Final answer:
One of the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation was that Congress had no power to levy and collect taxes.
Explanation:
One of the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation was that Congress had no power to levy and collect taxes. While Congress had the authority to coin and borrow money, it did not have the power to impose taxes on the states or collect revenue. This limitation made it difficult for the national government to fund its operations and fulfill its responsibilities.
1. There was just a single branch: There was only one branch of government because the Articles of Confederation established a unicameral legislature known as the Congress. This absence of partition of abilities was a shortcoming since it focused an excess of force in one body.
2. It was impossible to make laws: This is an inadequate choice. It appears to allude to the way that under the Articles of Confederation, Congress had the ability to make regulations, however it missing the mark on ability to successfully uphold them. This shortcoming made it challenging to lay out and keep up with the rule of law all through the country.
3. Laws could not be enforced: As previously stated, Congress lacked the authority to enforce its laws. This shortcoming brought about an absence of power and prompted a breakdown in policing, it trying to keep everything under control and resolve questions.
4. Congress lacked the authority to impose and collect taxes: This is a substantial shortcoming of the Articles of Confederation. The focal government missing the mark on power to force and gather charges from the states. This restricted the public authority's capacity to raise income and asset its tasks actually.
Congress's inability to levy and collect taxes was a weakness of the Articles of Confederation; the power to maintain an army was not a weakness.
Explanation:Weaknesses of the Articles of ConfederationAmong the various limitations of the Articles of Confederation, the inability of Congress to levy and collect taxes was a major weakness. The Articles only allowed Congress to request money from states, rather than impose taxes directly. Moreover, without the power to enforce laws, the federal government under the Articles had to rely on the states to execute its decisions, often leading to inefficiency and lack of uniformity. However, contrary to the given options, Congress did have the ability to create and maintain an army and a navy, regulate trade and commerce with foreign nations and among the states, declare war, and conduct foreign relations, which was not a weakness as implied by one of the choices. The national government's significant lack of enforcement powers and its inability to impose taxes made governing difficult and were rectified in the subsequent U.S. Constitution.
Therefore, the statement implying that Congress had no power to levy and collect taxes is NOT a weakness of the Articles of Confederation, but in fact, it was a prominent weakness that the national government faced during that time.
What would happen to the supply of ATP (the energy molecule) in your cells if you did not eat enough carbohydrates? How would this affect your cells?
Answer:Cell contains mitochondria which is known as power of the cell as it synthesises ATP ( energy currency of the cell ). cell already contain sufficient amount of ATP so if supply ATP externally cell will burst.
A yeast cell is transported from an environment with oxygen to a completely oxygen-free environment. Which of the following answer choices best describes the metabolic changes that will occur in the yeast cell? Choose 1 answer: Choose 1 answer: (Choice A) A Glycolysis will still occur and pyruvate will undergo alcohol fermentation, but the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation will not occur. (Choice B) B Glycolysis will still occur, but pyruvate will not form, causing the yeast cell to undergo alcohol fermentation. (Choice C) C Glycolysis will still occur, pyruvate will still form, causing the yeast cell to undergo lactic acid fermentation. (Choice D) D Glycolysis will not occur and pyruvate will not form, causing the yeast cell to undergo alcohol fermentation.
Answer:
Choice A
Explanation:
Even without oxygen, glycolysis (anaerobic process), will occur as normal and produce pyruvate. Without oxygen, the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation can't occur, so alcohol fermentation (anaerobic process) will take place instead.
ATPase changes _____________to________________
ATPase changes ATP to ADP.
Explanation:
Transmembrane ATPases ctaalyses the import of metabolites essential for cell metabolism and export of waste products and excess solutes.sodium-potassium ATPase and Hydrogen-potassium ATPase are examples of transmembrane ATPases.
Na+/k+/ATPase is crucial in maintain cell membrane potential H+/K+/ATPase is important in acidifying the contents of the stomach. There are five different types of ATPase.
They are F-ATPase, V-ATPases, A-ATPases, P-ATPases and E-ATPases are the five types. F-ATPases is found in mitochondria and chloroplasts while V-ATPase is found in eukaryotic vacuoles.
The most important factors in determining the rate of weathering are
A) animal actions and oxygen
B) abrasion and acids from plant roots
C) carbon dioxide and acid rain
D) rock type and climate
Answer:
The answer is D
Explanation:
Answer:
D) rock type and climate
Explanation:
Weathering is the process of transformation of rocks by disintegration (physical) or decomposition (chemical) of their structures, giving rise to sediments and interfering in sedimentary processes, such as erosion, diagenesis and pedogenesis (formation of soils). Although weathering has several factors that may or may not accelerate the decomposition of rock structures, the most important factors in this are the climate and the type of rock. these factors are the most important because they act constantly and uninterruptedly on the rock.
2. Dominant trait: cleft chin (C) Mother’s gametes: Cc
Recessive trait: lacks cleft chin (c) Father’s gametes: cc
Offspring Genotypes:
Offspring Phenotypes:
% chance child will have cleft chin:
3. Dominant trait: flat feet (A) Mother’s gametes: Heterozygous
Recessive trait: arched feet (a) Father’s gametes: Heterozygous
% chance child will have arched feet:
4. Dominant trait: Brown hair (B) Mother’s gametes: Homozygous recessive
Recessive trait: Blonde hair (b) Father’s gametes: Heterozygous
% chance child will have blonde hair:
5. Dominant trait: farsightedness (F) Mother’s gametes: Heterozygous
Recessive trait: normal vision (f) Father’s gametes: Heterozygous
% chance child will have normal vision:
.2. Offspring Genotypes will be Cc or cc.
Offspring phenotypes : Cleft chin or no cleft chin.
% chance child will have cleft chin: 50%
3. % chance child will have arched feet: 25%
4. % chance child will have blonde hair: 50%
5. % chance child will have normal vision: 25%
Explanation:
CASE 1 :
Dominant trait: cleft chin (C)
Recessive trait: lacks cleft chin (c)
Father’s gametes: cc
Mother’s gametes: Cc
There are two possible combination of Gametes ,
C fom mother and c from father= Cc
c from mother and c from father = cc
Gametes of Cc Parents= [tex]\frac{1}{2}C + \frac{1}{2} c[/tex]........(i)
Gametes of cc parents = [tex]\frac{1}{2}c + \frac{1}{2}c[/tex] .........(ii)
Combining (i) and (ii) we get,
[tex]\frac{1}{2} Cc + \frac{1}{2} cc[/tex]
There fore offspring Genotypes will be Cc or cc
Offspring phenotypes :
Genotype Cc then phenotype= Cleft chin
Genotype cc then phenotype = Lacks cleft chin.
percentage chance child will have cleft chin =[tex]\frac{0.5}{1}[/tex] ×100
Therefore the chance is 50%.
CASE 2 :
Dominant trait: flat feet (A)
Recessive trait: arched feet (a)
Mother’s gametes: Heterozygous (Aa)
Father’s gametes: Heterozygous (Aa)
There are four possible combination of genotypes are =AA , Aa, Aa and aa
i.e. A from mother, A from father= AA
A from mother, a from father =Aa
a from mother, A from Father = Aa
a from mother, a from father = aa
Gametes of Aa parent =[tex]\frac{1}{2} A + \frac{1}{2} a[/tex]
Gametes of other Aa parent = [tex]\frac{1}{2} A + \frac{1}{2} a[/tex]
..................................................................................
[tex]\frac{1}{4} AA + \frac{1}{4} Aa[/tex]
+ [tex]\frac{1}{4} Aa[/tex] +[tex]\frac{1}{4} aa[/tex]
..........................................................................................
[tex]\frac{1}{4}AA + \frac{1}{2}Aa +\frac{1}{4} aa[/tex]
Offspring Genotypes will be: AA or Aa or aa
Offsprings phenotype will be:
Genotype AA then phenotype will be Flat feet
Genotype Aa then phenotype will be flat feet
Genotype aa then Phenotype will be arched feet.
Percentage chance child will have arched feet = [tex]\frac{0.25}{1}[/tex] × 100 = 25%
CASE 3:
Dominant trait: Brown hair (B)
Recessive trait: Blonde hair (b)
Mother’s gametes: Homozygous recessive (bb)
Father’s gametes: Heterozygous (Bb)
This case is very similar to the case 1 as one parent is homozygous recessive and other parent is heterozygous.
Resulting in half Bb and halve bb combination.
Genotypes will be Bb or bb
Phenotypes will be :
Genotype Bb then phenotype Brown hair
Phenotype bb then Phenotype bb.
% chance child will have blonde hair: 50%
CASE 4:
Dominant trait: farsightedness (F)
Recessive trait: normal vision (f)
Mother’s gametes: Heterozygous (Ff)
Father’s gametes: Heterozygous (Ff)
This Case is similar to case 2
it will result in one-fourth FF , half Ff and one-fouth ff combination.
Therefore Genotypes will be: FF, Ff and ff
Phenotypes:
Genotype FF then phenotype farsightedness
Genotype Ff then phenotype farsightedness
Genotype ff then phenotype normal vision.
% chance child will have normal vision: 25%
A downhill skier was able to move 560 meters in 25 seconds. What is the skier's average speed? (Round your
answer to the nearest tenth of a meter per second)
The skier's average speed is
m/s
Answer: 22.4 m/s
Explanation:
Answer:
22.4
Explanation:
Explain why nitrate fertilizers may not be suitable for application in soils with low redox potential
Answer:
Nitrate fertilizers may not be suitable for application in soils with low redox potential as there will be no required reduction takes place. Crops with excess nitrogen will affect the health of the consumer.
Explanation:
Redox potential (Reduction/Oxidation potential) is tendency of a chemical species to gain electrons from an electrode or loss electrons to electrode as a result of Oxidation or Reduction. Nitrogen is an important element for 'plant growth and development', but due to pollution, high nitrate concentration accumulate in the edible part of the food product and particularly when 'excess nitrogen fertilizer' has been applied. When the redox potential is very low then there is no any chance for nitrogen to get diluted which results in the excess of nitrogen content and so nitrate fertilizers may not be suitable for application in soil with low redox potential. Selection of nitratae fertilizer compatetive to the soil is very important.Final answer:
Nitrate fertilizers may not be suitable for soils with low redox potential due to denitrification, which converts nitrate into dinitrogen gas. This process leads to a loss of nitrogen from the soil and can release greenhouse gases. Waterlogged soils and excessive fertilizer use can contribute to low redox potential.
Explanation:
Nitrate fertilizers may not be suitable for application in soils with low redox potential because of the process of denitrification. Denitrifying bacteria use nitrate as an electron acceptor and convert it into dinitrogen gas, which plants cannot utilize. This leads to a loss of nitrogen from the soil, which is an essential nutrient for plants. Additionally, the conversion of nitrate to dinitrogen gas can result in the release of [tex]N_2O[/tex] greenhouse gas. Waterlogged soils and excessive use of fertilizers can contribute to low redox potential, making nitrate fertilizers less effective in these conditions.
Observing the size of a herd of elephants that are all the same species would be an observation at the __________ level.
A. ocommunity
B. ecosystem
C. population
D. individual
Final answer:
Observing the size of a herd of elephants that are all the same species would be an observation at the population level, as a population includes all individuals of a species within a specific area.
Explanation:
Observing the size of a herd of elephants that are all the same species would be an observation at the population level. A population is defined as all the individuals of a species living within a specific area. Therefore, when the observation focuses on a single species and its size within a particular area, this concerns population ecology. In contrast, a community would consist of multiple different species interacting in an area, an ecosystem includes both living and non-living components, and an individual would refer to a single organism.
Which organelle is more noticeable after the cells lose water
Answer:
Explanation:
Lysosomes are organelles that contain digestive enzymes, which are responsible for digestion inside the cell. -They get rid of waste material and they protect the cell from foreign invaders.
explain Why DNA must be copied during interphase before cell division can occur?
Answer:
Explanation:
The S phase of a cell cycle occurs during interphase, before mitosis or meiosis, and is responsible for the synthesis or replication of DNA. In this way, the genetic material of a cell is doubled before it enters mitosis or meiosis, allowing there to be enough DNA to be split into daughter cells.
During cellular respiration, mitochondria use oxygen to
break down food molecules. What is created as a result? *
a. Glucose
b. Energy
c. Sunlight
d. Lipids
Answer:
B, Energy
Explanation:
During cellular respiration, mitochondria use oxygen to break down glucose (food molecules) in order to turn it into energy that the organism can use for cell functions.
in case you were wondering, the equation for cellular respiration looks like this:
[tex]6O_{2} + C_{6} H_{12} O_{6} = 6CO_{2} + 6H_{2} O[/tex]
Hope this helped.
Which sentence has a shift in verb tense?
The barrier will drop down every time that a train approaches the crossing.
If anyone knows the answer, she does.
As I came in the front door, Eddie is going out the back door.
A row of ants had filed up the chair leg and was about to consume our lunch.
help pls
Answer: As I came in the front door, Eddie is going out the back door.
Explanation:
"The correct answer is: As I came in the front door, Eddie is going out the back door. The sentence with the shift in verb tense is As I came in the front door, Eddie is going out the back door.
The sentence As I came in the front door, Eddie is going out the back door. exhibits a shift in verb tense. The first clause As I came in the front door uses the past tense came, which is appropriate for an action that was completed in the past. However, the second clause Eddie is going out the back door uses the present progressive tense is going, which does not align with the past tense of the first clause. To maintain consistency in verb tense, the second clause should also be in the past tense, such as Eddie was going out the back door.
Let's analyze the other sentences for verb tense consistency:
1. The barrier will drop down every time that a train approaches the crossing.
- This sentence uses the future tense will drop to describe an action that will happen repeatedly in the future when a train approaches. There is no shift in tense within this sentence.
2. If anyone knows the answer, she does.
- The verb tense in this sentence is consistent. The conditional clause If anyone knows the answer is in the present tense, and the main clause she does also uses the present tense.
3. A row of ants had filed up the chair leg and was about to consume our lunch.
- This sentence uses the past perfect tense had filed to describe an action completed before another past action, and the past continuous tense was about to consume to describe an ongoing action in the past. The verb tenses are consistent within the context of the sentence, as both actions are situated in the past, with one occurring before the other.
Therefore, the sentence with the shift in verb tense is As I came in the front door, Eddie is going out the back door."
What explains the sequence of energy transformation during photosynthesis?
Answer:
Light energy converts into chemical energy.
Explanation:
Photosynthesis occurs in the chlorophyll-containing part of the plant. During this process, light energy from sunlight is taken by the chlorophyll pigment, which is present in chloroplast. This captured light energy takes water and carbon dioxide to produces carbohydrates as a source of food. These carbohydrates then converted into ATP molecules. These ATP molecules are stored in the form of chemical energy.
why do cells use more than one photosynthetic pigment?
Answer:
Plant cells use more than one pigment because more than one pigment or multiple pigments absorb different wavelength of light from sun and this difference absorption spectra is very much important during photosynthesis.
Explanation:
Plant cells use multiple pigments because some pigments also called principle pigments function within the reaction center where some accessory pigments are also present such as carotene,phycobillin, xanthophyll which act as antena complex that play an important in light absorption.
The presence of different pigment provides different coloration of fruits,leaves.For example presence of carotene gives orange,yellow coloration to carrot,tomato.
Rosa drew a flow chart of the carbon cycle.
Which labels best complete the flow chart?
CO2 is in the
atmosphere.
X: Producers undergo photosynthesis.
Y: Decomposers return carbon to the soil and release
waste.
X: Decomposers return carbon to the soil and release
waste.
Y: Producers undergo photosynthesis.
X: Decomposers take in carbon dioxide.
Y: Producers absorb carbon through their roots.
X: Producers absorb carbon through their roots.
Y: Decomposers take in carbon dioxide.
O
Consumers
eat producers.
Answer:
X: Producers undergo photosynthesis.
Y: Decomposers return carbon to the soil and release
waste.
Explanation:
The label X shows producers which will undergo photosynthesis. Photosynthesis can be described as a process by which plants make their own food by converting water and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen. Light energy is required for this process to occur.
The label Y shows decomposers. Decomposers feed on dead and decaying material and release carbon into the environment. The decomposers feed on dead plants and animals and release
Answer:A.
Hope this helps
Explanation:
5 Relate How do the structures in an organism
relate to their functions?
How did Gregor Mendel's research affect the science of his time?
A) His research was not appreciated by the scientific community until after he died.
b )His results could predict heritability in plants but not animals.
c) His research included detailed studies on polygenic traits.
d) His focus on pea plants showed that pea plants have very few heritable traits.
Answer:
The correct option is A. His research was not appreciated by the scientific community until after he died.
Explanation:
Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk who laid the foundation of genetics. Mendel studies seven traits from the pea plants and formed the law of segregation and law of independent assortment.
The work of Mendel was not appreciated until his death. In the 20th century, his work was eventually rediscovered and appreciated.
However, Mendel's study did not include any explanations for polygenic traits. His results could predict heritability in both plants and animals.
A top predator: is at the top of the food chain is not eaten by any other predators eats other consumers all of the above
Answer:
all the above
Explanation:
top predators will do all 3 things
17. Name 3 scientists that helped to discover the structure of DNA.
Answer: James Watson, Francis Crick, and Rosalind Franklin (these are just 3)
Explanation:
In 1952, Watson and Crick took the first X-ray picture of DNA. Created by Rosalind Franklin, she used a technique called X-ray Crystallography, that is how they discovered the helical structure of DNA
Francis Crick, James Watson, and Rosalind Franklin played crucial roles in discovering the DNA's structure. Watson and Crick proposed the double helix model, but Franklin's X-ray diffraction data were essential to confirm that model.
Three scientists that were instrumental in discovering the structure of DNA were Francis Crick, James Watson, and Rosalind Franklin. Crick and Watson, working at the University of Cambridge, are often given the most credit for describing the molecular structure of DNA as a double helix. However, Rosalind Franklin's contributions, particularly her X-ray diffraction pattern of DNA, were crucial. This pattern provided key insights that supported the double helix model. Thus, while Watson and Crick were the ones to publish the proposed structure of DNA, it was Franklin's work that was essential in validating their model.
How do you solve for 2/5 - 1/3?
Answer:
[tex]\frac{2}{5}-\frac{1}{3}=\frac{1}{15}[/tex]
Explanation:
[tex]\frac{2}{5}-\frac{1}{3}[/tex]
In order to subtract fractions we need to take a least common denominator of 5 and 3. This denominator must be the least common multiple of both numbers.
Multiples of 3→ 3,9,12,15,....
Multiples of 5→ 5,10,15,......
From the multiples we find out the least common number to be [tex]=15[/tex]
So 15 will be the least common denominator.
In order to make the denominator =15 for both fractions, we need to multiply the same numbers to numerator and denominator of each fraction.
⇒ [tex]\frac{2\times 3}{5\times 3}-\frac{1\times 5}{3\times 5}[/tex]
⇒ [tex]\frac{6}{15}-\frac{5}{15}[/tex]
Then we can subtract the numerators keeping the denominator same.
⇒ [tex]\frac{6-5}{15}[/tex]
⇒[tex]\frac{1}{15}[/tex]
What is Microorganism and beneficial Effects of Microorganisms in environment
Answer:
A microscopic organism, especially a bacterium, virus, or fungus. Beneficial Effects of Microorganisms Microbes are everywhere in the biosphere, and their presence invariably affects the environment that they are growing in. The effects of microorganisms on their environment can be beneficial or harmful or in apparent with regard to human measure or observation.
Explanation:
Answer:
Microorganisms are the very small organism which can not be seen by our natural eye.eg bacteria or yeast
Advantage
They used in industrial activities eg yeast is used in brewing and baking industrie
They used in scientific research eg Amoeba
They used as cleaning agent eg some type of bacteria change oil spill to certain type of protein which is useful
eggs are used in alot of baking goods eaten over thanksgiving. eggs only have one set of chromosomes. list three vocabulary words or terms that describe the number of chromosomes found in an egg.
The 3 vocabulary words or terms that describe the number of chromosomes found in an egg are are haploid, diploid and triploid.
Explanation:
Egg is a very common ingredient which is used a lot in baking goods like making of cakes and cookies. The egg has only one set of chromosomes. There are few terms which are used for describing the number of chromosomes found in egg. The term haploid means egg having single set of unpaired chromosomes.
The term diploid means having two sets of complete chromosomes obtaining from parents’ cell. The term triploid means having an extra set of unpaired chromosomes. The case of triploid is very rare and uncommon. It happens at very rare case. It is also not stable as diploid.
Final answer:
An egg has a single set of chromosomes and is described as haploid (1n). Vocabulary words related to this include 'haploid,' '1n,' and 'gamete.'
Explanation:
The number of chromosomes found in an egg can be described using a few key terms. An egg is a gamete, which is a type of cell involved in sexual reproduction that is haploid, meaning it contains a single set of chromosomes. Three vocabulary words that describe the chromosomal number in an egg are:
Haploid: Describes a cell that has half the number of chromosomes as the diploid cells of the organism. In humans, a haploid cell has 23 chromosomes.1n: This is the notation used to signify the haploid number of chromosomes in gametes, where 'n' is the number of chromosomes in a single set.gamete: Refers to the mature haploid male or female germ cell that is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote.When a sperm (haploid) and an egg (haploid) combine, they form a zygote, which is diploid (2n), containing two sets of chromosomes.
What does it mean when it says that aerobic respiration occurs in the cytoplasm “TO” the mitochondria???
Answer:
Kerb cycle
Explanation:
The result from mitochondria is ATP, that acts as a currency of the energy in the cell. In the cytoplasm of mitochondria kerb cycle occurs. In this process it has several other process, once it uses acetate and water to give NADH from NAD+ and gives carbon dioxide as waste. The NADH formed is fed by oxidative phosphorylation or electron transport. The outcome of these processes is oxidation of nutrients to give chemical energy in ATP form.
Andy's teacher asked him to come up to the front of the class to demonstrate work. Which of the following could Andy do in the classroom to demonstrate work? A. Andy pushes a desk across the floor. B. Andy sits in his chair, doing nothing. C. Andy pushes against a desk, and it doesn't move. D. Andy holds a book.
Answer:
Andy pushes a desk across the floor.
Explanation:
An example of work in the classroom would be if Andy pushes a desk across the floor.
Work is done by transferring energy to an object (from Andy to the desk) by applying a force (the push), which makes the object move in the direction of the force.
If Andy sits in his chair, or holds his book, he is not applying a force that moves any object. Also, if Andy pushes his desk, but it doesn't move, work is not being done (since the object must move for work to be done).
Light-independent reactions occur in the stroma, or the thick fluid located between the grana, of chloroplasts. What is the main purpose of photosynthetic light-independent (dark) reactions?
Answer:
Carbohydrate synthesis
Explanation:
In light-independent reactions, sunlight is not used to build up carbohydrate molecules. The light-independent reaction is also called the Calvin Cycle. Light independent reactions take place in the chloroplast. Carbon dioxide diffuses from stomata into the stroma of chloroplast where fixation, reduction and regeneration takes place by using the energy of ATP and NADPH to make glucose and carbohydrate molecules.
Sunlight that penetrates earths atmosphere heats the __ of the earth
Answer:
Surface
Explanation:
Earth absorbs infrared radiation and converts it to thermal energy. As the surface absorbs heart from the sun, it becomes warmer than the surrounding atmosphere/
Which type of mutation occurs reproductive cells and can be passed to offspring
the plasma membrane (cell membrane) is made up of a(n)
The plasma membrane is composed of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and other substances where the various components make it a selectively permeable barrier.
What is Plasma Membrane?Plasma membrane also known as cell membrane is defined as the biological membrane that separates and protects the interior of all cells from the external environment. It is a thin membrane that surrounds every living cell, separating it from its surrounding external environment.
The plasma membrane is called a selectively permeable membrane because it regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell, meaning that the plasma membrane allows some materials to pass through it while at the same time it allows other materials to pass through it.
Thus, the plasma membrane is composed of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and other substances where the various components make it a selectively permeable barrier.
Learn more about Plasma membrane, here:
https://brainly.com/question/27132536
#SPJ6
How many ATP are generated in the electron transport chain?
o
2
ООО
32
36
PLZ HELP ASAP I WILL GIVE BRAINLIEST!!!!!!!!!!!!
Chemical properties and physical properties are properties that can be measured or observed. They can only be measured or observed when matter undergoes a change to become an entirely different kind of matter true or false
Answer:yes
Explanation:
Answer:
True
Explanation:
Chemical properties are properties that can be measured or observed only when matter undergoes a change to become an entirely different kind of matter. They include reactivity, flammability, and the ability to rust. Reactivity is the ability of matter to react chemically with other substances.