Why does the h+ gradient across the membrane dissipate when the light goes off? what happens to the rate of atp production?

Answers

Answer 1

The reaction is driven by the absorption of light energy. So the H+ gradient across the membranes dissipates when the light goes off and the reaction is stopped.

What are phototrophs?

The organisms that capture the particles of light and convert them into chemical energy are called phototrophs. Organisms capture this light with specialized pigments. The light is captured in the form of electromagnetic energy.

An enzyme called the H+ driven ATP synthase moves the H+ ions through the ATP synthase. The ATP synthesis continues until the H+ gradient runs out of energy to drive the reaction forward.

Thus the reaction continues for as long as the light is being absorbed. The H+ gradient that is generated is persisted even after the light goes off. The gradient is persisted till the H+ ions move through the ATP synthase.

Thus, the cell used light for the generation of ATP and it is then stored for use later. ATP is a chemical battery and H+ is an electrochemical battery.

Therefore, the reaction is driven by the absorption of light energy. So the H+ gradient across the membranes dissipates when the light goes off and the reaction is stopped.

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Related Questions

Voltage-activated channels are channels for which a change in the voltage across the membrane alters their ____.

Answers

Answer:

Permeability

Explanation:

Voltage-activated channels are channels for which a change in the voltage across the membrane alters their PERMEABILITY.

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List three things that happen to air when it enters the nasal cavity. what are cilia?

Answers

When air enters the nasal cavity, air is filtered,warmed and moistened. Cilia are the air hair like structure found in the certain cells of organisms providing propulsion or movement of substances.

Complex carbohydrates, such as fruits and vegetables, are universally viewed as healthier than simple carbohydrates like sugar. Why are complex carbohydrates a better dietary choice?

Answers

I'm not a biologist, so I don't know the actual answer. But my best guess is that there is more in fruits and vegetables than just simple sugars or even complex carbohydrates. There are vitamins for example. Some of the vegetables have simple proteins which are much easier to break down that the complex ones found in meat. 

Explanation:

Complex carbohydrates like fruits, vegetables, whole grains, beans, peas etc. They contain vitamins, minerals and fibres, that's why they are the source of long lasting energy because they take long time to digest.

Complex carbohydrates are healthier than simple carbohydrates like sugar are present in fruits, table sugar, soft drinks, milk and milk products etc. They digested quickly not the long lasting as complex carbohydrates, they can easily broken down by the body.

Complex are better dietary choice because it contains more nutrients than simple carbs. They are high in fibre and digested slowly, this is the better way for weight control.

A patient with which type of burn should always get professional medical help?

Answers

When the burn is to the 3rd degree, it is most severe and can be down to the bone so it is important to seek medical treatment for that.

The nurse has provided instructions to a client who will receive alteplase for the treatment of acute myocardial infarction. the nurse determines that teaching was effective if the client states that the main action of alteplase is what?

Answers

Alteplase belongs to the drug class of tissue plasminogen activator. The main action of alteplase is that it activates tissue plasminogen and converts it into plasmin; wherein its action is primarily fibrinolytic. Fibrinolysis refers to the break down of fibrin clots, which is the main component of your thrombus. 

The presence of mucus and pus in the stools suggests which condition?

Answers

The presence of mucus and pus in the stools suggests ulcerative colitis.

Hope this helps!

- Juju
Final answer:

The presence of mucus and pus in the stools typically indicates an infection in the digestive system. This could be caused by various bacteria, leading to intestinal inflammation and associated symptoms. A stool sample would be required to confirm the diagnosis and identify the cause.

Explanation:

The presence of mucus and pus in the stools suggests a condition involving an infection in the digestive system. This could be due to a bacterial infection such as Shigella, Salmonella, C. jejuni, or E. histolytica; or a result of the overgrowth of opportunistic bacteria like Clostridium difficile when the normal intestinal flora is disturbed. These infections generally cause inflammation and damage to the intestinal lining, leading to the presence of pus and mucus in the stools.

They can cause symptoms like diarrhea (which may also contain blood), stomach cramps, and fever. Due to the nature of these conditions, a physician may order a stool sample for testing in order to confirm the diagnosis and determine the causative agent. Treatment will then be prescribed based on the identified cause.

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All animals can probably trace their lineage to a common ancestor that lived in the _____.

Answers

It would be in the Neoproterozoic Era.

Enzymes need certain environmental conditions in order to function properly. what happens when enzymes are heated to a high temperature?

Answers

change the bonds between amino acids in the enzyme, so changing its shape
Final answer:

When enzymes are heated to a high temperature, they can denature, losing their structure and function. Similarly, extreme pH values can also cause denaturation of enzymes.

Explanation:

Enzymes need certain environmental conditions in order to function properly. When enzymes are heated to a high temperature, they can denature, losing their three-dimensional structure and function. This is because high temperatures can break the chemical bonds within the enzyme's active site, making it less well-suited to bind substrates. Enzymes also function optimally within a certain pH range, and extreme pH values can also cause denaturation of enzymes.

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Distinguish between the structure of pyrimidines and purines. explain why adenine bonds only to thymine.

Answers

Pyrimidines have a single ring structure. Purines have a double ring structure. Adenine and thymine bind together as they’re complementary base pairs to one another, and form 2 hydrogen bonds upon binding

Final answer:

Pyrimidines, such as cytosine and thymine, are single-ringed structures, while purines, like adenine and guanine, are double-ringed. Adenine bonds only to thymine because they can share two hydrogen bonds, maintaining DNA's stable helix structure.

Explanation:

Distinguishing Between Pyrimidines and Purines

The structure of DNA nucleotides includes two distinct types of nitrogenous bases known as pyrimidines and purines. Pyrimidines are single-ringed structures and include cytosine (C) and thymine (T). In contrast, purines are double-ringed structures represented by adenine (A) and guanine (G).

When it comes to the bonding of these bases, adenine forms bonds only with thymine due to the ability of these to share two hydrogen bonds. This selectivity in bonding is also facilitated by the way DNA structures its nucleotide pairings—one purine with one pyrimidine—providing the necessary spacing to maintain the helix's integrity. The double-ring of a purine and the single-ring of a pyrimidine together form a pairing of a consistent shape and size, critical for the DNA structure. For this reason, adenine cannot pair with another purine such as guanine because it would create too much spatial hindrance, nor can it pair with another pyrimidine like cytosine due to excessive spacing.

So, adenine bonds only to thymine due to their matching ability to create two hydrogen bonds and the structural conformity that results when a purine is paired with a pyrimidine, thereby maintaining the optimal width of the DNA helix.

Which type of microscope is needed to view a virus in the laboratory?

Answers

viruses are veryy small. Even scanning electron microscopy barely sees it

which arrows represent photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

Answers

I think 3 represents photosynthesis, and 4 is cellular respiration being that animals and plants use cellular respiration! 

3rd arrow represents photosynthesis and 4th is cellular respiration.

What is cellular respiration?

Cellular respiration is the process by which cells break down glucose and other organic molecules to release energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate). It is a metabolic process that occurs in the cells of all living organisms and involves a series of biochemical reactions that convert the chemical energy stored in glucose into a more usable form of energy (ATP).

The process of cellular respiration occurs in three stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle (also known as the citric acid cycle), and oxidative phosphorylation (also known as the electron transport chain). Cellular respiration is essential for life as it provides the energy needed for cells to carry out their functions and maintain homeostasis.

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The least amount of atp is produced in which stages of cellular respiration

Answers

Cellular respiration uses energy in glucose to make ATP. Aerobic (“oxygen-using”) respiration occurs in three stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and electron transport. In glycolysis, glucose is split into two molecules of pyruvate. This results in a net gain of two ATP molecules.

The least amount of ATP is produced in the Krebs cycle of cellular respiration. This stage produces only two molecules of ATP.

What are the different stages of cellular respiration?

There are three different stages of cellular respiration are there:

Glycolysis: Breakdown of glucose into pyruvate.The Krebs cycle: Pyruvate gets converted into acetyl-CoA which enters TCA.Electron transport chain: The product of the TCA cycle enters into the electron transport chain.

The process of glycolysis produces 4 ATP and 2 NADH. But 2 ATP is spent which leads to the net production of 2 ATP and 2 NADH. The process of the Krebs cycle involves the breakdown of acetyl-CoA into 2 ATP, 8 NADH, and 2 FADH2. While the process of the electron transport chain produced 34 molecules of ATP with the help of the conversion of all energetic carriers.

Therefore, the least amount of ATP is produced in the Krebs cycle of cellular respiration. This stage produces only two molecules of ATP.

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Which behavior in a client with schizophrenia demonstrates the client's cognitive inability to appropriately process data from external stimuli?

Answers

The answer would be delusional beliefs

Schizophrenia is caused by high amount of dopamine inside the brain. It can cause the patient to percept something when there is no external stimulus taken(it different with the illusion where the external stimulus exists but perceived wrongly).
They also couldn't process the external stimuli, resulting in delusional beliefs. 


The four visual cues are most associated with the part of the brain known as the ____.

Answers

The four visual cues of color, form, depth, and movement are most associated with the part of the brain known as the _____.
visual cortex
Final answer:

The occipital lobe of the brain is associated with the four visual cues which are color, form, movement, and depth. This part helps in interpreting the visual information from the eyes.

Explanation:

The four visual cues are most associated with the part of the brain known as the occipital lobe. This part of the brain is at the back of the head and is primarily involved in vision processing. It interprets visual cues from the eyes, transforming light and color information into images.

The four key visual cues processed by the occipital lobe include color, form, movement, and depth. These cues help us to understand and interact with the world around us in a meaningful way.

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4. Energy is supplied by which of the following? (5 points)
fats
carbohydrates
proteins
all of the above,

Answers

the answer ould be d. all of the above

This tissue’s function is to transport sugars from the leaves to the other areas of the plant.

Answers

I think the answer to this is Phloem 

Answer:

Complete each statement to make it true.

Vascular tissue’s main function is

Vascular tissue runs

Select whether each statement is describing xylem or phloem.

This tissue’s function is to transport sugars from the leaves to the other areas of the plant.    

This tissue’s function is to transport water from the roots to the leaves.

Explanation:

Choose the correct anatomical sequence that presents the order in which food passes through the digestive system of a mammal. see concept 41.3 (page 903)

Answers

Food enters through the mouth, where teeth perform the initial breakdown of food into smaller particles and mix it with saliva. The food passes down the pharynx situated behind the mouth and nose, down into the oesophagus, into the, stomach where further breakdown of food occurs, into the small intestine and finally into the large intestine.


April wants to add _____ to her salad, because the food is a naturally rich source of omega-3 fats.

Answers

The answer is walnuts. Wall nuts are rich in vitamin E, omega – 3 fats and antioxidants; eating or consumption of walnuts everyday may support brain health and increase young adult’s inferential reasoning. It is recommended that an ounce or 28 grams of nuts per day is good, it is as much as the size of a palm of a hand.

Describe how comparing early development can help scientists learn about the relatedness of species. give an example!

Answers

Talking of early development we are referring to the embryonic stage of development. The closer similarity of their embryos shows a relationship between the organisms. For example an adult chimpanzee and an adult human being look so different and on the other hand their embryos look so much alike.

Final answer:

Comparing early development in species helps to understand their relatedness by identifying homologous structures stemming from common ancestry. Embryonic similarities such as gill slits that appear in all vertebrates demonstrate shared evolutionary paths. These comparisons aid in the construction of phylogenetic trees to visualize evolutionary relationships.

Explanation:

Understanding Species Relatedness Through Early Development

Comparing the early development of different species can reveal their evolutionary relationships. Scientists look for homologous structures, which are features that are similar due to shared ancestry. An example of this is the presence of gill slits in the embryos of all vertebrates, including humans, which indicates a common ancestral origin. Moreover, scientists use embryology, the study of an organism's development from embryo to adult, to find these connections. The development patterns can help distinguish between homologies and analogies, the latter being similarities due to convergent evolution rather than common ancestry.

For instance, while bats, birds, and insects all have evolved wings for flight, the embryonic origin and structural makeup of these wings differ significantly. Birds and bats have homologous structures in their wings suggesting a closer evolutionary relationship, whereas insect wings are analogous and do not imply close relatedness. Such comparisons enable researchers to construct phylogenetic trees, illustrating the evolutionary pathways of different species.

How does budding in yeast resemble fission in paramecium? How does it Differ?

Answers

they're both forms of asexual reproduction

Binary fission and budding are both the procedures of asexual reproduction. They are both very identical; however, they do possess certain differences. They are regarded as the most basic methods of asexual reproduction.  

Binary fission takes place majorly in unicellular species. When the species has to reproduce its cell goes via the phases of mitosis. However, when it attains cytokinesis it divides into two distinct organisms.  

Budding is another kind of asexual reproduction. In this process, a new species called bud originates from the original organism. As soon as the bud possess the tendency to survive on its own it distinguishes itself from the original organism.  

It takes place in both the multicellular organisms and unicellular organisms. However, unlike binary fission, it takes place from an unequal division of the reproducing organism.  


Select all that apply. All cells have similar structures, including _____. a plasma membrane vacuoles cell wall cytoplasm chloroplasts protoplasm NEXT

Answers

I'm going with cell wall because all cells have to have a "shield" per say 
Hey there,

The answer is:

Select all that apply. All cells have similar structures, including plasma membrane and cytoplasm.

Hope I have helped you!

The rate at which blood flows through the human body changes in response to many factors. Which statement describes one of these factors and its effect on blood flow?
A.The narrowing of blood vessels increases pressure and leads to faster blood flow.
B. High blood viscosity increases the resistance in the blood vessels and leads to slower blood flow.
C. Low blood pH decreases the rate of diffusion through the blood vessels and leads to slower blood flow.
D.The changing of the shape of red blood cells to a crescent shape decreases resistance and leads to faster blood flow.

Answers

A high viscosity of blood causes an increased resistance in the blood vessels and leads to slow blood flow.

Viscosity refers to the thickness of blood. This thickness is caused by the number of red blood cells. Thick blood travels through blood vessels at a slower rate than thin blood.

High blood viscosity increases the resistance in the blood vessels and leads to slower blood flow describes one of these factors and its effect on blood flow. Thus, option B is correct.

What is viscosity?

The thickness of a liquid in known as viscosity or its property of being sticky and its consistency which is created due to the friction present inside it.The unit of viscosity is newton- second per square meter and it is written as pascal-second in SI system.

There are several methods by which viscosity is measured and these are rotational rheometry, non-contact rheology, vibrating viscometers, capillary viscometers.

The viscosity of honey is 3,200.0, viscosity of peanut butter is 250,000.0 it means different items have different viscosity.

Therefore, High blood viscosity increases the resistance in the blood vessels and leads to slower blood flow describes one of these factors and its effect on blood flow. Thus, option B is correct.

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Process that requires oxygen is called

Answers

The energy releasing process that does not require oxygen is called anaerobic respiration. This is mainly used by organisms who live in areas with little oxygen such as at the bottom of the ocean.
Aerobic oxygen dependent

(last word) a study found that the incidence of skin cancer increases along with the amount of time people work under fluorescent light, leading some people to conclude that fluorescent lighting is a cause of skin cancer. but further analysis found that people who work in offices, where fluorescent light is common, suffer more sunburn on their vacations than other workers. the sunburns, not the fluorescent light, were the cause of the higher incidence of skin cancer. the original conclusion illustrates

Answers

The answer would be: confusion of correlation and causation.

Correlation doesn't always mean causation. To prove causation, you need to do an experiment to make sure that the exposure comes before the disease. 

In this case, "sunburn on their vacations" is the cause of skin cancer. But it was correlated with "amount of time people work under fluorescent light", make it looks like the cause 

The function of nad+ is to select one:
a. cause the release of energy to adjacent cells when energy is needed in aerobic conditions.
b. hasten the release of energy when the cell has been deprived of oxygen.
c. carry hydrogen atoms and electrons.
d. block the release of energy to adjacent cells.
e. convert the potential energy of the proton gradient into the chemical energy in atp.

Answers

The correct answer is c, NAD+ main purpose is to transport hydrogen atoms and electrons for cellular respiration.

The function of NAD+ is to carry hydrogen atoms and electrons. The correct option is C.

What is NADH?

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) plus hydrogen (H) is referred to as NADH. It occurs naturally in the body and contributes to energy production. The body generates NADH, which is used to produce energy.

This word is used to refer to the same molecule's reduced and oxidized versions. The oxidized form of NAD+ is one in which it has lost an electron. As the molecule's reduced form, NADH receives the electron that was lost by NAD+.

The powerhouses of the cells, the mitochondria, are where ATP, the energy currency, is made. Every cell in your body has mitochondria, which function as little engines or energy makers.

Thus, the correct option is C.

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Describe the occasion in which the bacterial dna withstood conditions

Answers

For the answer to the question above, Griffith heated a culture of a disease- causing the strain of the bacteria, which killed the bacteria but didn't destroy the DNA. When he mixed the heat-killed, disease-causing bacteria with live harmless bacteria, the DNA from the disease-causing bacteria was infused to the live bacteria. This kind of bacteria and their offspring caused pneumonia to the mice.

List three reasons that can help explain why it is important to distinguish different tastes?

Answers

Different vital nutrients have broadly unique tastes. We all require certain amounts of nutrients, such as sugars or salts for example, in our diet. The tastes of these broad characteristics of nutrients are fairly distinct from each other, and this allows us to consume the correct foods when we require a particular nutrient in our diet.

Some substances that can be harmful to us in large amounts have disagreeable tastes, such as acidic foods for example.

Taste is one of our primal senses that may have had a more important role in the past than just tasting food. For example, territorial animals like wolves often 'taste' the scent to other wolves that have been in an area.

2. On which date does the Antarctic Circle have 24 hours of daylight? (1 point)June 21
March 21
September 21
December 21

3. When energy is transferred to air, what happens to the particles of air? (1 point)They move slower.
They move faster.
They cool down.
none of the above

Answers

The Antarctic Circle has 24 hours of daylight around the summer solstice. In the southern hemisphere this would be around December 21.

When energy is transferred to air the particles of air move faster. Adding energy to molecules makes them move faster and air is no exception.

Answer:

2. December 21

3.  They move faster.

Explanation:

2. The midnight sun or polar day is a natural phenomenon observable in the north of the Arctic Circle and south of the Antarctic Circle, consisting of that, on dates close to the summer solstice, the Sun is visible 24 hours a day.

3. The energy makes the air particles move faster, they collide with others that are at a lower temperature, that move more slowly. As they collide, fast particles yield some of their energy to slower ones. These in turn collide with other adjacent particles. This process continues until the energy is extended to all the particles of the air that was initially at a lower temperature. Finally they all reach the same kinetic energy and consequently the same temperature.

What conclusion would be MOST appropriate about the genetic variation between humans and the three apes as illustrated by the phylogenetic tree? A) Genetic variation between all four organisms is non-existent. B) The genetic variation between all four organisms is about the same. C) The genetic variation between humans and orangutans is the greatest. D) Humans branched off from the other three animals due to great genetic variations.

Answers

Answer:

The genetic variation between humans and orangutans is the greatest.

Explanation:

Humans and orangutans are farthest from each other in the tree, indicating the greatest biomolecular differences or genetic variations. The branches tell us that there are genetic differences; we cannot say from the tree that the amount of differences are equal.

Pain at specific trigger points along the neck and back is associated with the condition of ______

Answers

Pain at specific trigger points along the neck and back is associated with the condition of muscle knots. Muscles knots are hard, sensitive areas of muscles that can cause pain in other parts of the body when touched. Muscle knots are usually found in the back, shoulders and neck. Muscle knots is caused by poor posture, overusing the muscles, and stress. Risk factors such as dehydration, a diet that lacks a variety of vitamins and minerals and a sedentary lifestyle can make an individual to experience trigger points. 

Answer: Pain at specific trigger points along the neck and back is associated with the condition of knots .

Explanation:

Pain at specific trigger points along the neck and back is associated with the condition of knots .

Knots refers to collection of tense and contracted muscles, when we pressed or moved the pain spread.

For example, trigger point may be in our shoulder but pain may be shoot up when pushed.

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