Answer:
(A). high plasma Na+.
Explanation:
Aldosterone is a steroid hormone, synthesized by adrenal gland. It plays role in homeostatic regulation of sodium ions, potassium ions and blood pressure.
Aldosterone is responsible for increase reabsorption of sodium ions (Na⁺) and secretion of potassium ions (K⁺). Angiotensin II is a hormone that stimulates production of aldosterone
Low Na⁺ level, High plasma K⁺ level, angiotensin II, and high plasma H⁺ stimulates production of aldosterone from cortex of adrenal gland.
Thus, the correct answer is option (A).
Which of the hormones below is least associated with regulating blood glucose levels?
A. Glucagon
B. Somatotropin
C. ANG II
D. cortisol
E. insulin
Answer:
E. Insulin
Explanation:
Insulin helps regulate blood sugar levels.
What chemical mediator initiates an inflammatory reaction?
Answer:
Histamine, is the chemical mediator initiates an inflammatory reaction. An inflammatory mediator is basically defined as that act in blood vessels and cells for promote response of inflammatory mediator. Histamine is the main chemical mediator which are released from the cells during inflammation, which increases vascular permeability. It is stored in granules and mast cells and get released immediately when the cells get injured.
During an open inguinal hernia repair, which of the following incisions will be made?
A. McBurney
B. oblique
C. lower midline
D. subcostal
Answer:
The answer is B oblique
Explanation:
This incision is more practical because it will allow the surgeon to use the fascia of the muscles to close the anatomical defect, also it is less invasive.
What is the Icd 10 code for urinary frequency and urgency?
Answer:
R39.15
Explanation:
Urgency of urination. R39.15 is the ICD-10-CM code that can be used to indicate a diagnosis for reimbursement purposes.
The hypothalamus controls secretion by the adenohypophysis by:
a. direct neural stimulation
b. indirect osmotic control
c. secreting releasing and inhibiting factors into a tiny portal system
d. altering ion concentration and pH in the anterior pituitary
e. gap synpatic junction
Answer:
The answer is A direct neural stimulation
Explanation:
The hypothalamus controls the secretion of the adenohypophysis by a direct neuoronal stimulation produced by a hormonal rise or fall that merits a greater stimulation or decrease according to the need presented by the organism.
What function is most directly lost when helper T-cells die?
a) ability to activate B lymphocytes
b) ability to attack virus-infected cells
c) ability to create an inflammatory response
d) ability to present antigens
e) ability to release histamine
f) ability to secrete antibodies
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
The T-cells and B-cells of the immune system are the part of specific immune response.
If the number of T-cells dies then the ability to activate B lymphocytes will also be lost as they help B-cells to secrete antibodies and macrophages to destroy the antigens.
T cells also helps in the activation of cytotoxic T-cells to kill the targeted cell which is affected by antigens.
hence, the correct answer is option A
The site of gas exchange in the lungs is the _________________.
Answer:
Alveoli.
Explanation:
Respiration may be defined as the process of exchange of gases between the environment, lungs and body tissues. Energy is given off during the process of respiration.
The alveoli is a ballon like structure present in the lungs when gases are inflated in the alveoli. The alveoli increses the surface area for the exchange of gases. Oxygen is transferred in the body tissue from the alveoli.
Thus, alveoli is the main site of gas exchange in the lungs.
Name the site of production of the following hormone:
a. Glucagon
b. Cortisol
c. Calcitonin
d. TSH
e. GHRH
f. Insulin
g. Oxytocin
Answer:
a. Glucagon - Pancreas
b. Cortisol - Adrenal gland.
c. Calcitonin - Thyroid gland.
d. TSH - Pituitary gland.
e. GHRH - Hypothalamus.
f. Insulin - Pancreas.
g. Oxytocin - Hypothalamus.
Explanation:
a. Glucagon is a peptide hormone which is synthesized and secreted by alpha cells of insulin. It regulates level of blood sugar by increasing glucose level during hypoglycemic conditions.
b. Cortisol is a lipid-derived hormone, which is produced by cortex of adrenal gland. It increases level of blood sugar under stress conditions and triggers anti-inflammatory and anti-stress pathways.
c. Calcitonin is a peptide hormone, which is produced by thyroid hormone. It is a hypocalcemic hormone that decreases level of blood calcium when blood calcium concentration reaches above the normal level.
d. TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) is produced by anterior lobe of pituitary gland. It triggers production of thyroid hormones (T4 and T3) from thyroid gland.
e. GHRH (growth hormone releasing hormone) is produced by hypothalamus. It gives signal to pituitary gland for the production of growth hormone.
f. Insulin is a peptide hormone, produced by beta cells of pancreas. It regulates blood sugar level by decreasing blood glucose during hyperglycemic conditions.
g. Oxytocin is is synthesized by hypothalamus and is released by posterior lobe of pituitary gland. It plays role in labour pain and lactation.
Types of traction used to treat a fracture include all the following except:
a. Bryant traction
b. Halo traction
c. Bucks traction
d. Belvedere traction
Answer:
The answer is D: Belvedere traction.
Explanation:
The types of traction used in orthopedics to correct fractures are:
- Bryant traction: It is used in children with femur and pelvis fractures for correction of congenital hip injuries.
- Halo traction: use a vest to immobilize fractures of the neck or spine.
- Buck traction: Ropes are used to immobilize the fracture.
Answer:
d. Belvedere traction.
Explanation:
Bryant traction, Halo traction, and Bucks traction are used to treat a fracture.
Bryant traction is used in children with problems in their hips or femur fracture.
Halo traction is used to help children with problems in their spine, this traction pulls from the muscles and joints.
Bucks traction is a type of skin traction that helps the bone to be in its proper place to heal correctly.
________, which reinforce the fibrous capsule, help to prevent dislocation of the joint.
Answer:
Reinforcing ligaments.
Explanation:
Reinforcing ligaments may be defined as the bands of the connective tissue that helps in the connection of two bones. They consist a tough sheet of fibrous tissue.
Reinforcing ligaments reinforce the various fibrous capsule. This ligaments also helps to prevent the dislocation of the joints of the body.
Thus, the answer is reinforcing ligament.
Ligaments reinforce the fibrous capsule of synovial joints to prevent dislocation and maintain joint stability. They limit excessive or abnormal movements, ensuring the bones stay connected. Muscles and tendons also contribute to joint stability through contraction.
Explanation:Within synovial joints, ligaments play a crucial role in preventing dislocation and providing stability. Ligaments are strong bands of fibrous connective tissue that reinforce the fibrous capsule surrounding the joint, anchoring the bones together. They limit the range of motion and prevent excessive or abnormal movements, ensuring the joint stays intact. In addition to ligaments, muscles and tendons also contribute to joint stability by providing indirect support through contraction.
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Why does whole grain products reduce the risk of coronary heart disease?
Answer:
Whole grain products show the effect of statin drugs that reduce heart disease.
Explanation:
Coronary heart disease leads to serious health problem and the coronary arteries becomes too narrow. The oxygen supply to the blood decreases in coronary heart disease.
There is scientific evidence that the intake of whole grain products reduces the risk of the disease. The increase in the quantity of whole grain can reduce the risk of the disease by 40% , the whole grain has the effect equal to the statin drug.
________________ cause an increase in the contractility of cardiac muscle.
a. Negative inotropic agents
b. Negative chronotropic agents
c. Positive chronotropic agents
d. Positive inotropic and positive chronotropic agents
e. Positive inotropic agents
Answer:
The correct option is : e. Positive inotropic agents
Explanation:
The heart muscles or the cardiac muscles have a natural ability to contract. This is known as myocardial contractility.
The myocardial contractility can be increased by increasing the influx or maintaining high levels of the calcium ions, during an action potential, in the cytosol of the cardiac myocytes. One of the mechanisms to increase the contractility of cardiac muscles is by the administration of the drugs having positive inotropic effect.
Therefore, the Positive inotropic agents increase the contractility of cardiac muscle.
Coxal Joint:
a. Hip
b. Knee
c. Ankle
Answer:
a. hip
Explanation:
hope this help you above....
Final answer:
The coxal joint is the hip joint, a multiaxial ball-and-socket joint connecting the head of the femur to the acetabulum of the hip bone.
Explanation:
The coxal joint, commonly referred to as the hip joint, is a multiaxial ball-and-socket joint. This type of joint is classified by the connection between the head of the femur (thighbone) and the acetabulum of the hip bone. Such joints support a wide range of movement, including rotational movements, and are integral in bearing the body's weight and providing stability during activities like standing and walking. The hip joint's structure is designed to endure the substantial stress imposed on it, which is why it has a more limited range of motion compared to other multiaxial joints, such as the shoulder joint.
Define sensory adaptation ___________.
Answer:
Sensory adaptation is the decrease of response of sensory system with constant stimulus over time.
Explanation:
Sensory adaptation is also known as neural adaptation. This adaptation response mainly occur due to the repetition of the same stimulus with time. The individual decreases the sensory response towards that stimulus.
This adaptation helps to recognize the constant changes in the individual's environment. The mechanoreception system of the body plays an important role in the sensory adaptation.
Which of the following is associated with the thymus?
a. B cells
b. T cell maturation
c. natural killer cells
d. complement
Answer: Option B. "T Cell maturation"
Explanation:
T-cell, also known as T lymphocyte, are primary type of leukocyte or white blood cell important part of the immune system.
Bone marrow is the origin of T-cells and then get mature in the thymus. In thymus, T- cells differentiate or multiply into regulatory, or cytotoxic T-cells helper, or act as memory T-cells.
T-cells then move in lymphatic system, once get stimulated by appropriate antigen, helper T-cells secrete cytokines that stimulate antibody-producing cells called B cells. Regulatory T-cells control immune reactions while Cytotoxic T-cells kill infected cells or cancer cells.
Hence, the correct answer is Option B.
A condition known as Pulmonary Hypertension is characterized by high blood pressure in the pulmonary circuit. Which chamber of the heart would this condition most directly affect, and why?
Pulmonary Hypertension directly affects the right ventricle of the heart due to the increased effort required to pump blood through the high-resistance pulmonary arteries, leading to potential hypertrophy and heart failure.
Explanation:The condition known as Pulmonary Hypertension is characterized by high blood pressure in the pulmonary circuit, specifically affecting the arteries that supply blood to the lungs. This condition most directly affects the right ventricle of the heart. In pulmonary hypertension, because the blood pressure in the lungs' arteries is elevated, the right ventricle must work harder to pump blood through these vessels. Over time, this increased workload can lead to the thickening of the right ventricle's muscular walls (hypertrophy), and potentially, the failure of the right ventricle.
Why the Right Ventricle is Affected
The right ventricle is responsible for pumping deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation.
Increased resistance in the pulmonary arteries forces the right ventricle to exert more effort in pumping blood.
This can lead to right ventricular hypertrophy and ultimately, right heart failure if untreated.
Which organ is both an endocrine and exocrine gland?
a. pancreas
b. pituitary
c. thyroid
d. pineal
Answer:
a. pancreas
Explanation:
As for exocrine organs, they release secretions. Since the pancreas is an exocrine gland its nervous or hormonal stimulation causes pancreatic secretions to be released into the duodenum through a duct. Together the secretions of alkaline and contain enzymes like lipase, amylase,etc . They are present in digestion. However the pancreas has two main functions, exocrine function and endocrine function. While exocrine cells of the pancreas produce enzymes that help digestion. An as endocrine , the islet cells of Langerhans inside the pancreas produce and secrete insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream.
Downward slippage of the humeral head when relaxed may indicate an injury to the _____________ muscle.
Answer:
Downward slippage of the humeral head when relaxed may indicate an injury to the Supraspinatus muscle.
In skeletal muscle, the role of the voltage-gated Na + channel is to:
a. propagate the action potential from the neuromuscular synapse over the sarcolemma
b. open ligand-gated ionotropic channels at the neuromuscular synapse
c. provide the increase in positive charge that removes the DHP block from the RYR receptor
d. provide the positive charge that moves the tropomyosin molecule on the actin thin filament
e. a and c are correct
Answer:
The correct option here is e) both a and c are correct
Explanation:
The voltage gated Na+ channel that is present in the skeletal muscle plays a very important role in both -
a) helps in initiating the action potential from the neuro muscular synapse over the sarcolemma and,
c) helps in increasing the positive charge that removes the DHP block from the RYR receptor
These channels helps in initiating the action potential of a person and also in the propagation of the cells.
Schwann cells make myelin in the ________.
a. CNS
b. PNS
e. ENS
Answer:
The correct answer is b. PNS.
Explanation:
The PNS stands for the peripheral nervous system. And The Schwann cells are the ones who are part of the glia of that peripheral nervous system. There is one type of Schwann cells that myelinate in the peripheral nervous system.
Fracture most related to abuse is?
a. Greenstick
b. Compound
c. Comminuted
d. Spiral
Answer:
The answer is A greenstick
Explanation:
The most common fracture is the greenstick in which there is no complete breakage of the long bone in children suffering from abuse.
List 5 functions of the skin and provide 1 detail demonstrating how the skin carries out each function you choose to list.
Answer:
1. Protection of the body against environmental effects like UV radiation.
2. Thermal regulation through vasoconstriction or vasodilation of blood vessels.
3. Sensitivity through nerve endings
4. Synthesis and storage of vitamin D
5. Containment of important body structures and substances.
Explanation:
The principle effect of ADH is to:
a. increase blood pressure in the glomerulus.
b. cause the release of renin.
c. inhibit aldosterone release.
d. increase the permeability of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct.
Answer:
The correct answer is option D.
Explanation:
Antidiuretic hormone or ADH is a hormone which helps the body to maintain the amount of water by reducing the loss of water through urine. This hormone is secreted by the hypothalamus which is stored in the pituitary gland.
The hormone acts by binding to the receptor which stimulates the insertion of "water channels" in the tubule membranes of kidney especially in Distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. These kidney aquaporins help the absorption of water from the urine reducing the loss of water.
Thus, option D is the correct answer.
Answer: D) increase the permeability of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct.
Explanation:
The principle of ADH is to increased in the permeability of the distal convoluted tubule and collected duct as, the action of ADH on receptors enhances the water permeability the and insertion of aquaporin AQP-2 channel in the cell membrane. The main function of the ADH is to conserved water through kidney and get released in posterior pituitary gland.
Why does homeostasis implies a healthy state?
Answer:
Homeostasis can be defined as the natural mechanism of the body by which the internal temperature of the body is maintained.
This phenomenon is important for the normal metabolism and functioning of the body.
Whenever the body encounters any change in the outer environment, the body tries to cope up with the conditions by maintaining a proper internal temperature inside the body.
Example: shivering of body is a normal response during cold environment to maintain the internal temperature of the body.
What bacteria are most associated with Guillain-Barré syndrome?
a) Clostridium
b) Campylobacter
c) E. coli
d) Shigella
The correct answer is B. Campylobacter
Explanation:
Guillain-Barre syndrome is a disease in which the nerves and muscles are weakened usually as the immune system attacks them which leads to changes in muscles strength, pain, and even life-threatening conditions. Although the causes of this syndrome have not been completely determined in most of the cases the condition seems to be triggered by an infection and around 30% of people who experienced an infection before the syndrome had an infection caused by Campylobacter, which suggests the syndrome is related to this type of bacteria, although it has been also linked in few cases with influenza virus, Zika virus and others. Considering this, the bacteria that is most associated with Guillain-Barre syndrome is the Campylobacter.
What are cell membranes composed of?
Answer:
Proteins, phospholipids and cholestorol
Explanation:
Cell membranes are what binds the internal cells. The cholesterol contributes to strengthening the bilayer and allowing it to be more flexible but also less permeable to water-soluble materials. While the proteins in the membrane enable molecules to enter or exit the cell.
Increased temperature results in decreased O2 unloading from hemoglobin.
a. True
b. False
Answer: False.
Explanation:
The main function of hemoglobin is to transport oxygen to the various cells of the body. For this process to occur the oxygen from the lungs gets attached to the hemoglobin and travels throughout the body to reach at every possible place.
This hemoglobin also gets attached to the carbon dioxide from various cells of the body to lungs for gaseous exchange.
There are many factors that affect the loading and unloading of oxygen from hemoglobin. The increased temperature increases the rate of unloading of oxygen from hemoglobin and increased temperature does not favors loading of oxygen to hemoglobin.
Hence, the given statement is False.
Increased temperature actually increases the unloading of O2 from hemoglobin, not decreases. The temperature increase alters the hemoglobin protein shape to release oxygen more easily
Explanation:The statement is False. Increased temperature typically causes a greater unloading of O2 from hemoglobin. This happens because when the temperature increases, it alters the shape of the hemoglobin protein in a way that makes it release oxygen more easily.
This concept is known as the Bohr Effect, where high temperatures and an increase in the concentration of CO2 result in hemoglobin releasing more oxygen.
You could think of it as a mechanism that helps deliver more oxygen to vigorously working muscles that are producing more heat and CO2.
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List the 5 types of white blood cells (WBCs). Which type is involved in the specific immune response?
Answer:
white blood cells are the following:
- lymphocytes (T cells and B cells)
-mocytes
-neutrophils
-basophils
-eosinophils
Lymphocytes are responsible for giving the specific immune response.
Monocytes, Lymphocytes, Neutroplis, Eosinophils and Basophils, Neutroplis are the types of White blood cells.
Neutrophils and Lymphocytes are the specific immune response.
Explanation:
Human blood consists of red blood cells, platelets, white blood cells and plasma. The white blood cells comprises of only 1% of human blood. The impact of leukocytes is very high. White blood cells can also be termed as leukocytes.
Among these five types, Neutrophils kills and digest fungi and bacteria’s.When an infection strikes the human body the neutrophils acts as a main defence system and protects the human body.
In the body, the steps of gas exchange,or respiration include:
a. pulmonary ventilation
b. external respiration
c. internal respiration
d. A and B are correct
e. A, B and C are correct
Answer:
The answer is E: A, B And C are correct.
Explanation:
The external respiration is that which occurs at the level of the pulmonary alveoli with the capillaries of the pulmonary vessels, producing an exchange of gases, releasing carbon dioxide from the blood to the alveolus, and in turn, this delivers oxygen.
The internal respiration is the one between the tissue capillaries and the cells where the blood releases the oxygen and receives the CO2, turning the oxygenated blood into deoxygenated.
The pulmonary ventilation on the other hand takes oxygen from the air we breathe and takes it to the lungs.
Respiration includes pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, and internal respiration. Pulmonary ventilation involves the movement of air in and out of the lungs. External respiration is the gas exchange between air and blood, while internal respiration is the gas exchange between blood and body tissues.
Explanation:The steps of gas exchange, also known as respiration, in the body indeed include pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, and internal respiration. Pulmonary ventilation is the process of moving air in and out of the lungs. External respiration is the gas exchange between the air in the lungs and the blood, while internal respiration refers to the gas exchange between the blood and body tissues. Therefore, the correct answer is E: A, B, and C are correct.
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What major artery runs down the anterior side of the thigh?
Answer:
Femoral Artery
Explanation:
It continues down the anterior side of the thigh after exiting the femoral triangle.