Which statement describes an effect of apartheid on the South African
population?
A. All South Africans were required to give up their Dutch or British
citizenship
B. Nonwhite South Africans were forced to live in segregated areas.
c. White South Africans were forced to vote in favor of antiapartheid
reform.
D. All nonwhite South Africans were enrolled in classes to learn to
speak Afrikaans.

According to Aristotle, democracies that do not follow the rule of law can fall victim to the extremes of democracy, which include the formation of an oligarchy or a tyranny. This degeneration occurs when the rulers govern solely in their own interest, neglecting the common good of the community.

Aristotle's political philosophy was rooted in the belief that the best government is one that promotes the common good. He posited that rule by the virtuous and wise, either in the form of a monarchy (one ruler) or aristocracy (few rulers), was ideal. However, the risk of corruption into tyranny or oligarchy was ever-present. In democracies without adherence to the rule of law, individual or group interests could prevail over collective well-being, leading to instability and the potential rise of dictatorships or power being concentrated in the hands of a few. Aristotle highlighted the importance of balance and the moderate exercise of freedom within democratic systems to avoid such pitfalls. The concept of the rule of law is critical because it acts as a safeguard against the arbitrary exercise of power and protects freedoms, ensuring that all citizens are ruled and rule in turn. Without this, democracies could decline into tyranny or oligarchy, where few rule in their own interest, which Aristotle and many philosophers feared.

Answer:

The answer is:

C. The Great Awakening.

Answer:

European explorers came to the "New World" oDetail from map: Novi Orbis

Detail from 16th century map. "Novi Orbis" is "new world" in Latin.

f North America in the 1500s. Before that time, the continent was an unknown place to them. These adventurers saw it as an entirely new land, with animals and plants to discover. They also met new people in this exciting New World—people with fascinating lifeways that the Europeans had never seen and languages they had never heard. This New World for Europeans was actually a very old world for the various people they met in North America. Today we call those people American Indians.

that how much i know im so srry for not knowing all

Explanation:

Native American responses to European settlement evolved over time. New England and Chesapeake had social, economic, and political differences. England enforced mercantilism to control colonial America. England consolidated power through royal colonies and increased regulation.

Native American responses to European settlement changed over time. Initially, some tribes welcomed and interacted with the European settlers, forming alliances and engaging in trade. However, as colonization continued, conflicts arose over land, resources, and cultural differences. Native Americans faced displacement, violence, and the devastating effects of diseases brought by the Europeans.

One major social difference between New England and the Chesapeake colonies was the demographics. New England attracted families seeking religious freedom and pursued a more communal lifestyle, while the Chesapeake colonies had a predominantly male population focused on tobacco cultivation. Economically, New England relied on diverse industries like shipbuilding and trade, while the Chesapeake colonies focused primarily on cash crop agriculture. Politically, New England developed self-governing institutions like town meetings, while the Chesapeake colonies were under the control of a royal governor.

England increasingly enforced mercantilism over time in colonial America. Policies such as the Navigation Acts restricted colonial trade, requiring colonies to only trade with England and limiting their economic autonomy. The English government aimed to control the flow of wealth and resources from the colonies, reinforcing the concept of a favorable balance of trade and benefiting the English economy.

In the 17th and 18th centuries, England consolidated power over colonial America through various means. The English Crown established royal colonies, which gave the king direct control over governance. The colonies were also subject to increased regulation, taxes, and trade restrictions imposed by the English Parliament. Ultimately, England exerted significant political, economic, and military dominance over colonial America during this time.

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Answer:

The Battle of Long Island was a decisive victory for the British. George Washington and the Continental Army were eventually forced to retreat all the way to Pennsylvania. The British remained in control of New York City for the rest of the Revolutionary War.

Explanation:

The 1920's were known as the roaring 20's. Investors got confident in the market and bought stocks on margin. More and more investors had borrowed money to get into the stock market. When the stock market turned downed, that forced investors to sell rapidly. However, there were no buyers to offset those trades. Therefore, there was a supply and demand in balance, which directly causes the stock market to crash.

Answer:

A) they couldnt pay back loans

Explanation:

Answer:

Hostages freed in 1981 after reagans inauguration

Explanation:

When reagan was elected he started a negotation with iranian embassy to solve an issue without violence.  one effort was to free hostages

Answer:

C. The hostages were freed in 1981 after Reagan’s inauguration.

Explanation:

Answer:

It wanted a strong national government. -A.

The statement which is true is that, "The Whig Party of 1844 wanted a strong national government."

The Whig Party was formed in the United States in 1844. The Whig Party became a major political party of that period. This party was formed in order to bring together a loose coalition of groups united in their opposition.

The members of the Whig Party were originally colonists who supported independence. In the mid 1830s, the Whig Party opposed Jackson's strong-armed leadership style and policies.

The Whig party stood for protective tariffs, national banking, federal funding for internal improvements, and other measures that strengthened the central government.

The Whig Party believed in a strong national government which would compose of three distinct branches: legislative, executive, and judiciary.

The Whig Party wanted the national government to provide its citizens with a transportation infrastructure to assist economic development. Many Whigs also called for government support of business through the tariffs.

Hence, option A is correct.

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The Answer is A-Eliminated poll taxes in federal elections

Explanation:

24th Amendment and the Civil Rights Act eliminated poll taxes, below you can understand more on poll tax.

A poll tax is an amount of money paid by a individual who is residence in the place. The amount is fixed.

It is a compulsory level for every individual and it paid into the government purse.

Therefore, 24th Amendment and the Civil Rights Act eliminated poll taxes.

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Answer: In England  the cause was Steam-locomotives and the effects are the growth of rail roads

Explanation:

This revolution was driven by a number of factors, including the Industrial Revolution, the growth of trade, and the desire for faster and more efficient transportation.

The Great Revolution in Transportation was a period of rapid technological innovation in transportation that began in the late 18th century and continued through the early 20th century.

Some of the most important inventions of the Great Revolution in Transportation include the steam engine, the steamship, the railroad, the internal combustion engine, and the airplane. These inventions had a profound impact on society and the economy, making it possible to transport goods and people more quickly and efficiently than ever before.

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Answer:

d = 10m

Explanation:

If the area of a square garden is 50 m2, the diagonal is 10m.

Formula: d=2a

d=2A=2·50=10m

Answer:

The main source of information about the war in Vietnam was television although the antiwar protests were aimed to abolish violence as a way of promoting ideas, strategies in the context of unbalanced social conditions, like the killing of the four Kent State Students by National Guardsmen

Answer:

The killings of four Kent State students by National Guardsmen.

Television shows with antiwar content aimed at the youth market.

Nightly network television news coverage of battles and casualties.

Explanation:

These are all important factors that contributed to the protests against the Vietnam War. The killings of four students at Kent State highlighted the importance of the right to peaceful protesting and the dangers of the excess of violence. Moreover, television played a fundamental role, as it showed footage of the battles and casualties of the war, allowing people to experience the horrors of the war in a more realistic way.

During the early years of the Cold War, tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union increased because they both started to extend their influence by forming blocks of alliances, dividing the world between two poles :

- the Eastern Block (Asia + Central and Eastern Europe communist states)

- the Western Block (North and South America + Western Europe + Japan)

This is the birth of a bipolar world opposing the Soviet Union and the United States.

Then, during the early years of the Cold War, the 2 blocs fought indirectly through several crises (1947-1953) :

-Berlin crisis

After WWII, Germany was divided into 4 occupation zones. In 1948 Stalin instituted the Berlin Blockade in order to limit the powers of UK, US, and France. But the US replied by setting up the Berlin Airlift. Eventually, the Blockade was lifted in 1949 but Germany was then divided into 2 states (West Germany or FRG / East Germany or GDR). An imaginary line called by Churchill "Iron Curtain" divided Europe into 2 different political areas: Western Europe, capitalist states allied with the US and Eastern Europe = soviet satellites states under the hegemony of the Soviet Union.

This division was also emphasized by the policies led by each block. In 1947, the US instituted a policy of containment in order to stop the Russians from influencing any of the weakened western powers. Indeed, to stop communism expansion, the US launched the Marshall Plan, financial aid for Western Europe countries heavily damaged by WWII. Besides, Western Countries formed a military alliance the NATO (1949).

In response to this threat, in 1948, the Soviet Union introduced the Truman Doctrine, a plan to help states going through a struggle for freedom against their oppressors, which was later militarily supplemented by the Warsaw Pact (1955).

Finally, Europe division was worsened by the built of the Berlin Wall in 1961.

- Asia

First Indochina War

Sino Soviet Pact in 1950

The Korean War which started in 1950 and ended by a statu quo in 1953, resulting in the division of Korea between the Northern State, communist, and the Southern State, capitalist and under the hegemony of the US.

- Middle East

Jew settled in Palestina ask for the creation of a Jewish States. Accordingly, in 1948 the UNO divided the country into two states: an Arab one and a jewish one, Israel. But Israel was then attacked by nearby arab countries, supported by the Soviet Union. However, supported by the US, Israel won the war, resulting in the disappearance of the Palestinian state.

During those early crises, each block fought indirectly by interposed countries. In 1949, the Soviet Union got its first atomic bomb and a "Balance of Terror" took hold of the world. It refers to the balance of power between the US and the Soviet Union which were both equipped with nuclear weapons. It made it impossible for them to use the atomic bomb because it would have led to their mutual destruction.

In 1953, Stalin died. He was succeeded by Nikita Khroutchev who set up a De-Stalinization policy, adopting a more conciliatory attitude to the West. It put an end to the rise of tensions between the two blocks, but only for a moment.

Indeed, from 1953 to 1962, the two Blocks led a policy of Peaceful Co-existence. During this period, each of the blocks remained hostile to the other while refusing to escalate tensions. However, in 1962 the Cold War reached its climax with the Cuban Missile Crisis.

During the early years of the Cold War, tensions between the U.S. and the Soviet Union increased due to their divergent visions for the global order, ideological differences, and competition for world dominance. Both nations engaged in an arms race, espionage, and proxy wars, with significant events like the space race and nuclear proliferation highlighting the seriousness of their rivalry. Despite intense competition and moments of near-confrontation, the U.S. and USSR avoided direct military conflict.

Tensions During the Early Cold War Years

The early years of the Cold War saw increasing tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union due to conflicting visions of post-World War II global order. The ideological battle between U.S. democracy and Soviet communism was a fundamental cause of the Cold War, with each superpower aiming for global supremacy through various means like propaganda, espionage, arms race, and proxy wars. The struggle for influence extended to all parts of society and world affairs from the suppression of communism within the U.S. to the competition in space exploration.

The U.S. and the USSR sought allies globally, with few countries remaining neutral as both superpowers stockpiled weapons, including nuclear warheads. They endeavored to block each other's influence, with the Soviets supporting wars in regions like Vietnam, and the U.S. trying to counteract these actions. Nuclear armament and the space race became central aspects of the Cold War, symbolizing the rivalry's depth and the potential catastrophic consequences of a direct confrontation.

Several proxy wars occurred wherein the U.S. and USSR supported opposing sides, such as in Vietnam and Afghanistan, to push their political agendas without direct military engagement. The Cold War also witnessed moments of extreme tension where military conflict seemed imminent, such as the Berlin Crisis of 1961 and the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962, outlining the high-stakes nature of this geopolitical chess game.

Critics of affirmative action argue that it promotes reverse discrimination and undermines concepts of merit and equality. They believe it unfairly advantages certain groups while penalizing others, potentially ignoring individual capacities. However, others advocate for such measures as key to correcting systemic disadvantages.

Critics of affirmative action often argue that it leads to reverse discrimination and undermines the concepts of merit and equality. This perspective contends that affirmative action programs can inadvertently penalize those who are not part of the designated groups, often white and/or males, hence fostering a kind of reverse discrimination. They also argue that such policies might undervalue merit, implying that members from certain demographics might be accepted or promoted based not on their abilities or skills, but rather on their race, ethnicity, or gender. Still, proponents maintain that affirmative action is a necessary measure to correct historical disadvantages and promote diversity.

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Answer:

The Voting Rights Act of 1965 and the 15th amendment were similar to the extent that they aimed at granting African Americans the right to vote.

Explanation:

The Voting Rights Act of 1965 and the Fifteenth Amendment were both designed to protect the voting rights of minority groups, particularly African Americans.

The Voting Rights Act of 1965 and the Fifteenth Amendment were both important pieces of legislation in the United States that aimed to protect the voting rights of minority groups, particularly African Americans.

The Fifteenth Amendment, ratified in 1870, prohibited the denial of voting rights based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude. However, it was not effectively enforced and many discriminatory practices, such as literacy tests and poll taxes, prevented African Americans from exercising their right to vote.

The Voting Rights Act of 1965 was a response to ongoing voting discrimination and aimed to eliminate these discriminatory practices. It included provisions that banned literacy tests, required federal approval of changes to voting laws in certain jurisdictions with a history of discrimination, and provided for federal oversight of elections in these jurisdictions.

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Answer:

Lorenzo de Zavala

Explanation:

Because he had supported Texas independence, Santa Anna branded Lorenzo de Zavala a traitor to Mexico. Yet some Texas leaders were also suspicious of him.

Answer:

Because he had supported Texas independence, Santa Anna branded Lorenzo de Zavala a traitor to Mexico. Yet some Texas leaders were also suspicious of him.

Explanation:

Zavala was born in Yucatan. He founded several newspapers, and because of his liberal ideas, he was imprisoned by the Spanish authorities. He was released in 1817. Three years later he was chosen as a representative in the Spanish Courts of 1820.

After the Mexican independence, he served in the Congress of the Union and founded the Yorkino Masonic Lodge. This in fact became a liberal political party, which sought far-reaching federalization. When Vicente Guerrero seized power in 1829, he appointed Zavala as finance minister. However, Guerrero's government was overthrown after just a few months by the conservative General Anastasio Bustamante, causing Zavala to flee to the United States.

In 1832 he returned to Mexico and became governor of the state of Mexico. A year later, President Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna appointed him as consul in Paris. However, when Zavala heard that Santa Anna had granted himself dictatorial powers, he resigned. He first went to New York City and later to Texas, where he came into contact with separatist politicians such as Stephen Austin. Zavala was initially a federalist, but advocated Texas independence. He was one of the authors of the Declaration of Independence of the Republic of Texas and was elected vice president of this new republic.

A few months after the Texan rebels in the battle of San Jacinto defeated Santa Anna's army, Zavala died of pneumonia. Zavala County and Zavala in Texas are named after him.

Answer:

Supreme Court Justices are appointed for a term of life-D.

D). life

The reason why answer choice "D). life" would be the correct answer because  Supreme Court Justices have a life long term.

As a Supreme Court Justice, you're allowed to be on term for as long as you want, in other words, you can be an Supreme Court Justices for the rest of your life if you choose to do so.

One of the only ways a Supreme Court Justice's term could end short is if they were impeached. They can only get "kicked out" from their position from impeachment.

Impeachment is the act in which someone brings up crimes that one of the "justice" or "associates" allegedly committed. If it comes out as true, then the justice or associate would be charged and "removed" from the Supreme Court. They could keep their seat in the Supreme Court if they keep behavior that is good.

All in all, they could stay as a Supreme Court Justice for as long as they want, even possibly stay until they pass away.

a free enterprise system is largely self-regulating. Therefore, government plays a limited, but important, role, allowing individuals to make most of the economic decisions. Specifically, government has two roles: rule maker and umpire.

In essence, the government gives the umbrella beneath which the loose employer machine operates. Governments additionally provide items, including country-wide protection, that the personal marketplace alone could have a hard time generating. The charging system is the hyperlink that connects purchasers, producers, and markets.

Governments provide the legal and social framework, maintain opposition, provide public items and offerings, redistribute profits, correct for externalities, and stabilize the financial system.

In loose company, the authorities make positive that manufacturers provide purchasers with information, impose diverse regulations, and protect clients (i.e their health, protection, and properly-being).

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Answer:

Native Americans primarily passed information to the next generation through the use of storytelling. Native Americans would tell stories to their children, who would later pass it down to their children. This passed the culture down from one generation to the next.

Answer:

c. workers were better able to negotiate for better treatment by working together.

Explanation:

The emergence of trade unionism is linked to the context of the industrialization and consolidation of capitalism in Europe from the eighteenth century, when the Industrial Revolution occurred. The era was marked by the poor living and working conditions to which a large part of the European population was subjected.

Social relations at that time reached an enormous polarization, with society divided into two great classes: the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. It is at this moment that the antagonism of interests between them becomes evident.

Over time, workers began to organize themselves as a means of confronting employers and questioning the situation at the time. The first signs of union between workers appear with the breakdown of factory machines as a form of resistance, a movement known as Luddism. The motivation was the view of the workers that they would be being replaced by the machinery in the industries.

Later, in 1824, the English Parliament passed a law extending free association to the workers, something which was once only permitted to the ruling social classes. With this, the trade unions, trade union organizations equivalent to the current unions begin to be created.

The trade unions then negotiate on behalf of the group of workers, unifying the struggle in the search for greater rights and wages. The idea was to prevent employers from putting pressure on individual workers.

Other measures of the trade unions were wage fixing for the whole category, including regulating it in terms of profit (thus increasing industrial productivity also resulted in an increase in workers' wages), creating aid funds for workers at times difficulties of meeting the categories of a region in a single federation.

Answer:

Execution

There is no good explanation for this question.

In Russia, those who disagree with the president can face arrests, death, or other severe consequences. This includes the suspicious deaths of key political opponents and journalists, highlighting an autocratic governance style that suppresses freedom of speech and political opposition.

Those who disagree with the president in Russia, particularly under Vladimir Putin's rule, may face severe consequences. This autocratic governance style has led to the arrests and/or deaths of rival politicians, wealthy opponents, and investigative journalists. Notable incidents include the suspicious deaths of former KGB officer Alexander Litvinenko in 2006 and journalist Anna Politkovskaia the same year. Furthermore, the poisoning of Russian emigrants Sergei and Yulia Skripal in 2018 in Salisbury, England, adds to the list of major scandals attributed to dissent suppression.

The environment for freedom of speech and political opposition in Russia is heavily restricted. Elections are considered neither free nor fair, and non-state organizations promoting taboo rights face harassment by security agencies. The media, while possessing some level of freedom, continues to be a hazardous field for investigative reporting. Moreover, Russia's judiciary system lacks independence, signaling a broader disregard for the rule of law in respect to political dissent.

Answer:

30 million years.

Explanation:

Bears have been around for 30 million years. That's longer than most humans and animals!

Answer:

Approximately 30 million years

Explanation:

Scientists estimate that the oldest bear, the brown bear, originated approximately 30 million years ago.

Several adaptions of bear have come in much more recent times, however, such as the grizzly bear, which appeared only 1.3 million years ago.

Answer:

C. A person born abroad who has successfully applied for American citizenship

Explanation:

In order for a person to become a naturalized American citizen it has to born in another country and have a citizenship of another country, while in meantime managing to successfully apply for American citizenship. The process of naturalization has several steps and there a re multiple conditions that have to be fulfilled. Some of the conditions are that the person has to be 18 or more years of age, has lived in the US for at least 5 years, has permanent place of stay in part of the US for at least three months before applying, having basic knowledge of speaking and writing in English language etc.

Answer: A person born abroad who has successfully applied for American citizenship SO C

Explanation:

Answer:

The new arrivals were often seen as unwanted competition for jobs

Explanation:

Answer:

The answer would C

Explanation:

"After the French and Indian War, Britain needed money. As a result, the British government placed taxes on the American colonists. ... They said they had not voted on the tax (No taxation without representation). Colonists under the leadership of Samuel Adams formed the Sons of Liberty to protest the Stamp Act."

Answer:

The correct answer is C. Sons of liberty formed to lead popular protests against the Stamp Act.

Explanation:

Sons of Liberty was a secret organization of American patriots that originated in the Thirteen Colonies during the American Revolution.

It consisted of an organization of American patriots that was formed in the pre-independence of British colonialism from North America. The group was formed to protect the rights of the settlers and to take to the streets protests against the taxes and usurpations made by the British government after 1766. They became known for holding the Boston Tea Party in 1773, which triggered a series of acts of intense repression by the British government, leading to a backlash by the Patriots that led directly to the American Revolutionary War in 1775.

Answer:

The duty of protecting the society from the violence and invasion of other independent societies

The duty of protecting every member of the society from the injustice or oppression of every other member of it.

The duty of erecting and maintaining certain public works and certain public institutions to erect and maintain

Adam Smith outlined the sovereign duties as defense of society, protection of individuals from injustice, and maintaining certain public goods. John Locke's theory of natural rights emphasizes the inherent equality and liberty of all individuals, defining duties and responsibilities towards one another. Additional responsibilities could include ensuring economic welfare, but this diverges from the original philosophies.

The question, according to Smith, refers to Adam Smith's doctrine of sovereign duties in his ideal system of natural liberty. Smith, an Enlightenment thinker, believed that the role of the sovereign, or government, was fundamentally to defend its society from invasion, protect individuals from injustice or oppression, and uphold certain public institutions that are beneficial but not profitable for individuals to maintain. This parallels John Locke's concept of natural laws and rights which determine the responsibilities individuals have towards each other and the government.

For example, Locke theorised that people inherently have a right to life, and therefore all others have a duty to respect that right. This duty extends to not harming their own life or wasting their talents. According to Locke's view, each person has an obligation to respect the natural rights of every other person, underscoring the inherent equality and liberty of all people.

Additional duties of the sovereign could include ensuring economic stability and the welfare of its citizens, but these notions start to diverge from Smith's and Locke's initial philosophies, which were grounded in the principles of limited government intervention and the importance of individual liberties and natural rights.

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Answer:

I'm nut sure but , I think the answer is A

Answer:

Worker shortages caused by so many solders fighting overseas allowed both groups to win legal protection for wages equal to white men

Explanation:

The World War II was very important and it had big positive effect on the women and African Americans. Because of the ongoing war, lot of men were recruited to fight, which left the industry with a very big labor shortage. Being desperate and trying to keep up the strong economy, the industry and government both granted the women and African Americans the same rights and legal protection for wages, the same as the white men. This was the moment from when the women and the African Americans started to have much more opportunities in life, giving them greater economic independence, choices, and to be able to prosper in their careers and lives.

Answer:

Explanation:

they stored and carried water to the farms

The construction of dams and canals in Washington greatly benefited farms by providing reliable irrigation and controlling floods, which allowed for consistent water supply and land productivity, significantly contributing to agricultural growth in the West Coast.

The construction of dams and canals in Washington state benefited farms primarily by providing a reliable source of irrigation water, which was especially crucial in transforming arid lands into productive agricultural areas. These infrastructure projects allowed for the trapping and storing of water during wet periods, such as the snowmelt in the spring. The stored water was then distributed via canals during the dry summer months, ensuring that crops could be watered consistently. Furthermore, the hydroelectric power generated by these dams contributed significantly to the local power supply, necessary for modern farming operations.

Additionally, the construction of dams helped in controlling the devastating effects of seasonal floods which otherwise would inundate and damage farmlands. For instance, California's Central Valley was prone to flooding during the spring and suffered from droughts in the summer before dams and canals were established to regulate the water flow. As a result, agriculture rapidly expanded throughout the valley, and by the 1930s, California emerged as the country's leading agricultural producer, an achievement that was largely facilitated by these water management projects.

Despite the many benefits to agriculture, dam construction also came with negative impacts, such as the creation of reservoirs that sometimes resulted in the flooding of existing farms, homes, and even whole towns. Nonetheless, the overall effect of dams and canals has been an enormous boon to farming in regions like the West Coast, where water management has been essential to agricultural productivity and the economic growth of the area.

Answer:

low pay may cause worker to strike

These might cause workers to strike due to low pay

A work stoppage forced on by a work to achieve refusal to carry out their duties is characterized as a strike action, also referred as a labour unrest, labour attack, or simply a strike. Usually, a strike is a response to employee grievances. During the Industrial Revolution, when mass labour became important in factories and mines, strikes increased the frequency. As strike implementing actions, governments were sometimes pressured to take action (either by private business or by union workers).

Government action is rarely unbiased or collaborative. Early strikes were frequently labeled as illegal conspiracies or anti-competitive cartel activity, and many of them were the targets of harsh legal punishment by state troopers, federal military force, and federal courts. In the 19th century and early 20th century, several Western countries have made striking acceptable under certain circumstances.

Sometimes governments are forced to modify their policies by methods of strikes. Sometimes, strikes undermine a particular political party's or ruler's authority; in these situations, strikes are frequently a piece of a comprehensive social movement taking the shape of a strategy of civil resistance. Examples also include 1981 Warning Strikes, organized by Lech Wasa, and the 1980 Gdask Shipyard. These strikes played a important role in Poland's protracted civil resistance movement for political reform and played a crucial mobilizing role in the collapse of the Iron Wall and the end of communist party rule in eastern Europe.

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