Which statement best describes clinical practice guidelines? They offer a set of recommendations for a specific area of practice, based on a distillation of available evidence. They provide general recommendations for evidence-based decision making. They are universally useful, regardless of context or country of adoption. They are designed to offer suggestions for areas in which more research is needed.

Answer: a. periodontal ligaments

Explanation:

The periodontal ligament is a bundle of tiny fibers which facilitates the attachment of the cementum of the tooth to the jaw bone. This aids in holding the tooth firmly in it's place that is the socket. Thus it can be said that the periodontal ligament provides the supportive function to the tooth.

Answer:

Catabolism is method by which large complex molecules like lipids, proteins and carbohydrates are broken down into the simpler smaller molecules.

Protease or peptidase are the enzymes that catalyzes the breakdown of proteins into amino acids or smaller polypeptide units. The protease enzyme pepsin is secreted in the stomach; and trypsin and chymotrypsin is secreted in the pancreas.

Amylases are the enzymes that breaks down the complex carbohydrates to simple sugars. The enzyme salivary amylase is secreted by the salivary gland in mouth and the enzyme pancreatic amylase is secreted by pancreas.

Lipases are the enzymes that catalyzes the breakdown of lipids or fats. Lipases are secreted in the mouth, stomach, and pancreas.

Steroid hormones are synthesized from cholesterol. This synthesis occurs in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of cells and plays a vital role in various physiological processes.

All steroid hormones are synthesized from cholesterol. This substance is a type of lipid that provides the basic structure for the formation of steroids in our bodies. The process of synthesis occurs within the cells, particularly in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. This is an important process in the body because steroid hormones play vital roles in various physiological processes such as immune response, regulation of inflammation, regulation of metabolism, and much more.

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All steroid hormones are synthesized from cholesterol.

Cholesterol serves as the precursor molecule for the biosynthesis of various steroid hormones, including glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and sex hormones. These hormones are crucial for regulating a wide range of physiological processes in the body. The synthesis of steroid hormones typically begins with cholesterol, which undergoes a series of enzymatic reactions in specific tissues and organs.

For example, in the adrenal glands, cholesterol is converted into glucocorticoids (such as cortisol) and mineralocorticoids (such as aldosterone). In the gonads (testes and ovaries), cholesterol is transformed into sex hormones like testosterone and estradiol. Each type of steroid hormone has its own distinct biosynthetic pathway, with various enzymes and intermediates involved.

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Answer:

Explanation:

Oxygen has low solubility in water, so very little O₂ can be delivered to tissues by simply being dissolved in blood plasma.  Animals use carrier proteins to transport  O₂. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin, which is the carrier protein used by vertebrates.

In contrast, most carbon dioxide produced by tissues is transported in the blood to the lungs as HCO₃⁻(bicarbonate ions).

The equilibrium equation for carbon dioxide in the blood is:

                                  Carbonic acid            

The conversion to bicarbonate ions keeps the partial pressure of CO₂ in the blood plasma low, facilitating diffusion away from the tissues.

The pH of the blood affects the process. As you can see in the equilibrium equation for CO₂, an increase of this gas results in a decrease of pH because of the formation of carbonic acid. The acidic pH decreases hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen, thus stimulating the release of O₂ to the tissues (that are producing a lot of CO₂ and need oxygen).This is known as the Bohr effect.

Answer:

Explanation:

The collaboration is essential for functioning of the team for the particular goal achievement. This will help in solving problems, greater patient care, staff and family satisfaction. Generally the patients of rehabilitation center goes through with physiological and pyschological disorders thus care is required with team collaboration.

Answer:

B. Serotonin is a biogenic amine but not a catecholamine.

Explanation:

Catecholamines are the molecules which have an aminolaterral chain with a chatecol and  an amino group on their structure. Also, catecholamines are derived from an aminoacid called tyrosine. Instead, Serotonin is derived from an aminoacid called tryptophan and its structure does not contain the chemical compounds to be a catecholamine.

Serotonin (B) is the neurotransmitter that is a biogenic amine but not a catecholamine; it is synthesized from tryptophan rather than tyrosine, which is the precursor for catecholamines like norepinephrine, dopamine, and epinephrine.

The neurotransmitter that is a biogenic amine but not a catecholamine is Serotonin (B). Serotonin is synthesized from the amino acid tryptophan and is a key neurotransmitter in the serotonergic system, which differs from the catecholamine system that includes norepinephrine, dopamine, and epinephrine. These catecholamines are derived from the amino acid tyrosine and are part of the adrenergic neurotransmitter system, meaning they are involved in the adrenergic response in the body.

Answer:

The correct answer is c. urinary bladder

Explanation:

Transitional epithelium is one of the type of stratified epithelium presents in urinary bladder and ureters. It consists of multiple layer like basal, intermediate and superficial and have ability to expand and relax according to the pressure exerted on them. They have ability to change their shape so called transitional epithelium.

In urinary bladder transitional epithelium helps in expanding the bladder when urine fills in the bladder giving it space to store urine. They appeared to be cuboidal when they are not stretched, when they get stretched they become flat and appear to be squamous in shape.

Answer:

The answer is: vomer bone and perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone.

Explanation:

The nasal septum is the structure present inside the nose, that separates the left and the right nasal cavities and the nostrils. It is composed of bones and the hyaline cartilage.  

The nasal septum consists of two bones: the vomer bone and, the perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone. The hyaline cartilage of the nasal septum is known as the septal nasal cartilage.

The nasal septum is formed by the perpendicular plate and the vomer bone of the ethmoid. These two structures, together with the septal cartilage, create a divide in the nasal cavity.

The two bones that form the nasal septum are the perpendicular plate and the vomer bone of the ethmoid. The ethmoid bone is a unique, midline bone that contributes to the formation of various parts of the nasal cavity, including the roof, lateral walls, and nasal septum. The perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone and the vomer bone come together to form the nasal septum, which splits the nasal cavity into left and right halves. The septal cartilage fills the space between these two bones, extending into the nose. In summary, the nasal septum structure is a collaboration of the vomer and perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone, aided by the septal cartilage.

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Answer: Option D.  incisor, canine, premolar, molar

Explanation:

As per the Dental anatomy there are four different characteristics of teeth including Incisors, canine, premolars and molars.

Anterior teeth are the type of teeth which contributes in incisal or biting activity and  posterior teeth contributes in chewing. therefore starting from anterior to posterior the order of teeth involves incisor, canine, premolar, and molar.

Where incisors and canine are anterior teeth and functions in  incision or biting  and premolar and molar are posterior teeth functions in chewing.

Hence, the correct option is D.

The correct order of teeth from front to back is: incisors, canines, premolars, and molars; answer (d) is the right sequence.

The correct order of teeth from anterior to posterior is represented by: incisors, canine, premolars (also known as bicuspids), and then molars. This sequence progresses from the front of the mouth, with the incisors used for biting into food, to the back of the mouth, with the molars used for crushing food before swallowing. Therefore, the correct answer to this question is (d) incisor, canine, premolar, molar.

Answer:

The answer to this question lies in the number of steps, and substances, that are needed in order to yield ATP from ADP. While in anaerobic glycolysis pyruvic acid and lactic acid will yield their energy so that ADP can be re-synthetized into ATP, producing 2 molecules of ATP from that simple chain of reaction, aerobic glycolysis depends on the presence of oxygen, and several more chemical steps, chemical reactions, in order to finally yield all the ATPs it can yield.

Explanation:

When we are talking about intense training, like a sudden sprint, we are talking about the body needing ATP as fast as it possibly can get it so the muscles can move. Because of this immediacy, the body resorts first to its stores in muscle tissue and in the liver, to feed the anaerobic processes for ATP formation. The other process, called the Lactic Acid system, is the second of the anaerobic processes and its benefit is that while not requiring oxygen to produce ATP, it will use the stores of glycogen in the muscle and the liver, and through the chemical reactions of enzymes, it will produce enough ATP to power the exercise for at least a few minutes, without having to resort to the aerobic system. The number of steps taken to yield ATP are much lesser, and thus much more immediate, than in aerobic glycolysis.

Answer:

When talking about medical ethics, the first thing that must be taken into account is that there are four major basic principles that direct medical practice, and in general, the practice of all healthcare professionals. These are: autonomy, justice, beneficence and non-maleficence. These four are the core principles that ensure that a doctor will always do the best he can in regards to the patient, and for the benefit of the patient.

Unfortunately, these principles do not always apply to the pharmaceutical industry, whose ideas are set more on making profit, while at the same time procuring chemical compounds that benefit the health of patients. However, they do not take into consideration the means a patient may, or may not have, to acquire the elements.

In the case of the doctor, however, this is another matter altogether as he must seek to do what is best for the patient, given the four major principles of medical ethics. In particular, the doctor must apply here, in this case, the principles of beneficence and non-maleficence and he must prescribe the expensive drugs to a patient who have less means if he considers that they are absolutely the best for the health of the patient, and that there is absolutely no other choice when looking at pharmaceutical options. He must first evaluate if a cheaper medication could not achieve the same results, and benefit both the health situation, and income situation, of the patient. If these two are considered, and the answer is: there are no other possibilities, then I say it is ethical. If the decision is taken based on anything other than the benefit of the patient, then, it would be absolutely unethical.

Answer:

c. prevent each alveolus from collapsing as air moves in and out during respiration.

Explanation:

In the lungs the exchange of gases takes place with the help of numerous tiny air sacs called alveoli. The alveoli collectively have large surface area which is required for efficient gas exchange. Surfactant is a complex of six lipids and four proteins that helps the alveoli to maintain their structure. It reduces surface tension at air-liquid interface within the lungs and make alveoli more stable. Without it the alveoli would collapse into each other during exhalation process which would form larger air sacs with smaller surface area. It is secreted by epithelial type II cells in alveolar space.

Babies born without sufficient surfactant face difficulty in breathing, become tired and do not get enough oxygen. They suffer from respiratory distress syndrome or hyaline membrane disease.

Answer:

The best answer to the question: The capillaries perform the transport function of the circulatory system, would be: false.

Explanation:

Although the term "transport" is used loosely here, the truth is that arteries, veins, arterioles and capillaries perform the function of conducting blood, which is the true carrier of everything that comes and goes from and to the tissues, to and from the places where this blood is needed. In that sense, most people say that capillaries, arteries, veins, and other vessels perform the function of "transport", but in essence transporting means literally carrying, and the one tissue that has that capacity in the circulatory system is blood, and it is blood that "transports", while the vessels conduct blood so that its function can be performed.

Answer and Explanation:

It is necessary to teach the child  and his/her family that the organ transplant that the doctors could perform in him/hier is a blessing and that due to moral issues, they have an obligation with the donor to thank them for the second opportunity they are receiving.

After the transplant, the child will have to take  medications that are call immunosuppressants and are necessary to prevent the child's body from rejecting the transplant, so it is very important that you never stop taking them.

It is very important to lead a healthy life style especially in food

For any fever the months after the transplant it is necessary to visit a doctor

Post-transplant control appointments are very important, it is necessary to go to all

The chlid can go to visit a psychologist

Encourage the child to go to support groups with people of the same condition

Also, its necessary to vaccinate the child and his/her family to prevent illness

Answer:

b. False

Explanation:

Cardiac Output is the product of heart rate and stroke volume. It measures the amount of blood pumped by heart, specifically left ventricle in one minute. Left ventricle is chosen to calculate it because it is the one which pumps blood to the entire body.

While calculating cardiac output two components are taken. Heart rate is the measure of number of times heart beats per minute. It increases with increase in activity intensity as muscles require more energy. Normal resting heart rate range for an adult is 60-100 bpm. Stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped by left ventricle during each heart beat. It is estimated by other factors like blood pressure. If either heart rate or stroke volume or both increase, cardiac output will also increase.  

Answer: A. Buccal

Explanation:

The buccal side of the teeth is the surface of the tooth which faces towards the cheek. This surface is also called as the facial surface as in the reference to the front side of the teeth.  The tooth surface which faces the tongue is known as the lingual surface. Occlusal surface is the chewing surface of the tooth. The proximal surface is the surface which is in reference to the tooth in close proximity of the other tooth.

The buccal surface of the teeth refers to the side of the teeth that faces towards the cheeks. The lingual surface faces the tongue, the occlusal surface is the biting surface, and the proximal surfaces are next to or adjoining another tooth.

The surface of the teeth that faces towards the cheeks is referred to as the Buccal surface. This term is derived from 'bucca', the Latin word for cheek. Different areas of the tooth have different names based on their location and orientation. For example, the lingual surface refers to the side of the tooth facing the tongue, the occlusal surface refers to the biting surface of the teeth in the back of the mouth, and the proximal surfaces are those that are next to or adjoining another tooth.

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Answer:

a. oropharynx.

Explanation:

oropharynx -

It is basically the mouth area of the body , and one of the seven openings that is found in the pharynx .

It is one of the part in throat present behind the mouth and the oral cavity . The area behind the oral cavity , including soft palate , tongue , the tonsils and the back wall of the throat .

Hence , the correct answer is -  oropharynx .  

Answer:

E.

Explanation:

The right ventricle pumps blood into the pulmonary arteries, which carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs to perform the gas exchange, once this occurs, the oxygenated blood returns to the heart through the pulmonary veins and enters into the left atrium, which sends the blood to the left ventricle to be pumped into the aortic artery that carries oxygenated blood to be distributed in all the body tissues, where it is exchanged again for deoxygenated blood that returns to the heart through the cava veins and enters into the right atrium to be sent to the right ventricle and start a new cycle.

Answer:

Explanation:

The larynx is the organ which is situated below the tract where the pharynx splits into the trachea and the esophagus. It is present in the vocal folds of the throat. It is responsible for manipulating the volume and pitch of the sound produce by the throat for speech. It other functions such as it protects the airway from choking, and it regulates the flow of air into the lungs.

Answer: D. Presence of appropriate receptor molecules.

Explanation:

Various hormones circulates over the entire body, they come in contact with almost every cell of the body but it usually affects the limited number of cells which are called as target cells. The target cell will respond to the hormone because it posses the receptor molecules for providing the desired action for the hormonal cell interaction.  

Answer: B. Sulcus

Explanation:

The gingival sulcus is the potential space that forms between a tooth and the enclosing gingival tissue. The depth of the gingival sulcus can be bounded apically by the gingival fibers and at the coronal end by the gingival margin.

Answer:

The correct answer is A) IgG

Explanation:

IgG immunoglobulins are the most abundant antibodies constituting about 70-75% of total immunoglobulins present in the human serum. They have a half life of 7-21 days. These antibodies is produced and released by plasma B cells.

Function: IgG antibody is responsible for resistance against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxin therefore they protect our body from these infections.

IgG antibody binds to the pathogen and carry them to phagocytic cells which eliminate them by phagocytosis. They also activate complement system which is very efficient in killing of various types of pathogens.

Thus, the correct answer is A) IgG.

Answer: Conchae

Explanation:

The respiration is a process that can be defined as exchange of gases in between lungs and outer environment.

The enter the body through nose an then passes through nasal passage. The structure that helps in the deflection of air is known as conchae.

The vibrissae in the vestibule provides filter as it screens the particulate matter present in inhaled hair.

Hence, the correct answer is option A

Explanation:

Tennis elbow -

It is painful condition which occurs when the tendons in the elbow gets overloaded , which occurs due to the repetitive motions of the arm and wrist.

Tennis elbow is very common , and commonly athletes face it .

The pain can even spread to the forearm and wrist .

In extreme case can can even lead to surgery .

Tennis elbow is a form of tendinitis resulting from overuse of the elbow joint, often caused by playing racquet sports like tennis. Prevention and management may involve proper techniques to minimize undue strain on the elbow. Severe cases might involve rest, anti-inflammatory medication, and potentially surgery.

Tennis elbow, medically known as tendinitis, is a condition typically resulting from overuse of the elbow joint, which often occurs in racquet sports like tennis. This overuse leads to joint deterioration or damage to the tendons in the elbow, resulting in a microtrauma that initiates an inflammatory response. In severe cases, tendinitis can even result in a tendon tearing loose, necessitating surgical repair.

The connective tissue in the tendon, which doesn't have an abundant blood supply, heals slowly. Therefore, the prevention and management of tennis elbow might involve techniques of using the racquet to minimize undue torques and repetitive motion that can strain the elbow. For example, hitting tennis balls at the sweet spot on the racquet can minimize felt vibration or impact force on the body.

A person with severe pain from tendinitis, like tennis elbow, will often need to rest, take anti-inflammatory medication, and possibly even undergo surgery. People whose jobs or hobbies involve repeated similar movements are often most at risk for tendinitis. Therefore, it's important to use proper technique in sports and other activities to avoid undue stress on the joints and tendons.

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Answer:

The answer is: ulna nerve

Explanation:

The ulna nerve, also known as the funny bone, is a major nerve present alongside the ulna bone. This nerve is not protected by any bone or muscle, therefore, it is the most extensive unprotected nerve in the human body.

This is because when the ulna nerve gets bumped, the individual experiences an electric shock-like sensation.

The funny bone refers to the ulnar nerve, which plays an important role in hand functionality and sensibility.

The 'funny bone' is actually not a bone at all, but rather a term commonly used to refer to the ulnar nerve, which runs along the inner side of the elbow. This nerve runs through a groove in the humerus bone, which is part of the upper arm. When you hit your funny bone, you are actually striking this nerve, and it can cause a tingling sensation or numbness in the ring and little fingers, which can feel quite odd and sometimes painful.

Location: The ulnar nerve is located on the medial aspect of the forearm, running down the inside of the arm and into the hand.

Function: The ulnar nerve is responsible for sensation in the little finger and half of the ring finger, as well as controlling some muscles in the hand that are crucial for fine movements.

When it Hurts: The sensation you feel when you bump your funny bone is due to the ulnar nerve being compressed against the hard surface of the elbow. This causes a temporary disruption in the nerve's signals, leading to tingling and discomfort.

Why it’s Funny: The term 'funny bone' may come from a play on words—'funny' refers to the odd sensation experienced, while 'bone' might mistakenly suggest it's an actual bone being hit.

Prevention: To avoid bumping your funny bone, be mindful of your movements, especially when in tight spaces or when using your arms to reach or grab.

Explanation:

Lymphocytes are the type of the white blood cell which function as a part of immune system.

Types of Lymphocytes:

T cells

T cells are developed in thymus gland. The specialized molecule of T-cell receptor is located on surface of cell. The molecule is important in the immunity as it recognizes the antigens and thus it to bind to them.

B cells

B cells are important part of immune system. They mature in bone marrow of the humans, and in bursa organ of the birds. The cells have a protein on the surface which is known as B-cell receptor. The protein recognizes and attaches to the specific antigens.

Natural killer cells

Natural killer cells are the lymphocytes which are known to be cytotoxic. They have ability to kill the other cells in the body. The cells are important part of immune system because these cells are able to recognize infected cells.

B lymphocytes are cells that are initially produced in the yolk sac, then in the liver (during fetal life), and later in the bone marrow. They are responsible for ensuring the so-called humoral immunity, which stands out for the immune response made by the production of antibodies. These antibodies are capable of neutralizing or even destroying antigens. In addition to antibody production, B lymphocytes act as immune memory cells. These cells are able to react quickly to a new infection with the same antigen. As such, they ensure faster and more effective protection.

T lymphocytes originate from lymphoid progenitor cells found in the bone marrow. These cells leave the marrow towards the thymus. T helper lymphocytes guarantee the differentiation of B lymphocytes into plasma cells, and are therefore important for antibody production. Suppressor T lymphocytes terminate the humoral response, that is, antibody production. T lymphocytes are estimated to represent 65% to 75% of lymphocytes present in a person's blood.

NK cells (also a lymphocyte), or natural killer cells, are part of the innate immune system. These cells are able to distinguish infected or tumor cells and attack them without stimulation. Its immune response is nonspecific, unlike T and B lymphocytes, which produce responses by antigen action.

Answer:

Explanation:

The Community-based participatory research (CBPR) is an approach which collaborate the researchers and other community members so as to facilitate their contribution and help in making decisions related to a new research. It is with the growing popularity because of the fact that it is utilizing the research strategies to engage the communities to the health issues.

The associated challenges with this approach includes the collaboration of the hospitals which can help in clinical trials for treatment of diseases. The confidentiality of the research plan is required to be maintained while working in the hospitals. The hospitals protocols are required to be followed while conducting research.  

Answer:

The answer to the statement: At rest, most of the body´s blood supply resides in the pulmonary loop, would be, B: False.

Explanation:

The circulatory system never stops working. Pumping of blood, transportation of oxygen, nutrients and water to and from tissues is a process that does not end, even during sleep. The only moment when this process does not happen, is in death. However, a good question is, where does the blood go, or stay, when the body is not active, like for example, during sleep. And the answer is that most of it will rest on the systemic veins and venules and will slowly circulate back to the heart, but at a much lower rate than when the body activates itself. However, what is not true is that blood will reside mostly in the pulmonary loop, because this loop does not have the capacity to store that much blood.

Answer:

The best answer to the question: All of the following statements concerning oogenesis are true, except:___, would be, D: Oogenesis occurs continuously from puberty until menopause.

Explanation:

The reason for this one being the right choice to answer the question is that in reality, females are born with their oocytes completed and this process of renovation of ova does not happen. The female is born with the primary oocytes complete and ready, and they will continue their process of maturation once the female reaches puberty. So it is not true that oogenesis happens from puberty until menopause and this is why D is incorrect. It is this the reason why females only have until a certain age for reproduction through natural methods. After a certain age, especially when menopause takes place, women do not ovulate anymore.

Statement D is incorrect. Oogenesis is the process from which primary oocytes develop. It happens in a cyclical manner with typically one ovum being released each menstrual cycle, not continuously throughout a woman's reproductive years.

All of the statements A, B, C, and E concerning oogenesis are correct. Statement D, 'Oogenesis occurs continuously from puberty until menopause', is not true. Oogenesis does not occur continuously, it happens in a cyclical manner with typically one ovum being released each menstrual cycle, not continuously throughout the duration of a woman's reproductive years from puberty to menopause. Oogenesis is the process in which primary oocytes (A) grow and develop. These primary oocytes, which are present at the time of a female's birth, originate from stem cells called oogonia (B). An ovum will only complete meiosis if it is fertilized (C), and the first meiotic division is completed just prior to ovulation (E), creating a secondary oocyte and a polar body.

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Answer:

The best answer to the question: Initial periodontal therapy includes which of the following procedures:___, would be, D: All of the above.

Explanation:

The purpose of periodontal therapy is to remove all the microbial presences that are causing problems, particularly to the gums, and other structures of the mouth, causing inflammation and other issues. In order to achieve this bacterial removal and cleansing, dentists will use several procedures to achieve it. Among them are: antimicrobial therapy, but also scaling and root debridement through root planning. All these procedures will aim at reducing plaque and calculus, cleaning the teeth and removing the bacteria causing the problems.