Which two values for `DeltaG` and E°cell correctly indicate a spontaneous reaction?

Answer is: D) different room temperatures.

If students want only to measure influence of darkness to fruit, they should not change temperature, because now they will have two different impacts on on fruit spoilness.

The two main variables in an experiment are the independent (in this example should only be darkness) and dependent (spoilness of the fruit) variable.

Dependent variable is the variable being tested and measured in a scientific experiment.

Dependent variables depend on the values of independent variables. The dependent variables represent the output or outcome whose variation is being studied.

1) Astronomers use different measurement systems to discuss distance in the universe C) because they allow the numbers to be more manageable.

The numbers are so huge that astronomers need different units to express them.

2) The measurement system with the largest value is C) the Parsec .

1 Parsec = 3.26 ly = 2.06 × 10⁵ AU  

Conversion factor, 1 gallon = 4546.09 ml

Volume of stock solution = 1 gallon or 4546.09 ml

Dose required by the child = 5 ml/day

The number of days a gallon of this medicine last,

4546.09 ml x 1  day/ 5 ml = 909.218 days

Therefore, 1 gallon would last 909 days.

Answer: [tex]Ni(NO_3)_2[/tex]

Explanation: A molecule is made up by combination of same atoms or different atoms.

1 molecule of [tex]Na_2PFO_3[/tex] consists of 2 atoms of sodium, 1 atom of phosphorous, 1 atom of flourine and three atoms of oxygen. Thus the total number of atoms is 7.

1 molecule of [tex]Na_2PFO_3[/tex] consists of 2 atoms of sodium, 1 atom of phosphorous, 1 atom of flourine and three atoms of oxygen. Thus the total number of atoms is 7.

1 molecule of [tex]H_2SO_4[/tex] consists of 2 atoms of hydrogen, 1 atom of sulfur and 4 atoms of oxygen. Thus the total number of atoms is 7.

1 molecule of [tex]Ni(NO_3)_2[/tex] consists of 1 atom of nickel, 2 atoms of nitrogen and 6 atoms of oxygen. Thus the total number of atoms is 9.

1 molecule of [tex]NbCl_5[/tex] consists of 1 atom of niobium and 5 atoms of chlorine. Thus the total number of atoms is 6.

Thus substance which contains the most total atoms per molecule is [tex]Ni(NO_3)_2[/tex].

Answer is: C. The substance is a heterogeneous mixture.

This substance is not element or compound, because different components could be observed in the substance.

Pure substance is made of only one type of atom (element) or only one type of molecule (compound), mixtures and solutions are made from two or more types of pure substances.

For example, aluminium is an element and ammonia is compound.

This substance is not a homogeneous mixture, because different samples of the substance appeared to have different proportions of the components.  

Heterogeneous mixture is not uniform in composition.

For example, sand and small pebbles, proportions of its components (mixture particles of different colors and size) vary throughout the sample.

Answer:

C

Explanation:

Answer. 12 km/hr and 2 m are scalar quantities.

Explanation

Scalar quantities are those quantities which only have magnitude but no direction, for example: speed, time, mass etc.

Vector quantities are the quantities which have both magnitude and direction,for example : acceleration, momentum etc.

5 m northeast and 2 m north are vector quantities telling us magnitude and direction both that is 5 m in north east direction and 2 m in north direction.  

12 km/hr and 2 m are scalar quantities telling us only speed and distance respectively without specific directions.

Final answer:

Scalar quantities have magnitude but no direction; examples include 2 m and 12 km/hr. Temperatures like -5°C are scalar since they do not have a direction. A stopwatch is a device that measures time, with the movement of the seconds hand indicating a change in time

Explanation:

Understanding Scalar Quantities

In physics, scalar quantities are defined as measurements that have magnitude but no specific direction. Measurements that are scalar quantities include temperatures, distances without a specified direction, energies, speeds, and ages. For the examples provided, 2 m and 12 km/hr are scalar quantities because they specify a magnitude but do not indicate any direction. However, distances with specified directions (such as '5 mi northeast' and '2 m north') are not scalar because they include directional information, making them vectors.

Addressing the specific examples from the conceptual questions:

The temperature predicted to be -5°C is a scalar quantity since temperature has magnitude but no direction. The negative sign here does not indicate direction, but rather a point on the temperature scale.

An example of a device used to measure time is a stopwatch. When the seconds hand moves, it indicates a change in time.

From the given measurements of acceleration with directions (e.g., '3 N north, 4 N west'), it is apparent that these are not scalar quantities but vectors. Scalar quantities never involve the specification of directions and are therefore not represented by arrows.

Photosynthesis, is another form of carbon fixation that can take place in the absence of sunlight. The Calvin cycle has two parts. First carbon dioxide is ‘‘fixed’’. Then ATP and NADPH from the light reactions provide energy to combine the fixed carbons to make sugar. Animals and other organisms cannot take in CO2 directly. They have to eat other organisms or absorb other organic molecules in order to get the Carbon that you need. Autotrophs can build low-energy inorganic CO2 into high-energy organic molecules like glucose. Autotrophs are an organism that is capable of synthesizing  its own food from inorganic substances using light or chemical energy such as green plants, algae and other bacteria. carbon fixation is the first step of a cycle

Hello!

To find the mass of helium, we need to multiply the total moles by the mass of helium. We are given 2.714 moles of helium, and the mass of helium is about 4.00 grams. Now, we multiply the two values together to get the grams.

2.714 moles x 4.00 grams = 10.856 grams

According to the number of significant figures, 2.714 moles of helium has a mass of 10.9 grams (exact value: 10.856 grams).

The effect of temperature depends upon the extent of rise in temperature (for solids)

However in general if we increase temperature of a substance there will be increase in kinetic energy of the molecules and generally the volume of substance will increase

However there will be no effect on the mass of the substance due to increase / decrease in temperature

Density = mass / volume

As mass will remain constant and volume will increase with temperature the density of solid will generally decrease (very less though)

Final answer:

When the temperature of a solid increases, its volume increases, mass remains constant, and density decreases due to the expansion of the solid's material without a change in mass.

Explanation:

As the temperature of most solids increases, their volume typically increases due to the expansion in all three dimensions, as the kinetic energy of the atoms and molecules increases. However, the mass of the solid remains constant, because temperature change does not create or destroy matter in a closed system. Consequently, as the volume increases and mass remains the same, the density of the solid decreases. An example of this is how ice is less dense than liquid water, which is why ice floats. On the other hand, materials like corn syrup, which have a higher density than water, will sink when placed in water.

5 a) Mass = 6.0 × 10²⁴ kg; d = 12 × 10⁶ m

[tex]r  = \frac{1}{2}d = \frac{1}{2} \times 12 \times10^{6}\text{ m} = 6.0 \times 10^{6} \text{ m}\\[/tex]

[tex]V = \frac{4}{3} \pi r^{3} = \frac{4}{3} \pi \times (6.0 \times 10^{6} \text{ m})^{3} = 9.05 \times 10^{20} \text{ m}^{3}\\[/tex]

[tex]\text{Density} = \frac{\text{Mass}}{\text{Volume}} = \frac{6.0 \times 10^{24}\text{ kg}}{9.05 \times 10^{20} \text{ m}^{3}} = \text{6600 kg/m}^{3}\\[/tex]

The average density is 6600 kg/m³.

5 b) Mass = 2.0 × 10³⁰ kg; Diameter = 1.4 × 10⁶ km  

[tex]r  = \frac{1}{2}d = \frac{1}{2} \times 1.4 \times10^{9}\text{ m} = 7.0 \times 10^{8} \text{ m}\\[/tex]

[tex]V = \frac{4}{3} \pi r^{3} = \frac{4}{3} \pi \times (7.0 \times 10^{8} \text{ m})^{3} = 1.43 \times 10^{27} \text{ m}^{3}\\[/tex]

[tex]\text{Density} = \frac{\text{Mass}}{\text{Volume}} = \frac{2.0 \times 10^{30}\text{ kg}}{1.43 \times 10^{27} \text{ m}^{3}} = \text{1400 kg/m}^{3}\\[/tex]

The average density is 1400 kg/m³.

5 c) Venus and the Sun are most like the objects in Parts a) and b). Venus has the greater density

6 a) Mass = 4.8 × 10²² km; Diameter = 3.1 × 10⁶ m

[tex]r  = \frac{1}{2}d = \frac{1}{2} \times 3.1 \times10^{6}\text{ m} = 1.55 \times 10^{6} \text{ m}\\[/tex]

[tex]V = \frac{4}{3} \pi r^{3} = \frac{4}{3} \pi \times (1.55 \times 10^{6} \text{ m})^{3} = 1.56 \times 10^{19} \text{ m}^{3}\\[/tex]

[tex]\text{Density} = \frac{\text{Mass}}{\text{Volume}} = \frac{4.8 \times 10^{22}\text{ kg}}{1.56 \times 10^{19} \text{ m}^{3}} = \text{3100 kg/m}^{3}\\[/tex]

The average density of the moon is 3100 kg/m³.

6 b) The satellite appears to consist mostly of silicate rock.

The number of total atoms in 0.290 g of P2O5 is approximately [tex]\boxed{8.62 \times 10^{20}} atoms.[/tex]

To determine the number of total atoms in 0.290 g of P2O5, follow these steps:

 1. Calculate the molar mass of P2O5.

 - The molar mass of phosphorus (P) is approximately 30.97 g/mol.

 - The molar mass of oxygen (O) is approximately 16.00 g/mol.

 - The molar mass of P2O5 is (2 — 30.97 g/mol) + (5 — 16.00 g/mol) = 61.94 g/mol + 80.00 g/mol = 141.94 g/mol.

 2. Determine the number of moles in 0.290 g of P2O5.

 - Number of moles = mass / molar mass.

 - Number of moles of P2O5 = 0.290 g / 141.94 g/mol = 0.002043 mol.

 3. Calculate the number of atoms in one mole of P2O5.

 - One mole of P2O5 contains 2 moles of phosphorus atoms and 5 moles of oxygen atoms.

 - Total atoms per mole of P2O5 = 2 + 5 = 7 moles of atoms.

 4. Multiply the number of moles of P2O5 by Avogadro's number (approximately 6.022 — 10^23 atoms/mol) and the number of atoms per mole to find the total number of atoms.

 - Total atoms = number of moles — Avogadro's number — total atoms per mole.

 - Total atoms = 0.002043 mol — 6.022 × 10^23 atoms/mol — 7 atoms/mole =ˆ 8.62 — 10^20 atoms.

 Therefore, the number of total atoms in 0.290 g of P2O5 is approximately [tex]\boxed{8.62 \times 10^{20}} atoms.[/tex]

Ionization energy increases from left to right because the left wants to lose elctrons and the right wants to gain electron

As you go a group it is easier lose lose because the electrons are farther away from the nucleus and there is less attraction from the positive charges.

It should be 3p3. the p level can hold 6 electrons

Rubidium group 1, 1 valence electrons very reactive

Mg2,2 very reactive

Al 3, 3 reactive

Ionization energy increases from left to right across a period due to increased nuclear charge and decreases down a group due to electron shielding. The provided electron configuration for phosphorus is incorrect because it adds an electron in the 4s orbital before the 3p orbitals are filled. Reactivity for Rubidium, Magnesium, and Aluminum varies based on their eagerness to lose valence electrons, with Rubidium being the most reactive.

Ionization Energy Trends in the Periodic Table

Ionization energy refers to the amount of energy required to remove an electron from an atom. Moving from left to right across a period, ionization energy tends to increase. This is because, as you move across a period, atoms have more protons (adding to the effective nuclear charge), but the additional electrons are being added to the same energy level. The increased nuclear charge attracts the electrons more strongly, making it harder to remove an electron. Therefore, ionization energy increases.

When moving down a group, ionization energy decreases due to the electron shielding effect. Each additional energy level adds more electrons between the nucleus and outermost electrons, which shield the outermost electrons from the nucleus's pull. With less effective nuclear charge on the outermost electrons, they are easier to remove, hence the lower ionization energy.

Incorrect Electron Configuration for Phosphorus

The electron configuration provided (1s², 2s², 2p⁶, 3s², 3p², 4s¹) is incorrect because it places an electron in the 4s orbital when there are still unoccupied p orbitals in the third shell. The correct configuration for a neutral atom of phosphorus is 1s², 2s², 2p⁶, 3s², 3p³, filling the 3p orbitals before proceeding to the next energy level.

Reactivity of Selected Metals

Rubidium (Rb): Group 1, 1 valence electron; very high reactivity due to its eagerness to lose its single valence electron and achieve a stable noble gas configuration.

Magnesium (Mg): Group 2, 2 valence electrons; high reactivity owing to its tendency to lose two valence electrons to reach a stable configuration.

Aluminum (Al): Group 13, 3 valence electrons; moderate reactivity as it requires more energy to remove three valence electrons compared to elements in groups 1 and 2.

1. Mechanical weathering

2. Reactions with oxygen

3. A rock that has been changed into one or more new compounds

Hope this Helps!!

1. The process that occurs when physical forces break rock into smaller pieces without changing the rock's chemical composition is called "mechanical weathering." Third option is correct.

2. "Reactions with oxygen" is NOT associated with mechanical weathering. Reactions with oxygen are more closely related to chemical weathering processes. Fourth option is correct.

3. The result of chemical weathering is "a rock that has been changed into one or more new compounds." Chemical weathering involves the breakdown and alteration of minerals in the rock through chemical reactions, leading to the formation of new compounds. First option is correct.

1. The process that occurs when physical forces break rock into smaller pieces without changing the rock's chemical composition is called "mechanical weathering." Mechanical weathering is a type of weathering that involves physical forces breaking down rocks into smaller fragments without altering their chemical makeup. Common mechanisms of mechanical weathering include frost wedging, thermal expansion and contraction, abrasion by wind and water, and root wedging. These physical processes can create smaller particles and rock fragments, ultimately leading to the disintegration of the rock.

2. "Reactions with oxygen" are NOT associated with mechanical weathering. Instead, they are related to chemical weathering. Reactions with oxygen, often referred to as oxidation, are a type of chemical weathering process where certain minerals in the rock react with oxygen from the air or water. This can lead to the formation of new minerals and compounds, which may cause the rock to weaken or change its color.

3. The result of chemical weathering is "a rock that has been changed into one or more new compounds." Chemical weathering involves the breakdown of rocks through chemical reactions that alter the chemical composition of the minerals in the rock. Water, atmospheric gases (like carbon dioxide and oxygen), and acids are some of the agents that contribute to chemical weathering. As these agents interact with the minerals in the rock, they cause chemical changes, leading to the formation of new compounds and the dissolution of some minerals. Over time, the rock's structure and appearance can be significantly transformed as a result of chemical weathering.

To know more about physical forces

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a ) it gains electrons

Answer: Option (A) is the correct answer.

Explanation:

According to the octet rule, every atom has the tendency to completely fill its octet and for that it needs to occupy eight electrons in its valence shell.

For example, atomic number of oxygen atom is 8 and its electronic distribution is 2, 6.

And in order to completely fill its valence shell and attain stability an oxygen atom needs to gain two electrons from another atom.

Thus, we can conclude that oxygen obey the octet rule when reacting to form compounds as it gains electrons.

Answer:

ur no help

Explanation:

At equilibrium the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the backward reaction.

When the product of a reaction at equilibrium is increased the equilibrium will shift left or to the reactant side. As a result the excess product will get converted to reactant. This is in accordance to Le Chatelier's principle.

Le Chatelier's principle states that when a system is subjected to stress the equilibrium will shift in a direction to minimize effect of the stress.

Thus the products added to the system at equilibrium will make the equilibrium shift to the reactant side, the rate of the reverse or backward reaction will increase.

Answer:

D. The reverse reaction rate increase.

Explanation:

Just took the test and got it right! Hope this helps!

The answer is A because you have to balance the equation first then answer.

The number of atoms of oxygen on the product side according to the law of conservation has been 6. Thus, option A is correct.

The chemical equation has been followed with the law of conservation. According to the law of conservation. The number of atoms of each element on the product and reactant side are equal.

The law of conservation has been followed by balancing the chemical equation. The balanced chemical equation for the given reaction has been:

[tex]\rm 2\; Al\;+\;3\;O_2\;\rightarrow\;2\;Al_2O_3[/tex]

The number of atoms of oxygen on the product side according to the law of conservation has been 6. Thus, option A is correct.

Learn more about law of conservation, here:

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Hello!

To find the number of moles in 4.5 x 10^25 atoms, we need to divide the total number of number by Avogadro's number. His number is 6.02 x 10^23 atoms. This number represents the number of atoms in one mole.

(4.5 x 10^25 atoms) / (6.02 x 10^23) ≈ 74.75083056

Using significant figures, there are about 75 moles in 4.5 x 10^25 atoms of nickel, which is choice D.

Answer : 135 grams of sodium has 5.869 moles.

Solution : Given,

Mass of sodium = 135 grams

Molar mass of sodium = 23 g/mole

Formula used :

[tex]\text{Moles of sodium}=\frac{\text{Mass of sodium}}{\text{Molar mass of sodium}}[/tex]

Now put all the given values in this formula, we get

[tex]\text{Moles of sodium}=\frac{135g}{23g/mole}=5.869moles[/tex]

Therefore, the moles of sodium present in 135 grams of sodium is, 5.869 moles.

Answer:

The frequency decreases by a factor of 3

Explanation:

Answer:

the frequency increases by a factor of three

n = PV/RT

p = 1.6 atm

v = 12.7L

R = 0.0821

T = 24°C which is equivalent to 297.15 degrees k

n = (16 × 12.7) / (0.0821 × 297.15)

n = 20.32 / 24.39

n = 0.83 mol

C = 12.90

H = 1.0079

C2 = 12.010 × 2 = 24.02

H6 = 1.0079 × 6 = 6.0474

C2H6 = 30.0674

Ethane times n which is 30.0674 × 0.83mol

= 24.95 grams of C2H6. Which is Ethane.

Hello!

To find the amount of atoms that are in 80.45 grams of magnesium, we will need to know Avogadro's number and the mass of one mole of magnesium.

Avogadro's number is 6.02 x 10^23 atoms, and one mole of magnesium is equal to 24.31 grams.

1. Divide by one mole of magnesium

80.45 / 24.31 = 3.309 moles (rounded to the number of sigfigs)

2. Multiply moles by Avogadro's number

3.309 x (6.02 x 10^23) = 1.99 x 10^24 (rounded to the number of sigfigs)

Therefore, there are 1.99 x 10^24 atoms in 80.45 grams of magnesium.

80.45 g of magnesium contains approximately 1.99 x 10^24 atoms calculated by converting the mass to moles and then using Avogadro's number to convert to atoms.

The question is asking how many atoms are in 80.45 g of magnesium. To find the answer we first need to determine how many moles of magnesium are in 80.45 g. The atomic mass of magnesium is approximately 24.31 g/mol. To calculate the number of moles divide the mass by the atomic mass, which gives us approximately 3.31 moles of magnesium.

Then we use Avogadro's number which is 6.022 x 10^23 atoms/mol, to determine the number of atoms in 3.31 moles of magnesium. We get approximately 1.99 x 10^24 atoms of magnesium in 80.45 g.

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The density of mercury molecule is higher than water.

Density is defined as mass per unit volume.In other words, density is the amount of matter within a given amount of space. water has the density of 1.0 gram per milliliter whereas the mercury has a density of 13.6 grams per centimeter squared.

One reason for the differences in density between mercury and water is that the atomic mass of mercury is 200.59 grams per mole. The atomic mass of water is 18.0 grams per mole. This is because mercury has a larger nucleus than hydrogen or water.

Additionally, there are strong inter-molecular forces (hydrogen bonds) between water molecules. hydrogen molecules do not stack upon one another as nicely as mercury atoms. Thus, there is additional empty spaces between the water molecules leading to its lower mass per volume(density)

[tex]174 \; \text{protons} / (29 \; \text{copper atoms} \cdot \text{proton}^{-1}) = 6 \; \text{copper atoms}[/tex]

Thus 174 protons would make at most 6 copper atoms. However, it would take 174 extra electrons (29 per atom) and even more neutrons than that to construct neutral copper atoms with stable nuclei.

Answer:

Electrons

Explanation:

The majority of an atoms' mass comes from the protons and neutrons that make up its nucleus. Electrons are the least massive of an atom's constituent particles, with a mass of 9.11 x 10-31 kg and a size too small to be measured by current techniques.

The least massive part of an atom is the electron. Although protons and neutrons reside within an atom's nucleus, they are far more massive than an electron. The nucleus itself, containing both protons and neutrons, is much more massive than a single electron.

The four options given represent components of an atom: 'nuerons' is likely a typo for 'neutrons', along with protons, and electrons, all of which dwell within the atom's nucleus. The least massive part of these is the electron which possesses a mass around 1,800 times lesser than that of a proton or neutron. Protons and neutrons each have nearly the same mass. However, electrons have much less mass, making them the least massive part of an atom. The nucleus, however, is much more massive as it contains both protons and neutrons.

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The answer is B. 6CO2+H2O yields C6H12O6+ 6H20.

Answer 1: Atoms gain valence electrons to form anions.

Explanation:

Anions are negatively charged species of an ions. Anions are formed when atoms with nearly complete octet gains electrons.

Answer 2: Emission spectrum

Explanation:

When ever electron jumps from higher energy to lower energy level energy is emitted out in the form of light.The wavelength of the light is given as [tex]\lambda[/tex]:

[tex]\lambda=\frac{hc}{E}[/tex] , E = energy, c= speed the light, h= planck constant

Answer 3: Two atoms of silicons could combine by fusion in order to create nickel.

Explanation:

Silicon has atomic number of 14 with atomic mass of 28 u.

nickel has atomic number of 28 with atomic mass of 59 u.

Two different isotopes of silicon atom will fuse together to give nickel.

[tex]^{29}Si_{14}+^{30}Si_{14}\rightarrow^{59}Ni_{28}[/tex]

Valence electrons and anion formation are closely related. An emission spectrum is produced when an excited electron returns to a lower energy level. Oxygen atoms can combine by fusion to create the heaviest element produced, which is nickel.

Valence electrons play a crucial role in anion formation. An anion is formed when an atom gains one or more valence electrons. The correct option is A) Atoms gain valence electrons to form anions.

When an excited electron returns to a lower energy level, light is emitted. The resulting spectrum is called an emission spectrum.

The heaviest element that can be produced by fusion is nickel. Two atoms of oxygen could combine by fusion to create nickel due to net energy requirements.

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A proton is approximately 1836 times heavier than an electron. The mass of a proton is around 1.6726 x 10-27 kg whereas the mass of an electron is about 9.11 x 10-31 kg. The difference, though quite small, has significant effects on the properties and behaviors of atoms and atomic particles.

The mass of a proton and an electron differ significantly, with a proton being approximately 1836 times heavier than an electron. The exact mass of a proton is approximately 1.6726 x 10-27 kilograms, while the mass of an electron is about 9.11 x 10-31 kilograms. When expressed in kilograms the difference in mass between a proton and an electron is therefore roughly 1.6726 x 10-27 kg - 9.11 x 10-31 kg.

Considering the mass of these fundamental particles, the difference might seem incredibly small. However, their different masses significantly impact the properties and behaviors of atoms and atomic particles. For example, the larger mass of protons means they reside in the atom's nucleus while the lighter electrons orbit around it in different energy levels.

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                We will neither give the Hypertonic Solution nor the Isotonic Solution but the patient will be given an Hypotonic Solution.

As the patient is taken for heat stroke and has resulted in dehydration so it means that the water content in the cells of the patient has been decreased and the solute content is being increased. Hence, this case is known as Hypertonicity. So, in order to make the concentration of water and solute balance (Isotonicity) on both sides (inside and outside the cells) we should administer an Hypotonic solution into the patient body. Therefore, the higher concentration of solutes in cells will drag the water content from hypotonic solution and gradually the process will attain an isotonic environment.

An isotonic solution, which has the same osmolarity as the cell, is beneficial in rehydrating a dehydrated patient. This is because it ensures no net movement of water, maintaining cell volume and function. Hypertonic solutions, on the other hand, can cause cells to shrink due to water loss and should be avoided.

In the case of Jeanie who was taken to the emergency room for heat stroke and dehydration, an isotonic solution would be most beneficial. Isotonic solutions have the same osmolarity as the cell, meaning the concentrations of solute (salts, minerals, etc.) and solvent (water) are equal within the cell and in the solution. This results in no net movement of water into or out of the cell, although water will still move in and out, ensuring the cell does not become compromised.

Compared to hypertonic solutions, which would result in water leaving the cell due to a higher concentration of solute outside the cell, isotonic solutions are beneficial in rehydration. A hypertonic solution can cause cells to shrink due to water loss, which can negatively impact overall cell function. Therefore, in the situation of rehydrating a dehydrated patient, isotonic solutions are preferred to hypertonic solutions.

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