrosic, that is to say a worn joint, which will manifest itself with pain, functional limitation and inflammation.
Whole blood for testing in clinical labs is usually collected from?
Answer:
Superficial vein
Explanation:
Whole blood for testing in clinical labs is usually collected from superficial vein.
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Bone can respond to increased/decreased applied forces by increasing/decreasing bone mass or changing the external shape or internal structure.
a. True
b. False
Answer:
a. True
Explanation:
Bone can respond to increased/decreased applied forces by increasing/decreasing bone mass or changing the external shape or internal structure.
Bone can respond to increased/decreased applied forces by increasing/decreasing bone mass or changing the external shape or internal structure.
a. True
b. False
Which way would blood flow in:
·Patent ductus arteriosus?
·Transposition of the great vessels?
·Tetralogy of Fallot?
Answer:
1-) Patent ductus arteriosus: this duct normally must be closed two days after the baby is born, but if not, it will carry oxygenated blood to the pulmonary artery producing a mixture with oxygen-poor blood and producing a cardiac overload due to the large amount of blood that would reach the right heart.
2-) Transposition of the great vessels: In this defect, the oxygenated blood is collected throughout the body and taken directly to the right heart which returns to the poorly connected aorta (right ventricle) back to the body without oxygenation; on the other hand, the oxygenated blood returns to the left heart, then goes to the pulmonary artery (connected to the left ventricle) and back to the lungs.
3-) Tetralogy of fallot: It is a congenital anomaly that can present different defects at the level of the heart, such as:
intraventricular communication, in which blood would go from the left heart to the right heart. Pulmonary obstruction, there is obstruction of the blood outlet by plugging the duct, which causes a decrease in blood flow to the body. Dextraposition of the aorta: The aorta is more deviated to the right and in union with the intraventricular (IVC) communication. Increased amount of bleeding to the pulmonary artery. Bad oxygenation of the blood due to the mixture thereof.
Which specific organ do the following hormones belong to:
a. Thyrotropin
b. LH
c. Gastrin
d. ACTH
e. Prolactin
f. ADH
g. Growth hormone
h. GnRH
Answer:
The given hormones belong to:
a. Thyrotropin: brain
b. LH: brain
c. Gastrin: stomach, duodenum, and pancreas.
d. ACTH: brain
e. Prolactin: brain
f. ADH: brain
g. Growth hormone: brain
h. GnRH: brain
Explanation:
a. Thyrotropin : This hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary present in the brain.
b. LH : Luteinizing Hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland present in the brain.
c. Gastrin : This hormone is secreted by the stomach, duodenum, and the pancreas.
d. ACTH : Adrenocorticotropic hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland present in the brain.
e. Prolactin : This hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland present in the brain.
f. ADH : Antidiuretic hormone is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland present in the brain
g. Growth hormone : This hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland present in the brain.
h. GnRH : Gonadotropin-releasing hormone is produced by the hypothalamus gland present in the brain.
Which word means elevated blood pressure?
a. hypercholesterolemia
b. hypolipidemia
c. hypertension
d. hypotension
The correct answer is C. Hypertension
Explanation:
In medicine, the tension or pressure blood generates on the walls of blood vessels is commonly known as blood pressure. Additionally, concerning blood pressure in medicine a low blood pressure is known as hypotension, considering "hypo" means under; while a high or elevated blood pressure is known as hypertension as "hyper" means over or in excess. Indeed, hypertension occurs because there is excessive pressure on the wall of blood vessels which is a medical condition that can lead to diseases such as vision loss, artery disease, heart failures, among others. On the other hand, hypercholesteremia refers to high levels of cholesterol and hypolipidemia refers to low levels of lipids. Therefore, the word that means elevated pressure is Hypertension.
What is the complete pathway for food through the alimentary canal beginning with the oral cavity?
Answer:
oral cavity (mouth), esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine,
Explanation:
Digestion may be defined as the process of breakdown of large food particle into simpler substances with the help of digestive enzymes and juices.
The process of food breakdown starts from the mouth. The physical breakdown of food helps with the mastication of teeth. The salivary amylase breaks down carbohydrate into mouth. Food then passes down to the esophagus with the help of peristaltic movements. The food then enters in the stomach forms chyme with the help of mixing of food with gastric juice. Hydrochloric acid kills the harmful bacteria in the stomach. The food then passes into the small intestine ( duodenum, jejunum and ileum). The bile juice, pancreatic juice and various enzymes are present in the small intestine. The carbohydrates are breakdown into simple sugars, proteins into amino acid and fatty acid into simple fats. The maximum absorption and complete digestion occur in the small intestine. The excess material and waste product passes into the large intestine and excrete out from the body through rectum.
Food passage begins in the oral cavity with mastication and moves through the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine, ending with expulsion through the anus. Along this pathway, various digestive processes involve the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food, leading to nutrient absorption and waste elimination.
Explanation:Complete Pathway of Food Through the Alimentary CanalThe alimentary canal, also known as the gastrointestinal (GI) tract or gut, is the continuous tube through which food travels and is processed in the body. The pathway for food begins at the oral cavity or mouth, where food enters and undergoes both mechanical and chemical digestion. Mastication, or the chewing action of the teeth, breaks down food into smaller particles which are mixed with saliva containing digestive enzymes. This forms a bolus which is then swallowed.
From the oral cavity, the ingested bolus passes to the pharynx and then through the esophagus via a wave-like motion known as peristalsis. The esophagus delivers the bolus to the stomach, where it is further broken down by stomach acid and enzymes. After the stomach, the partly digested food enters the small intestine, which is the primary site for nutrient absorption.
Once the absorption process in the small intestine is completed, the remaining waste products move on to the large intestine where water is absorbed and the waste is formed into feces. The waste then travels to the rectum and is finally expelled from the body via the anus. The accessory organs such as the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder contribute to digestion through the secretion of bile and other digestive enzymes that aid in the breakdown and absorption of nutrients.
The condition Marfan syndrome results from the production of abnormal elastin, the main protein component of classic fibers. Predict the potential consequences of defective elastic fibers.(Hint: Consider the organs and tissues in which elastic fibers are found. How would defective elastic fibers impair the function of those organs and tissues?)
Answer:
The potential consequences are cardiovascular problems, abnormal vision and skin problems.
Explanation:
Marfan syndrome may be defined as a type of genetic disorder that affects the various tissues of the body. The abnormal elastin is produced in the connective tissue in case of Marfan syndrome.
The consequences associated with defective elastic fibers are as follows:
Cardiovascular problems: This disease affects the connective tissue and may cause the aortic aneurysms and prolapse of mitral valve.
Abnormal vision: The eyes ciliary muscles get damage that may cause blurred vision and nearsightedness.
Skin problems: The elasticity of the skin is highly reduced in the Marfan syndrome that may leads to the development of skin loosening and various other skin related disease.
Sterilization of surgical instruments is a process that renders the items free of:
A. spores.
B. blood.
C. oil
D. dirt
Answer:
The correct answer to the question: Sterilization of surgical instruments is a process that renders items free of:___, would be, A: Spores.
Explanation:
Spores are a particularly difficult topic when talking about complete sterility, and an environment that is pathogen free, because spores, which are the inactive form that some bacteria take when they are attacked to be eliminated, are resistant to a lot of cleaning procedures, and once the circumstances are right, the spore will re-activate itself and infect. This is the reason why sterilization techniques have been developed, and improved; to be able to not just eliminate all living microorganisms on surgical equipment, but also spores. Without this, sterilization is incomplete, and infection to patients is possible.
Why do you think people write one way and speak to people a different way?
Answer:
written and spoken language are different
Explanation:
Written and spoken language differ widely. Only some forms of writing are closer to speech. .During writing, the punctuation and layout of written texts often have no spoken equivalence. Technology is chaning this as, some forms of written language, like SMS instant messages and email, are getting closer to spoken language. (Think of the use of emoticons)
Still, written language will be more formal and follow the rules of the Grammar & Structures of any language. Spoken language will happen to be casual. While written words appeals more to a contemplative, deliberative style. Speeches can also be precise and indeed practice makes perfect.
People trained in speech or writing will communicate much more effectively.
Mr Rogers is 2 days postoperative of a thoracotomy of removal of a malignant mass in his left chest. His pain is being managed via epidural catheter with morphine. As the nurse assumes care of Mr Rogers, he is alert and fully oriented and states that his current pain is 2 on a 1 -to-10 scale. His vital signs are 37.8-92-12, 138/82. What are benefits of epidural versus systemic administration of opioids? The nurse monitors Mr Roger’s respiratory status and vital signs every 2 hours. What is the rationale for this frequent assessments? The nurse monitors Mr Rogers for what other complications of epidural anelgesis?
Answer:
Any aggressive surgery, like this one, where there is affectation of various organs of the body, and irritation on the part of the tissues, as well as the risk of severe complications, requires both pain management and constant monitoring. In a thoracotomy, like the one Mr. Rogers underwent, most organs of the thorax, but most particularly the entire respiratory tract, suffers mostly from the intervention. As such, nurses must be aware of the care these patients need.
In answer to question 1, what are the benefits of Mr. Rogers having an epidural catheter, instead of a central line, for pain management with opioids, would be that aside from pain being managed more centrally, and more aggressively, as the opioid is delivered directly to the epidural lining, near the spinal cord, it also has been shown to reduce the risk of other complications, particularly pulmonary complications, like lung failure, or maltreatment of the airways due to intubation, that would be needed for central-line systemic pain management. It has also been shown to reduce heart risks, and a shorter time of stay of patients inside intensive care units. Finally, but not least of all the benefits, patients with this form of pain management show lesser chances of presenting stomach and intestinal bleeding,
In answer to question 2, why the nurse checks Mr. Rogers´ respiratory status and vital signs every 2 hours, that because aside from being protocol, when there is a chest surgery, like this one, where the respiratory tract has been manipulated, there is always the huge chance of respiratory failure and complications. In fact, the mortality and morbidity in cases like this, due to respiratory complications and adverse events, is pretty high, and therefore, requires that the nurse be aware of the vital signs that will show if any of the organs is presenting unusual activity.
In answer to the 3rd question, one severe problem of the epidural line for pain management is always the risk of infection, especially since the line connects directly to the epidural lining of the spinal cord. There should also be monitoring of possible oedema of the lower limbs, numbness in any portion of the lower body, bleeding, or if there is presence of cerebrospinal fluid anywhere where the catheter has been inserted. There also shouldn´t be the presence of drowsiness, or sleepiness in the patient. These are only a few things. It has been proven that epidural pain management presents less risks than the use of central lines for systemic pain relief.
Epidural administration of opioids allows for more specific and efficient delivery of pain relief with fewer systemic side effects. Frequent assessments help monitor for potential respiratory depression—a side effect of opioids—as well as complications such as infection, hematoma, or nerve damage associated with epidural analgesia.
Explanation:The administration of opioids via an epidural catheter directly into the epidural space delivers medication directly around the spinal nerves. This provides benefits over systemic administration, particularly in terms of specificity and efficiency. Epidural administration generally results in fewer side effects such as nausea, drowsiness, and respiratory depression, and it can provide better pain relief with lesser amount of medication.
As for frequent assessments, the rationale for this is that opioids, such as morphine, can suppress the respiratory system, especially in high doses or when administered quickly. Monitoring Mr. Rogers' respiratory status and vital signs every 2 hours allows the healthcare team to ensure his safety and catch any potential issues quickly. It is also important to monitor for potential complications of epidural analgesia, which can include infection, epidural hematoma, or nerve damage.
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