Answer:
b. Basement membrane
Explanation:
Together, the endothelial cells of the glomerular capillaries and the podocytes that completely surround the capillaries form a permeable barrier called filtration membrane or endothelial capsular membrane. This sandwich arrangement allows filtration of water and small solutes, but prevents filtration. of most plasma proteins, blood cells and platelets. The filtered substances move from the bloodstream through three barriers: a gIomerular endothelial cell, the basal lamina and a filtration slot formed by a podocyte.
1 The endothelial cells of the gIoméruIo are quite permeable because they have large perforations (pores) of 70 to 100 nm (0.07 to 0.1 ml) in diameter. These dimensions allow all solutes of the blood plasma to leave the gIomerular capillaries, but prevents blood cells and platelets from leaking. The mesangial cells, contractile cells that help regulate gIomerular filtration are located in the middle of the gomeromer capillaries and the groove formed between the afferent and efferent arterioles.
2 The basement membrane is a layer of acellular material between the endothelium and podocytes, which consists of fibruses in a gIucoprotein matrix; prevents filtration of large plasma proteins.
3 From each podocito thousands of extensions in the form of feet called pedicels that surround the glomerular capillaries extend. The spaces between the pedicels are called filtration cracks. A thin membrane, the crack membrane, extends through each filtration crack and allows the passage of molecules with a diameter smaller than 6 to 7 nm (0.006 to 0.OO7 mm), including water, glucose, vitamins, amino acids , very small plasma proteins, ammonia, urea and ions. Since the most abundant plasma protein, albumin, has a diameter of 7.1 mm, less than 1% of it crosses the membrane of the crack.
What evidence suggests that vertebrates are more closely related to echinoderms than are any other invertebrate phyla? What evidence suggests that vertebrates are more closely related to echinoderms than are any other invertebrate phyla? a.Shared DNA sequences b.Shared morphology c.Shared patterns of development
Answer:
The correct answer is option a. "Shared DNA sequences".
Explanation:
The most reliable evidence that suggest that vertebrates are more closely related to echinoderms than are any other invertebrate phyla is the fact that vertebrates share DNA sequences with echinoderms. Among the different genes that have been analyzed between vertebrates and echinoderms, the genes involved in immunology and biomineralization are the ones practically identical among these two categories of species.
How is a tendon different from a ligament?
a. A tendon joins a bone to a bone; a ligament joins a muscle to a bone.
b. A tendon joins a muscle to a bone; a ligament joins a bone to a bone.
c. A tendon covers a bone; a ligament supplies nutrients to a bone.
d. A tendon supplies nutrients to a bone; a ligament covers a bone.
Answer:
b. A tendon joins a muscle to a bone; a ligament joins a bone to a bone.
Explanation:
The mutation resulting in sickle cell disease changes one base pair of dna so that a codon now codes for a different amino acid
Answer: Missense mutation
Explanation:
In sickle cell the glutamic acid in the 6th position of the beta chain of HbA (normal haemoglobin) is change to valine in HbS (sickle cell haemoglobin). This occur when there's a single nucleotide mutation. The (A) nucleotide in the condon (GAG) of glutamic acid is substituted for a (T) nucleotide. This single nucleotide substitution converts a glutamic acid codon (GAG) to a valine codon (GTG), which leads to polymerization of haemoglobin molecules in red blood cells. This cause a distortion of cell to a sickle shape.
Summarize the experiments performed by the following scientists that provided evidence that DNA is the genetic material: a. Frederick Griffith b. Oswald Avery, Maclyn McCarty, and Colin MacLeod c. Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase d. Erwin Chargaff
Answer:
The following scientists have performed different experiments that were helpful in providing evidence that DNA is the genetic material. The summarize experiments are as follows-
1. Fredrick Griffith- the experiment was an experiment performed in 1928. It was one of the experiments that exhibit that bacteria can acquire through the process of transformation.
2 Oswald Avery, Maclyn McCarty, and Colin MacLeod: this experiment exhibited that DNA can transform the cell properties, and clarifying the chemical properties of the genes.
3. Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase: They determined that even the bacteriophage has a protective coat around it but the DNA that is present inside is the genetic material that has the ability to produce the progeny inside a bacterium.
4. Erwin Chargaff: He proposed tow rules which were named after him as chargaff rules. This tells that natural DNA the number of cytosines is equal to the number of guanine units and adenine to Thymine units.
generalize how restriction enzymes are used
Answer: for cutting DNA sequences
Where are the sensors for the arterial baroreceptor reflex located?a. cardiovascular centers in the medulla oblongatab. The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systemsc. carotid sinus and aortic arch
Answer:
The correct option is c. The sensors for the arterial baroreceptor reflex are located in carotid sinus and aortic arch.
Explanation:
Baroreceptors are primary sensors (or mechanosensitive nerve endings) that detect distention in vascular walls and are stimulated by mechanical deformations during blood vessel stretching. They are located in the carotid sinus and the aortic arch. The stretching the vessel walls at any of these locations causes vasodilation and bradycardia. The baroreceptors detect the stretching of the vessels due to changes in blood pressure, through them a more efficient control of blood pressure is achieved.
The sensors for the arterial baroreceptor reflex are found in the carotid sinus and aortic arch. They are responsible for detecting changes in blood pressure and initiating a response to maintain blood pressure homeostasis.
Explanation:The sensors for the arterial baroreceptor reflex are located in the carotid sinus and aortic arch. Baroreceptors are specialized stretch receptors within the walls of these vessels that respond to changes in blood pressure. When there is an increase in blood pressure, these receptors are stretched more and their rate of firing to the cardiovascular centers in the medulla oblongata increases. This leads to adjustments in heart rate and blood vessel dilation/constriction to maintain blood pressure homeostasis.
These baroreceptor sites are critical for the baroreceptor reflex, which adjusts blood flow and pressure by changing the balance of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system actions on the heart and blood vessels. With increased pressure and stretch, the cardiovascular center decreases sympathetic stimulation and increases parasympathetic stimulation, and vice versa when pressure and stretch decrease.
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"Mutations in the lacI and lacO genes in the lactose system often lead to full production of the three structural genes related to the lac operon even with no lactose available to the organism. Such mutations would be called ________."
Answer:
constitutive mutations
Explanation:
Constitutive mutations -
They are the strains which uninterruptedly make proteins , and therefore , can lead to excess of protiens and the process is very difficult or nearly impossible to stop , is known as the process of Constitutive mutations .
One of the example of this process of Constitutive mutations is ,
The strain with lac operon mutation which can even results in th etranscription of the lac genes .
Hence , from the statement of the question ,the correct term is Constitutive mutations .
White blood cells fight ____________ . In an individual with normally functioning bone marrow, the numbers of WBCs can ____________ within hours, if needed.
Final answer:
White blood cells are responsible for fighting off pathogens, and their numbers can increase within hours in response to an infection, thanks to the bone marrow's ability to produce them rapidly. These cells form an integral part of the immune system and vary in type and function, with changes in their numbers potentially indicating specific health conditions.
Explanation:
White blood cells fight pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and other foreign organisms that may pose a threat to the body. These cells are a vital component of the immune system. Given their crucial role, when a person has an infection or an inflammatory process going on, the number of white blood cells can increase significantly within hours to counter the threat. The variable number of white blood cells is part of the body's sophisticated adaptive response to infectious diseases and aids in providing a robust defense mechanism.
The bone marrow plays a critical role in this process as it is the primary site for the production of white blood cells. When an infection occurs, signals are sent to the bone marrow to ramp up leukocyte production. The different types of white blood cells, including neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes, each serve distinct functions in the body's defense system. Certain diseases or conditions can be associated with an increase or decrease in specific types of white blood cells, providing diagnostic clues to medical professionals.
After a copper smelter begins operation, local downwind populations of plants begin to adapt to the resulting air pollution. Scientists document, for example, that the acid tolerance of several plant species has increased significantly in the polluted area. This is an example of:
A) stabilizing selection.
B) disruptive selection.
C) genetic drift.
D) directional selection.
Answer: Directional selection
Explanation:
In the population genetics, directional selection is the mode of selection during which the extreme phenotype are favored more than the other phenotype.
This causes the allele frequency to shift towards the time in the direction of that particular phenotype.
Here, in the question the acid tolerant plant species is favored over the other phenotype.
Hence, the correct answer is option D
________________________ have thin and flexible primary cell walls, perform the most metabolic functions (including photosynthesis), and retain the ability to divide and differentiate into other cells
Answer: Parenchyma cells
Explanation:
The parenchyma cells of plants are the functioning cells organ-tissue of non-woody part of soft plants and fruits.
The structure of the parenchyma cell consist of thinner walls and retain the ability to divide quickly, differentiate into other cells and stay alive at maturity. Parenchyma cells are less useful in structural part of plants but capable of photosynthesis, store water and nutrients.
The aggregate of parenchyma cells form a majority of ground tissue in the plant. They cells of parenchyma are capable of metabolic activity, such as growth and photosynthesis
Compare the horizontal and vertical components of global winds. (Earth Science)
Global winds are caused due to the unequal heating of the planet by the sun, and they're named according to the direction they flow. While horizontal movement of wind is a product of the pressure change from high to low, vertical change happens because of density.
A population of caterpillars feeds on the leaves of trees in a forest and is in turn food for birds that eat them off the tree leaves. Given this information, which adaptation would be most likely to evolve?
A. Birds would evolve to eat more types of insects.
B. Caterpillars would evolve to eat the bark as well as the leaves.
C. Caterpillars would evolve to a larger size.
D. Caterpillars would evolve to a color that matched the leaves they eat.
Answer:
D. Caterpillars would evolve to a color that matched the leaves they eat.
Explanation:
In addition to the ability of caterpillars to cling in leaves and draw water from them, they are able to camouflage themselves on the leaves depending on their coloration.
Caterpillars can come in many different colors, but most are green or brown, this is an evolutionary response, so caterpillars can be mistaken for the leaves they usually feed on, for the purpose of not drawing attention of predators such as birds, for example. This evolutionary trait will therefore give caterpillars a better chance of survival.
Final answer:
The most likely adaptation for caterpillars under predation pressure would be camouflaged coloration to match the leaves, enhancing survival by avoiding detection from bird predators.
Explanation:
In the given scenario of caterpillars and their bird predators, the most likely adaptation to evolve would be camouflaged coloration that matches the leaves the caterpillars eat. This adaptation, option D, would increase their chances of avoiding detection by predators, thereby enhancing their chances for survival and reproduction.
Examples of this process include the peppered moth, which evolved darker coloration to blend in with sooty trees in polluted environments, and hypothetical lizard populations that develop camouflaged coloration to evade predators. Such adaptations are a result of selective pressures that favor individuals with traits that provide better protection against predators,
DNA, the genetic material of living organisms, is damaged by light in the
A) visible region of the spectrum.
B) ultraviolet region, especially below a wavelength of 320 nm.
C) ultraviolet region, especially above a wavelength of 340 nm.
D) infrared region of the spectrum.
Answer:
The correct option is B) ultraviolet region, especially below a wavelength of 320 nm.
Explanation:
Ultraviolet light carries an enormous amount of energy in it. It is invisible to the human eye. When UV light with enormous energy and wavelength lesser than 320nm, hits the DNA, it causes changes in the structure of the DNA. Mostly, it affects the thymine nitrogenous base regions and forms pyrimidine dimers. The structure of the DNA changes on all the sites where dimers form and hence, they cannot be properly transcribed.
DNA is the genetic material, that carries the information about organisms. The damage to the DNA is done maximum with the UV light below 320 nm wavelength.
What causes maximum damage to the DNA molecule?DNA molecules consist of the bases adjoined by the phosphate diester bond and carrier the information for the formation of enzymes, proteins, and life activities.
The damage to the DNA results in the alteration of the nucleotide sequence and thereby functioning of the body.
The damage to DNA is caused by high-intensity ultraviolet radiation. The energy of the radiations is higher at lower wavelengths.
Thus, damage to DNA is caused by UV radiations with a wavelength lower than 320 nm. Thus, option B is correct.
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Pea plants heterozygous for flower position and stem length (AaTt) are allowed to self-pollinate, and 400 of the resulting seeds are planted. Draw a Punnett square for this cross. How many offspring would be predicted to have terminal flowers and be dwarf?
Answer:
AT At aT at
AT AATT AATt AaTT AaTt
At AATt AAtt AaTt Aatt
aT AaTT AaTt aaTT AaTt
at AaTt AaTt aaTt aatt
The results of the punnet square show that one out of 16 offsprings will have both the qualities of having terminal flowers and being a dwarf.
A punnet square can be described as a diagram which depicts the likely outcomes of a cross. In the above punnett square, for the plants to have both terminal flowers and to be dwarf, both the alleles should be recessive for the traits.
In humans, blue eyes are inherited as a recessive autosomal trait and color blindness is an X-linked recessive trait. A woman with blue eyes and normal color vision whose father was color blind marries a man who also has normal color vision. He has brown eyes, but his mother had blue eyes. Which of the following do you expect to be true for their sons?
One-half of their sons will be color blind and have blue eyes; 1/2 their sons will be color blind and have brown eyes.
One-fourth of their sons will be color blind and have blue eyes, 1/4 of their sons will be color blind and have brown eyes, 1/4 of their sons will have normal color vision and blue eyes, 1/4 of their sons will have normal color vision and brown eyes.
a.Their sons will all have normal color vision and blue eyes.
b.Their sons will all have normal color vision and brown eyes.
One-half of their sons will have normal color vision and brown eyes; 1/2 of their sons will have normal color vision and blue eyes.
The correct expectation for the son from the stated parents would be option B: The sons will all have normal color vision and brown eyes. This conclusion is based on the X-linked inheritance pattern of color blindness and the autosomal recessive inheritance of blue eyes.
Since the woman has normal color vision, she does not possess the gene for color blindness, which is an X-linked recessive trait. Her father was colorblind, but because she does not exhibit the trait, she must carry at least one normal allele from her mother on one of her X chromosomes. When paired with a man who also has normal color vision (implying he has X chromosomes free of the colorblind trait), the probability of their sons being color blind is none. For eye color, blue eyes are a recessive trait, which the woman has. Because the man has brown eyes but carries the blue eye trait (as his mother had blue eyes), there's a dominant (brown) and a recessive (blue) possibility. Their children will inherit one allele for eye color from each parent. As brown is dominant over blue, all their sons will have normal color vision and brown eyes because they will at least get one dominant allele for brown eyes from their father.
Suppose that we are dealing with four genes, each gene consisting of a dominant allele (capital letter) and a recessive allele (small case letter). If the cross CcMmLlPP X CCmmLlpp is made, what is the probability of obtaining an individual who is CcmmLLPp?
Answer:
1/16
Explanation:
The desired genotype is "CcmmLLPp". The proportion of the desired genotype can be calculated by using the product rule. The probability of getting Cc, mm, LL and Pp genotype can be calculated separately first and then the product rule is applied.
Parents= CcMmLlPP X CCmmLlpp
Cc x CC= 1/2 Cc: 1/2 CC
Mm x mm= 1/2 Mm: 1/2 mm
Ll x Ll = 1/4 LL: 1/2 Ll: 1.4 ll
PP x pp= All Pp
Therefore, the probability of obtaining an individual who is CcmmLLPp = 1/2 Cc x 1/2 mm x 1/4 LL x 1 Pp = 1/2 x 1/2 x 1/4 =1/16
Two species of clams inhabit the same marine habitat along the Atlantic coast. One releases gametes into the water in early spring, and the second species releases gametes into the water in late summer. Which type of reproductive barrier is at work between these species?
a) habitat isolation
b) temporal isolation
c) reduced hybrid viability
d) gametic isolation
Answer:
b) temporal isolation
Explanation:
Temporal isolation occurs when two species of similar population dwelling in the same habitat or environment reproduce at different times of the day or at different seasons. They reproduce in the same habitat, but at different seasons, making it difficult for both species of a similar population to interbreed.
Temporal isolation occurs due to the difference in the breeding seasons of the two species of clams living in the same habitat, as one releases gametes into the water in early spring, while the other releases gametes into the water in late summer.
"It will have blood, they say. Blood will have blood. Stones have been known to move, and trees to speak. Augurs and understood relations have By magot pies and choughs and rooks brought forth The secret’st man of blood.—What is the night?"
Answer:
(In Ancient Rome) a religious official who observed natural signs, especially the behavior of birds, interpreting these as an indication of divine approval or disapproval of a proposed action.
Explanation:
What are the two major factors determining the distribution of terrestrial biomes?
Answer:
Rainfall and temperature
Explanation:
The type of terrestrial biomes that occurs in different parts of the world is mainly influenced by rainfall and temperature. The density, height, and diversity of species decreases from warm, wet climates to cool, dry climates. The differences in rainfall and temperature, which are important climatic factors, determine the distribution of terrestrial biomes across the world.
For example, low rainfall is a main climatic factor that influences the variety of plant species that are found in desert biomes.
Answer:
temperature and rainfall
Why is the homeostasis of glucose important to the entire body and its cells?
Answer:
All cells get energy from glucose
Explanation:
The main source of energy for all the metabolic process and function of body organ individually and as one entity is glucose. Thus, there is essential requirement to transport glucose to all the cells within the body. Insulin and glucagon hormone regulates, control and facilitates the transmission and production of glucose. Both these hormones works opposite to each other, hence a proper balance is to be maintained for producing adequate amount of glucose
Heterozygote advantage refers to the tendency for heterozygous individuals to have better fitness than homozygous individuals. This higher fitness results in less genetic variation in the population.a) trueb) false
Answer:
False
Explanation:
Genetic variation is the difference in the sequence of DNA in the individuals of a population and a heterozygote has more genetic variation that homozygote person because heterozygote has two different alleles of a gene while homozygous individual have two same alleles.
Heterozygotes have advantage over homozygotes because it protects the individual from many genetical diseases and increase the genetic variation by increasing the gene pool in the population. So higher fitness results in more genetic variation in the population therefore the statement is false.
The protein-containing fluid within lymphatic vessels:
a. receives lymph from most of the body
b. small organs intimately associated with lymphatic vessels
c. largest lymphatic organ
d. isolated clusters of lymph follicles found in the wall of the small intestine.
Answer: receives lymph from most of the body.
Explanation:
Lymphatic Vessels collect and transport Lymph (a protein-rich fluid containing white cells). By collecting lymph from the lymphatic vessels, it helps to remove excess fluid from the tissues. It also plays a vital role in fat absorption.
The protein-rich fluid in lymphatic vessels, known as lymph, travels from most parts of the body through these vessels and is filtered by small organs called lymph nodes. The spleen is the largest lymphatic organ, while the small intestine contains isolated lymph follicles.
Explanation:The protein-containing fluid within lymphatic vessels is known as lymph. This fluid receives lymph from most parts of the body, which is then transported back to the bloodstream. These lymph fluids pass through small organs called lymph nodes that are associated with the lymphatic vessels, where harmful substances like bacteria and viruses can be filtered out. However, the largest lymphatic organ is the spleen, not these vessels. In the small intestine, there are isolated clusters of lymph follicles known as Peyer's patches, but again, these are separate from the fluid within the lymphatic vessels.
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The larvae of some insects are merely small versions of the adult
Answer:
No
Explanation:
The larvae are the juvenile phases of animals with indirect development and that have an anatomy, physiology and ecology different from those of the adult. The adjective derived from the larva is larval. In common language, larvae often receive different names from adults; The larvae always differ significantly from those of adults, in aspects such as size, external shape and even internal anatomy and the development of their functions. The differences are related to ecological differences, both in terms of habitat and resources.
To maintain the accuracy of the genome sequence, the DNA should not be cut into small pieces before sequencing.a) true b) false
Answer:
True. In sequencing, the first few sequences and the last few sequences may not accurately sequenced hence cutting DNA into smaller pieces would result in a larger portion of DNA inaccurately sequenced than if a longer sequence of DNA was sequenced with the sequence of interest in the middle.
What four large islands make up the greater antilles in the west indies
Answer:
Read the explanation section.
Explanation:
Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola (Haiti and the Dominican Republic), and Puerto Rico.
Acepromazine concentration is 10 mg/mL. You are instructed to make a dilute acepromazine solution at 1 mg/mL. Which of the following could be used for how much acepromazine and how much sterile water are mixed to make this concentration? the bottle reads 500 mg/50 mL (10 mg/mL)
a. 9 mL acepromazine and 1 ml sterile water
b. 1 mL acepromazine and 9 ml sterile water
c. 10 mL acepromazine and 25 ml sterile water
d. 0.1 mL acepromazine and 2.5 ml sterile water
Answer:
b times its self b mailman
Explanation:
c times itself c squared
To make a diluted 1mg/mL acepromazine solution from a 10mg/mL solution, you should mix 1mL of the acepromazine with 9mL of sterile water.
Explanation:To make a dilute solution, we will need to take a low amount of acepromazine (which is in a higher concentration) and mix it with a larger volume of sterile water (which acts as a diluent) to reduce the amount of acepromazine per milliliter. Since the initial solution is 10mg/mL, to achieve a dilution of 1mg/mL we would need to take 1ml of the initial solution (which contains 10mg of acepromazine) and then add nine times this volume of water to dilute it to 1mg/mL. Therefore, the correct answer is b. 1 mL acepromazine and 9 ml sterile water.
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On police procedural TV shows, the brilliant detective sometimes gets a DNA sample from a paper coffee cup that the suspect has touched. Is this fantasy made up for television, or is it scientifically sound?
Answer:
The correct answer will be- it is scientifically possible
Explanation:
Taking the DNA sample from the coffee cup in solving the criminal cases can be performed.
This could happen as touching the cup can help extract the DNA sample as the act of touching leave few cells which can provide the minute DNA sample. This sample can be replicated via PCR technique which could help solve the case. The case can be solved by comparing the DNA samples of the suspect and the collected samples.
Thus, it is scientifically possible is the correct answer.
In garden peas the allele for tall plants () is dominant over the allele for dwarf plants() A true breeding tall plant is bred with a true breeding dwarf plant to produce heterozygous tall plants. These Ft heterozygotes then self fertilize to yield F2 offspring. Complete the Punnett squar combination re for this monohybrid cross with the appropriate genotype of the Fi gametes and the F2 genotype/phenotype
A) Tt Tall
B) TT Tall
C) T
D) t
E) tt Dwart
Answer: This is called Monohybrid Experiment
Explanation: Monohybrid Cross
P Generation TT * tt
Tall plants Dwarf plants
F1 Generation
T T
t Tt Tt
t Tt Tt
In F1 generation;
There are 100% Tt Genotype and 100% Tall plant Phenotype
F2 Generation
F1 * F1
( Tt * Tt )
T t
T TT Tt
t Tt tt
In F2 Generation;
Genotype
There are 25% TT (homozygous dominant, tall plants).
50% Tt (heterozygous tall plants), and
25% tt (homozygous recessive dwarf plants).
This is how dwarf characteristics reappear in the second generation.
The Phenotype of F2 generation is 3:1 (Tall : Dwarf)
I have attached a document to this answer to facilitate effective understanding if there is anormalities in arrangement the Punnet Square.
John took home some leftover ham and potato salad from a picnic, reheated the ham on the stove, ate it, and got sick two hours later. John thought the heating made his food safe because it would have killed any bacteria present. He didn't know that __________ produces a heat-stable toxin.
Answer:
Staphylococcus aureus
Explanation:
S. aureus is a toxin producer and even though the bacteria can be destroyed with heat, its toxin is heat stable, this means that it can survive after heating producing food poisoning. This kind of poisoning occurs in foods that require hand preparation, like the potato salad or ham in the example, especially because in the example those food were at room temperature, in the picnic, allowing the S. aureus to produce the toxin.
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Describe the appearance of dna in a typical prokaryotic cell
Answer:
Explanation:
The prokaryotic cell or prokaryotes are single celled organisms that do not posses organelles or membrane bound structures hence they do not have a nucleus but they posses single chromosome which is a piece of circular double-standard DNA in the nucleoid.
In a typical prokaryotic cell, DNA appears as a singular, circular chromosome localized in a region known as the nucleoid. Prokaryotic cells lack a membrane-bound nucleus and may also carry plasmids, which are smaller extra-chromosomal DNA. Other cell features include ribosomes, cell membrane, and a cell wall, with some cells having flagella, pili, and capsules.
Explanation:The appearance of DNA in a typical prokaryotic cell is unique compared to eukaryotic cells. In prokaryotes such as bacteria and archaea, the DNA is typically a single, circular chromosome that is found in a region called the nucleoid. Unlike eukaryotic cells, prokaryotic cells do not have a membrane-bound nucleus to contain their DNA. Additionally, prokaryotic cells may also carry extra-chromosomal DNA known as plasmids, which are smaller circles of DNA that can provide advantages such as antibiotic resistance.
Aside from the nucleoid containing the genomic DNA, prokaryotic cells also have other structures such as ribosomes for protein synthesis, a cell membrane that defines the boundary of the cell, and a protective cell wall. Some prokaryotic cells also have additional features like flagella for movement, pili for adherence, and a capsule for protection against the host's immune system, though not all bacteria will have these structures.